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@ -652,10 +652,9 @@ collected data visually. This section presents the study discussion
results, their frequencies, and some of the participants' statements and results, their frequencies, and some of the participants' statements and
opinions. opinions.
INSERT TABLE OR FIGURE 3? ![The graph shows the responses of participants regarding the early representation of Nubians in the media.](../static/images/taha/fig3.jpg "The graph shows the responses of participants regarding the early representation of Nubians in the media.")
**~~Figure 3. The graph shows the responses of participants regarding the early representation of Nubians in the media.~~**
*Figure. 3 shows the responses of participants regarding the early
representation of Nubians in the media.*
Graph 3 represents the distribution of the first discussion question. As Graph 3 represents the distribution of the first discussion question. As
Figure 3 reveals there are twenty-one participants stating that the Figure 3 reveals there are twenty-one participants stating that the
@ -725,8 +724,8 @@ fifty-year-old female expressed her disappointment with the current
portrayal of Nubians in the media, particularly the use of heavily portrayal of Nubians in the media, particularly the use of heavily
accented Arabic which often contains linguistic errors. accented Arabic which often contains linguistic errors.
*Figure. 4 It exhibits the distribution of the recent representations of ![The graph exhibits the distribution of the recent representations of Nubian in the media.](../static/images/taha/fig4.jpg "The graph exhibits the distribution of the recent representations of Nubian in the media.")
Nubian in the media.* **~~Figure 4. The graph exhibits the distribution of the recent representations of Nubian in the media.~~**
On the other hand, participant 21, a young male in his twenties, On the other hand, participant 21, a young male in his twenties,
observed a slight improvement in the representation of Nubians on social observed a slight improvement in the representation of Nubians on social
@ -743,8 +742,8 @@ the representation of Nubians in movies and soap operas. Discussions of
media platforms such as social media are outside the scope of this media platforms such as social media are outside the scope of this
paper. paper.
*Figure. 5 It presents Nubians views regarding their in movies and soap ![The graph presents Nubians views regarding their portrayals in movies and soap operas.](../static/images/taha/fig5.jpg "The graph presents Nubians views regarding their portrayals in movies and soap operas.")
operas.* **~~Figure 5. The graph presents Nubians views regarding their portrayals in movies and soap operas.~~**
As shown in Figure 5, there is a total consensus among Nubians that As shown in Figure 5, there is a total consensus among Nubians that
there is a high prejudice and bigotry in Egyptian soap operas and there is a high prejudice and bigotry in Egyptian soap operas and
@ -783,8 +782,10 @@ Notable examples include *aj-ga ʤilli* 'Remember me',[^38] uploaded in
2011 and *Sono* 'roots' in 2020,[^39] both of them offering viewers a 2011 and *Sono* 'roots' in 2020,[^39] both of them offering viewers a
more accurate and respectful look at the richness of Nubian culture. more accurate and respectful look at the richness of Nubian culture.
*Figure. 6 It exhibits objective Nubian portrayal in documentary
movies.* ![The graph exhibits objective Nubian portrayal in documentary movies.](../static/images/taha/fig6.jpg "The graph exhibits objective Nubian portrayal in documentary movies.")
**~~Figure 6. The graph exhibits objective Nubian portrayal in documentary movies.~~**
Similarly, music videos have an essential and promising role in Similarly, music videos have an essential and promising role in
maintaining the Nubian language and cultural heritage.[^40] These music maintaining the Nubian language and cultural heritage.[^40] These music
@ -797,8 +798,10 @@ Nubian representations in music videos amounts to 18% compared to the
frequency of the ingenuine representations of Nubians in YouTube video frequency of the ingenuine representations of Nubians in YouTube video
clips. clips.
*Figure. 7 Showing responses of Nubian participant about their portrayal
in music videos* ![The graph shows responses of Nubian participants about their portrayal in music videos.](../static/images/taha/fig7.jpg "The graph shows responses of Nubian participants about their portrayal in music videos.")
**~~Figure 7. The graph shows responses of Nubian participants about their portrayal in music videos.~~**
Participant 22, a young male in his twenties, explained that Nubian Participant 22, a young male in his twenties, explained that Nubian
music videos have "Touched the hearts and souls of millions of music videos have "Touched the hearts and souls of millions of
@ -837,8 +840,9 @@ important issues for Nubians in Egypt including Nubian forced
relocations, the sacredness of the Nile River to Nubians, and various relocations, the sacredness of the Nile River to Nubians, and various
Nubian customs and home lifestyles. Nubian customs and home lifestyles.
*Figure. 8 A picture of Mohamed Mounir, a Nubian Egyptian legend singer ![A picture of Mohamed Mounir, a Nubian Egyptian legend singer and actor. Source: Google (2022).](../static/images/taha/fig8.jpg "A picture of Mohamed Mounir, a Nubian Egyptian legend singer and actor. Source: Google (2022).")
and actor. Source: Google (2022).* **~~Figure 8. A picture of Mohamed Mounir, a Nubian Egyptian legend singer and actor. Source: Google (2022).~~**
In an interview with the Egyptian pop singer, Eyre asked Mounir about In an interview with the Egyptian pop singer, Eyre asked Mounir about
his Nubian roots and history during his lifetime.[^41] In responding to his Nubian roots and history during his lifetime.[^41] In responding to
@ -871,8 +875,9 @@ his songs by heart even without understanding them. He further explained
that Mounir's music often incorporates traditional Nubian rhythms and that Mounir's music often incorporates traditional Nubian rhythms and
themes, which resonate with listeners across different backgrounds." themes, which resonate with listeners across different backgrounds."
*Figure. 9 The graph reflects the participants' views about Mounir's ![The graph reflects the participants' views about Mounir's role.](../static/images/taha/fig9.jpg "The graph reflects the participants' views about Mounir's role.")
role.* **~~Figure 9. The graph reflects the participants' views about Mounir's role.~~**
The traditional Nubian clothing is white *galabia*, "a white garment" The traditional Nubian clothing is white *galabia*, "a white garment"
for males, and a black *gargaar*, "a black dress, usually colored for males, and a black *gargaar*, "a black dress, usually colored
@ -883,8 +888,9 @@ headscarves. Discussion question seven aimed to show how the
participants feel about the recurring pattern of clothing authenticity participants feel about the recurring pattern of clothing authenticity
in the production of songs and documentary movies. in the production of songs and documentary movies.
*Figure. 10 The picture portrays a woman and man wearing traditional ![The picture portrays a woman and man wearing traditional Nubian clothing. Source: Twitter (2000).](../static/images/taha/fig10.jpg "The picture portrays a woman and man wearing traditional Nubian clothing. Source: Twitter (2000).")
Nubian clothing. Source: Twitter (2000).* **~~Figure 10. The picture portrays a woman and man wearing traditional Nubian clothing. Source: Twitter (2000).~~**
The survey found that 77% of the participants concluded that the white The survey found that 77% of the participants concluded that the white
*galabia* and the black *gargaar* are traditional and national Nubian *galabia* and the black *gargaar* are traditional and national Nubian
@ -914,8 +920,9 @@ and distinctive feature to honor the culture. Figure 11 shows the
frequency of participants' responses to the authenticity of Nubian frequency of participants' responses to the authenticity of Nubian
clothing representations in music videos and documentary movies. clothing representations in music videos and documentary movies.
*Figure. 11 The graph compares the distribution of the clothing ![The graph compares the distribution of the clothing authenticity utilized in music songs and documentaries.](../static/images/taha/fig11.jpg "The graph compares the distribution of the clothing authenticity utilized in music songs and documentaries.")
authenticity utilized in music songs and documentaries.* **~~Figure 11. The graph compares the distribution of the clothing authenticity utilized in music songs and documentaries.~~**
Moving from the apparel represented and utilized in videotaped songs and Moving from the apparel represented and utilized in videotaped songs and
documentaries, we are now in a position to present the discussion documentaries, we are now in a position to present the discussion
@ -925,8 +932,9 @@ wear and portray non-traditional Nubian costumes that are characterized
by unusual patterns or designs and very bright colours, as shown in the by unusual patterns or designs and very bright colours, as shown in the
picture below. picture below.
*Figure. 12 It represents unconventional Nubian costumes used by art-pop ![The picture represents unconventional Nubian costumes used by art-pop bands. Source: Google (2022).](../static/images/taha/fig12.jpg "The picture represents unconventional Nubian costumes used by art-pop bands. Source: Google (2022).")
bands. Source: Google (2022).* **~~Figure 12. The picture represents unconventional Nubian costumes used by art-pop bands. Source: Google (2022).~~**
When asked about their opinions, all the participants (100%) entirely When asked about their opinions, all the participants (100%) entirely
agree that the costumes used by art-pop musical bands are unauthentic agree that the costumes used by art-pop musical bands are unauthentic
@ -947,8 +955,9 @@ and fabricated pictures of Nubians." Figure 13 exemplifies the
discussion results of costumes used by musical bands on shows and discussion results of costumes used by musical bands on shows and
programs. programs.
*Figure. 13 The graph shows the communal agreement of the costume ![The graph shows the communal agreement of the costume unauthenticity.](../static/images/taha/fig13.jpg "The graph shows the communal agreement of the costume unauthenticity.")
unauthenticity.* **~~Figure 13. The graph shows the communal agreement of the costume unauthenticity.~~**
The last discussion question was dedicated to learning about the The last discussion question was dedicated to learning about the
opinions of the participating speakers in a famous Egyptian cartoon show opinions of the participating speakers in a famous Egyptian cartoon show
@ -960,8 +969,9 @@ series by other singers. There are ten seasons of the cartoon show and
the latest release was in 2016. Figure 14 shows a poster of Bakkar and the latest release was in 2016. Figure 14 shows a poster of Bakkar and
some of the main characters in the animated series. some of the main characters in the animated series.
*Figure. 14 A picture of Bakkar, his pet goat, and his friends. Source: ![A picture of Bakkar, his pet goat, and his friends. Source: Google (2022).](../static/images/taha/fig14.jpg "A picture of Bakkar, his pet goat, and his friends. Source: Google (2022).")
Google (2022)* **~~Figure 14. A picture of Bakkar, his pet goat, and his friends. Source: Google (2022).~~**
Figure 15 shows considerable disagreement on Nubian representation in Figure 15 shows considerable disagreement on Nubian representation in
the *Bakkar* cartoon: more than half of the participants (55%) consider the *Bakkar* cartoon: more than half of the participants (55%) consider
@ -995,8 +1005,9 @@ antiquities theft." Participant 19, a forty-year-old female observed
that *Bakkar* is a "very popular cartoon among Egyptian children and my that *Bakkar* is a "very popular cartoon among Egyptian children and my
children. It shows the Nubian values and heritage." children. It shows the Nubian values and heritage."
*Figure. 15 The graph exhibits the participants' views regarding the ![The graph exhibits the participants' views regarding the Nubian representations in Bakkar Cartoon.](../static/images/taha/fig15.jpg "The graph exhibits the participants' views regarding the Nubian representations in Bakkar Cartoon.")
Nubian representations in Bakkar Cartoon.* **~~Figure 15. The graph exhibits the participants' views regarding the Nubian representations in Bakkar Cartoon.~~**
As shown in the nine discussion questions, the focus group highly agrees As shown in the nine discussion questions, the focus group highly agrees
on numerous discussion points, including the early discriminatory on numerous discussion points, including the early discriminatory