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@ -983,7 +983,7 @@ Peust & Gutschmidt Verlag, 1999
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@ -991,7 +991,7 @@ Queens as it is Reflected in Their Iconography." In *Studien zum antiken
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@ -1033,7 +1033,7 @@ Shinnie, Peter L., and Bradley, Rebecca J.
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@ -1086,7 +1086,7 @@ Region between Ancient Nubia and Egypt 3700 BC-500 AD*. Probleme der
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@ -1103,7 +1103,7 @@ International Conference for Meroitic Studies, Vienna, 1-4 September
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1003 (British Museum EA 1650)." *Sudan and Nubia* 21 (2007): pp. 148--150.
1003 (British Museum EA 1650)." *Sudan and Nubia* 21 (2007): pp. 148--50.
Žižek, Slavoj. *Violence. Six Sideways Reflections*. New
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@ -1137,10 +1137,10 @@ York: Picador, 2008.
[^4]: Lohwasser, "Gibt es mehr als zwei Geschlechter? Zum
Verhältnis von Gender und Alter," pp. 33--41.
[^5]: Phillips, "Women in Ancient Nubia," pp. 280--298. The
[^5]: Phillips, "Women in Ancient Nubia," pp. 280--98. The
necessity of studying gender, rather than focusing solely on women
has also been emphasized recently, Lohwasser and
Philipps, "Women in Ancient Kush," pp. 1015--1032.
Philipps, "Women in Ancient Kush," pp. 1015--32.
[^6]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, "Edges of Bronze and Expressions of
Masculinity"; Karlsson, "Gender and Kushite State
@ -1160,28 +1160,28 @@ York: Picador, 2008.
we need archaeologies of gender and violence, and why now?," pp. 1--23.
[^10]: Bourdieu, *Masculine Domination*, pp. 1--2; Bourdieu,
"Symbolic Violence," pp. 339--342; Žižek, *Violence. Six
"Symbolic Violence," pp. 339--42; Žižek, *Violence. Six
Sideways Reflections*, pp. 1--2; for the application of these concepts
in archaeology and Egyptology, see Jensen and
Matić, "Introduction: Why do We Need Archaeologies of
Gender and Violence, and Why Now?," pp. 1--23; Matić,
"Traditionally Unharmed? Women and Children in NK Battle Scenes,"
pp. 245--260; Matić, *Body and Frames of War*, pp. 139--148;
pp. 245--60; Matić, *Body and Frames of War*, pp. 139--48;
Matić, *Violence and Gender in Ancient Egypt*.
[^11]: For example, see Kuhrt, "Women and War," pp. 1--25.
[^12]: Matić, "Die \'\'römische\'\' Feinde in der
meroitischen Kunst," pp. 251--262; Spalinger, *The
meroitischen Kunst," pp. 251--62; Spalinger, *The
Persistence of Memory in Kush*; Spalinger, *Leadership
under Fire*, pp. 201--242; Wöß, "The Representations of
under Fire*, pp. 201--42; Wöß, "The Representations of
Captives and Enemies in Meroitic Art," pp. 585--600.
[^13]: Matić, "Her Striking but Cold Beauty: Gender and
Violence in Depictions of Queen Nefertiti Smiting the Enemies,"
pp. 103--121; Matić, "Traditionally Unharmed? Women and
Children in NK Battle Scenes," pp. 245--260; Matić, *Body
and Frames of War in New Kingdom Egypt*, pp. 139--148; Matić, *Violence
pp. 103--21; Matić, "Traditionally Unharmed? Women and
Children in NK Battle Scenes," pp. 245--60; Matić, *Body
and Frames of War in New Kingdom Egypt*, pp. 139--48; Matić, *Violence
and Gender in Ancient Egypt*.
[^14]: Butler, *Frames of War*, pp. 1--10.
@ -1222,59 +1222,59 @@ York: Picador, 2008.
[^24]: Pope, *The Double Kingdom under Taharqo*, 98-106.
[^25]: Macadam, *The Temples of Kawa I. Plates*, Pl. 15;
FHN I, 222.
FHN I, p. 222.
[^26]: For appointing prisoners of war to temples and temple workshops
in New Kingdom Egypt see, Matić, "The best of the
booty of His Majesty: Evidence for foreign child labor in New
Kingdom Egypt." 53--63.
in New Kingdom Egypt, see Matić, "The Best of the
Booty of His Majesty: Evidence for Foreign Child Labor in New
Kingdom Egypt," pp. 53--63.
[^27]: FHN II, 447.
[^27]: FHN II, p. 447.
[^28]: FHN II, 449.
[^28]: FHN II, p. 449.
[^29]: FHN II, 487; Peust, *Das Napatanische*, 40.
[^29]: FHN II, p. 487; Peust, *Das Napatanische*, p. 40.
[^30]: Pope, *The Double Kingdom under Taharqo*, 105.
[^30]: Pope, *The Double Kingdom under Taharqo*, p. 105.
[^31]: FHN II, 488.
[^31]: FHN II, p. 488.
[^32]: It is also possible that some of them ended up enslaved in the
Mediterranean world, Burstein, "The Nubian Slave Trade in Antiquity:
A Suggestion".
A Suggestion."
[^33]: FHN II, 489.
[^33]: FHN II, p. 489.
[^34]: FHN II; 489--490.
[^34]: FHN II; pp. 489--90.
[^35]: FHN II, 490.
[^35]: FHN II, p. 490.
[^36]: FHN II, 491.
[^37]: Török, "Sacred Landscape, Historical Identity and
Memory." 161; For the same practice in ancient Egypt, at least until
the New Kingdom, see Matić, "The best of the booty of
His Majesty: Evidence for foreign child labor in New Kingdom Egypt."
53--63.
Memory," p. 161; For the same practice in ancient Egypt, at least until
the New Kingdom, see Matić, "The Best of the Booty of
His Majesty: Evidence for Foreign Child Labor in New Kingdom Egypt,"
pp. 53--63.
[^38]: FHN II; 722-723; The connection to the conflict with Rome has
[^38]: FHN II, pp. 722-3; The connection to the conflict with Rome has
been challenged since, Zach, "A Remark on the
'Akinidad' Stela REM 1003 (British Museum EA 1650)." 148.
'Akinidad' Stela REM 1003 (British Museum EA 1650)," p. 148.
[^39]: Rilly, "New Advances in the Understanding of Royal
Meroitic Inscriptions."; Rilly, "Meroitische Texte aus
Naga."; Rilly, "Fragments of the Meroitic Report of
Meroitic Inscriptions"; Rilly, "Meroitische Texte aus
Naga"; Rilly, "Fragments of the Meroitic Report of
the War Between Rome and Meroe."
[^40]: Hinkel, *Der Tempelkomplex Meroe 250. I. 1*, 209;
see also Török, *Meroe City*, 104.
[^40]: Hinkel, *Der Tempelkomplex Meroe 250. I. 1*, p. 209;
see also Török, *Meroe City*, p. 104.
[^41]: Török, *Meroe City*, 104.
[^41]: Török, *Meroe City*, p. 104.
[^42]: Török, *The Kingdom of Kush*, 401;
Török, *The Image of the Ordered World*, 219--220.
[^42]: Török, *The Kingdom of Kush*, p. 401;
Török, *The Image of the Ordered World*, pp. 219--20.
[^43]: Hinkel, *Der Tempelkomplex Meroe 250. I. 1*, 262.
[^43]: Hinkel, *Der Tempelkomplex Meroe 250. I. 1*, p. 262.
[^44]: Hinkel, *Der Tempelkomplex Meroe 250. I. 1*;
Hinkel, *Der Tempelkomplex Meroe 250. I. 2b*.
@ -1285,155 +1285,155 @@ York: Picador, 2008.
iconography was mediated by the early temple at the site, which was
built during Aspelta's reign, and whose reliefs could have been
copied on M250, Török, *The Image of the Ordered
World*, 213. The 25th dynasty connections are seen, for example, in
World*, p. 213. The 25th dynasty connections are seen, for example, in
the motif of spearing the enemy using a lance by piercing the enemy
almost horizontally from above-fragments 809, 876, 828, 808, 857,
836, 916, 917, 928, Hinkel, *Der Tempelkomplex Meroe
250*. I. 2b. This motif is known from the Amun temple at Gebel
250. I. 2b*. This motif is known from the Amun temple at Gebel
Barkal B500, from the reign of Piye, Spalinger, "Notes
on the military in Egypt during the XXVth Dynasty." 48, Figs. 3 and
on the Military in Egypt during the XXVth Dynasty," p. 48, Figs. 3 and
4.
[^46]: Wenig, *Africa in Antiquity*, 59--60.
[^46]: Wenig, *Africa in Antiquity*, pp. 59--60.
[^47]: Hofmann, "Notizen zu den Kampfszenen am sogenannten
Sonnentempel von Meroe." 519--521.
Sonnentempel von Meroe," pp. 519--21.
[^48]: Chapman & Dunham, *Decorated Chapels of the
[^48]: Chapman and Dunham, *Decorated Chapels of the
Meroitic Pyramids at Meroë and Barkal*, Pl. 17.
[^49]: Shinnie & Bradley, "The Murals from
the Augustus Temple, Meroe." 168, Fig. 1; Matić, "Der
Kopf einer Augustus-Statue aus Meroe". 70, Abb. 7.
[^49]: Shinnie and Bradley, "The Murals from
the Augustus Temple, Meroe," p. 168, Fig. 1; Matić, "Der
Kopf einer Augustus-Statue aus Meroe," p. 70, Abb. 7.
[^50]: Wöß, "The Representations of Captives and Enemies
in Meroitic Art." 589.
in Meroitic Art," p. 589.
[^51]: Lohwasser, "Kush and her Neighbours beyond the Nile
Valley In The Fourth Cataract and Beyond." 131.
Valley In The Fourth Cataract and Beyond," p. 131.
[^52]: FHN III, 831; Jones, *Strabo. The Geography Vol.
VIII*, 139.
[^52]: FHN III, p. 831; Jones, *Strabo. The Geography Vol.
VIII*, p. 139.
[^53]: Hinkel, *Der Tempelkomplex Meroe 250. I. 1*,
189--190.
pp. 189--90.
[^54]: Minas-Nerpel & Pfeiffer,
[^54]: Minas-Nerpel and Pfeiffer,
"Establishing Roman Rule in Egypt: The Trilingual Stela of C.
Cornelius Gallus from Philae." 285--288.
Cornelius Gallus from Philae," pp. 285--8.
[^55]: Kormysheva, "Political relations between the Roman
Empire." 306; Török, *Between the Two Worlds*,
434--436.
[^55]: Kormysheva, "Political Relations between the Roman
Empire," p. 306; Török, *Between the Two Worlds*,
pp. 434--6.
[^56]: Jameson, "Chronology of the Campaigns of Aelius
Gallus and C. Petronius." 77; Török, *Between the Two
Worlds*, 441.
Gallus and C. Petronius," p. 77; Török, *Between the Two
Worlds*, p. 441.
[^57]: Török, *The Kingdom of Kush*, 449;
Török, *Between the Two Worlds*, 441.
[^57]: Török, *The Kingdom of Kush*, p. 449;
Török, *Between the Two Worlds*, p. 441.
[^58]: Török, *Meroe City*, 185.
[^58]: Török, *Meroe City*, p. 185.
[^59]: Hinkel, *Der Tempelkomplex Meroe 250. I. 1*, 142.
[^59]: Hinkel, *Der Tempelkomplex Meroe 250. I. 1*, p. 142.
[^60]: Hinkel, *Der Tempelkomplex Meroe 250. I. 1*, 139.
[^60]: Hinkel, *Der Tempelkomplex Meroe 250. I. 1*, p. 139.
[^61]: Hinkel, *Der Tempelkomplex Meroe 250. I. 1*,
140--141, 257, Abb. 39, 40, 41, 42; Abb. 95.
pp. 140--1, Abb. 39, 40, 41, 42; p. 257, Abb. 95.
[^62]: Hinkel, *Der Tempelkomplex Meroe 250. I. 1*, 140.
257; Abb. 38, Abb. 95.
[^62]: Hinkel, *Der Tempelkomplex Meroe 250. I. 1*, p. 140,
Abb. 38; p. 257, Abb. 95.
[^63]: Hinkel, *Der Tempelkomplex Meroe 250*. I. 2b, C10.
[^63]: Hinkel, *Der Tempelkomplex Meroe 250. I. 2b*, C10.
[^64]: Hinkel, *Der Tempelkomplex Meroe 250*. I. 2b, C10.
[^64]: Hinkel, *Der Tempelkomplex Meroe 250. I. 2b*, C10.
[^65]: For example, in tribute scenes from the tombs of Useramun-TT 131,
Rekhmire-TT 100, Horemhab-TT 78 but also the Beit el-Wali temple of
Ramesses II, Matić, "Children on the move: *ms.w wr.w*
in the New Kingdom procession scenes." 378--379, Fig. 12.
Ramesses II, Matić, "Children on the Move: *ms.w wr.w*
in the New Kingdom Procession Scenes." pp. 378--9, Fig. 12.
[^66]: Hinkel, *Der Tempelkomplex Meroe 250. I. 1*, 189.
[^66]: Hinkel, *Der Tempelkomplex Meroe 250. I. 1*, p. 189.
[^67]: FHN III, 831; Jones, *Strabo. The Geography Vol.
VIII*, 139.
[^67]: FHN III, p. 831; Jones, *Strabo. The Geography Vol.
VIII*, p. 139.
[^68]: Hinkel, *Der Tempelkomplex Meroe 250. I. 1*,
138--139, Abb. 37b.
pp. 138--9, Abb. 37b.
[^69]: Török, *The Image of the Ordered World,* 220;
Breyer, *Einführung in die Meroitistik*, 67.
[^69]: Török, *The Image of the Ordered World,* p. 220;
Breyer, *Einführung in die Meroitistik*, p. 67.
[^70]: FHN III, 831; Jones, *Strabo. The Geography Vol.
VIII*, 139.
[^70]: FHN III, p. 831; Jones, *Strabo. The Geography Vol.
VIII*, p. 139.
[^71]: Rilly & De Voogt, *The Meroitic
Language and Writing System*, 185
[^71]: Rilly and De Voogt, *The Meroitic
Language and Writing System*, p. 185.
[^72]: Rilly, "Meroitische Texte aus Naga." 190;
[^72]: Rilly, "Meroitische Texte aus Naga," p. 190;
Matić, "Die \'\'römische\'\' Feinde in der meroitischen
Kunst." 258.
Kunst," p. 258.
[^73]: Matić, "Traditionally Unharmed? Women and Children
in NK Battle Scenes." 245--260; Matić, *Body and
Frames of War in New Kingdom Egypt*, 139--148.
in NK Battle Scenes," pp. 245--60; Matić, *Body and
Frames of War in New Kingdom Egypt*, pp. 139--48.
[^74]: Strathern, *Before and After Gender*, 21.
[^74]: Strathern, *Before and After Gender*, p. 21.
[^75]: Parkinson, "Homosexual' desire and Middle Kingdom literature";
Matić, *Body and Frames of War*, 139--148;
[^75]: Parkinson, "Homosexual' Desire and Middle Kingdom Literature";
Matić, *Body and Frames of War*, pp. 139--48;
Matić, *Violence and Gender in Ancient Egypt*.
[^76]: Grimal, *La Stèle Triomphale,* 177; FHN I, 111.
[^76]: Grimal, *La Stèle Triomphale,* p. 177; FHN I, p. 111.
[^77]: Grimal, *La Stèle Triomphale*, 176.
[^77]: Grimal, *La Stèle Triomphale*, p. 176.
[^78]: Goedicke, *Pi(ankhy) in Egypt*, 172.
[^78]: Goedicke, *Pi(ankhy) in Egypt*, p. 172.
[^79]: Ritner, *The Libyan Anarchy*, 492.
[^79]: Ritner, *The Libyan Anarchy*, p. 492.
[^80]: el Hawary, *Wortschöpfung*, 243.
[^80]: El Hawary, *Wortschöpfung*, p. 243.
[^81]: O'Connor & Quirke, "Introduction:
Mapping the Unknown in Ancient Egypt." 18.
[^81]: O'Connor and Quirke, "Introduction:
Mapping the Unknown in Ancient Egypt," p. 18.
[^82]: For a detailed analysis see Lavik, *A People Tall and
Smooth-Skinned*.
[^83]: el Hawary, *Wortschöpfung*, 281.
[^83]: El Hawary, *Wortschöpfung*, p. 281.
[^84]: Ritner, *The Libyan Anarchy*. 477, 490.
[^84]: Ritner, *The Libyan Anarchy*. pp. 477 and 490.
[^85]: Dieleman, "Fear of Women?" 14.
[^85]: Dieleman, "Fear of Women?," p. 14.
[^86]: FHN I, 84.
[^86]: FHN I, p. 84.
[^87]: Karlsson, "Gender and Kushite State Ideology".
[^87]: Karlsson, "Gender and Kushite State Ideology."
[^88]: FHN II, 450.
[^88]: FHN II, p. 450.
[^89]: Matić, *Violence and Gender in Ancient Egypt*.
[^90]: FHN II, 653.
[^90]: FHN II, p. 653.
[^91]: FHN III, 816.
[^91]: FHN III, p. 816.
[^92]: FHN III, 831; Jones, *Strabo. The Geography Vol.
VII*I, 139.
[^92]: FHN III, p. 831; Jones, *Strabo. The Geography Vol.
VIII*, p. 139.
[^93]: Lohwasser, "The Role and Status of Royal Women in
Kush" 64; Lohwasser & Philipps, "Women
in Ancient Kush", 1021.
Kush," p. 64; Lohwasser and Philipps, "Women
in Ancient Kush," p. 1021.
[^94]: McCoskey, "Gender at the crossroads of empire".
61--68.
[^94]: McCoskey, "Gender at the Crossroads of Empire".
pp. 61--8.
[^95]: Wilkins, Barnard &
Rose, "Roman Artillery Balls from Qasr Ibrim, Egypt."
71, 75, Pl. 8, 4F.
[^95]: Wilkins, Barnard, and
Rose, "Roman Artillery Balls from Qasr Ibrim, Egypt,"
pp. 71 and 75, Pl. 8, 4F.
[^96]: Hall, *The Pharaoh Smites His Enemy*, 44.
[^96]: Hall, *The Pharaoh Smites His Enemy*, p. 44.
[^97]: Queen Tiye (ca. 1398-1338 BCE) of the 18th Dynasty is depicted
trampling over enemies in the guise of a female sphinx. Queen
@ -1442,59 +1442,59 @@ York: Picador, 2008.
argued that we can observe a clear gender structure behind such
images, and that the status of queens smiting enemies is lower than
the status of the king smiting male enemies, Matić,
"Her striking but cold beauty: Gender and violence in depictions of
Queen Nefertiti smiting the enemies." 103--121.
"Her Striking but Cold Beauty: Gender and Violence in Depictions of
Queen Nefertiti Smiting the Enemies," pp. 103--21.
[^98]: Matić, "Her striking but cold beauty: Gender and
violence in depictions of Queen Nefertiti smiting the enemies."
103--121; Matić, "Traditionally Unharmed? Women and
Children in NK Battle Scenes." 245--260; Matić, *Body
and Frames of War in New Kingdom Egypt*, 139--148.
[^98]: Matić, "Her Striking but Cold Beauty: Gender and
Violence in Depictions of Queen Nefertiti Smiting the Enemies,"
pp. 103--21; Matić, "Traditionally Unharmed? Women and
Children in NK Battle Scenes," pp. 245--60; Matić, *Body
and Frames of War in New Kingdom Egypt*, pp. 139--48.
[^99]: Williamson, "Alone before the God: Gender, Status,
and Nefertiti's Image." 179--192.
and Nefertiti's Image," pp. 179--92.
[^100]: Matić, *Violence and Gender in Ancient Egypt*.
[^101]: Chapman & Dunham, *Decorated Chapels
[^101]: Chapman and Dunham, *Decorated Chapels
of the Meroitic Pyramids at Meroë and Barkal*, Pl. 17.
[^102]: Rilly, "Meroitische Texte aus Naga." Abb. 218.
[^102]: Rilly, "Meroitische Texte aus Naga," Abb. 218.
[^103]: Chapman & Dunham, *Decorated Chapels
[^103]: Chapman and Dunham, *Decorated Chapels
of the Meroitic Pyramids at Meroë and Barkal*, Pl. 7A.
[^104]: Chapman & Dunham, *Decorated Chapels
of the Meroitic Pyramids at Meroë and Barkal*, Pls. 18B. and 18D.
[^104]: Chapman and Dunham, *Decorated Chapels
of the Meroitic Pyramids at Meroë and Barkal*, Pls. 18B and 18D.
[^105]: Gamer-Wallert, *Der Löwentempel von Naqa in der
Butana (Sudan) III*, Bl. 1-2.
[^106]: Pomerantseva, "The View on Meroitic Kings and
Queens as it is Reflected in their Iconography." 625.
Queens as it is Reflected in their Iconography," p. 625.
[^107]: Phillips, "Women in Ancient Nubia" 292.
[^107]: Phillips, "Women in Ancient Nubia," p. 292.
[^108]: Matić, "Her striking but cold beauty: Gender and
violence in depictions of Queen Nefertiti smiting the enemies."
116--117.
[^108]: Matić, "Her Striking but Cold Beauty: Gender and
Violence in Depictions of Queen Nefertiti Smiting the Enemies,"
pp. 116--7.
[^109]: For exceptionality and the possible divinization of Amanirenas
(1st century CE) see Zach, "A Remark on the 'Akinidad'
Stela REM 1003 (British Museum EA 1650)." 149.
(1st century CE), see Zach, "A Remark on the 'Akinidad'
Stela REM 1003 (British Museum EA 1650)," p. 149.
[^110]: Matić, "Pharaonic Plunder Economy".
[^110]: Matić, "Pharaonic Plunder Economy."
[^111]: Matić, *Violence and Gender in Ancient Egypt*.
[^112]: For weapons in female burials of the Kerma period interpreted as
symbols of status, see Hafsaas-Tsakos, "Edges of
bronze and expressions of masculinity." 89. Henriette
Hafsaas-Tsakos has in personal communication informed
Bronze and Expressions of Masculinity," p. 89. Henriette
Hafsaas has in personal communication informed
me that she considers investigating this topic further and maybe
revising her conclusions.
[^113]: For the military activities of Ahhotep and Hatshepsut see,
Matić, *Violence and Gender in Ancient Egypt*;
Taterka, "Military expeditions of King Hatshepsut."
90--106.
Taterka, "Military expeditions of King Hatshepsut,"
pp. 90--106.