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@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ legs of women." *js gr nn \<n\> nswt ḥ3(tj).wꜥ nw T3-mḥw jj r m33 nfr.w
ḥm=f rd.wj=sn m rd.wj ḥm.wt.*[^76] Nicolas-Christophe Grimal has
translated this part of the text in a way that suggests that the legs of
the kings and counts of Lower Egypt trembled like those of women.[^77]
One has to stress that the adjective *tremblant* (French trembling) is
One has to stress that the adjective *tremblant* (French for "trembling") is
not written in the text, but is rather assumed by Grimal. On the other
hand, Hans Goedicke's translates *rd.wj=sn* not as legs, but knees
instead.[^78] According to Robert K. Ritner, this means
@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ enemies, because the legs of women are smooth-skinned.[^81] Yet,
although both men and women shaved in Egypt and Nubia, we cannot assume
that body hair removal was restricted only to women. For Nubia, at least,
this is indicated by the description of Kushites in the Bible as tall
and smooth-skinned people (Isaiah 18: 7).[^82] Later in the text, it is
and smooth-skinned people (Isaiah 18:7).[^82] Later in the text, it is
stated that three of these kings and counts stayed outside the palace
"because of their legs" (*r rd.wj=sn*), and only one entered. El Hawary
postulates that this could be related to the previous comparison with
@ -714,12 +714,12 @@ help in acquiring some of the references.
# Abbreviations
FHN I-III
FHN I-IV
Eide, Tormod, Tomas Hägg, Richard Holton Pierce, and László Török (eds.).
Eide, Tormod, Tomas Hägg, Richard Holton Pierce, and László Török (eds).
*Fontes Historiae Nubiorum: Textual Sources for the History of the
Middle Nile Region between the Eighth Century BC and the Sixth Century
AD, vols. I-- III*. Bergen: University of Bergen, 1994-1998.
AD, vols. I-- IV*. Bergen: University of Bergen, 1994-2000.
# Bibliography
@ -745,11 +745,11 @@ Bourdieu, Pierre. "Symbolic Violence." In *Violence in War
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@ -758,14 +758,14 @@ Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory
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@ -1109,42 +1109,42 @@ Zach, Michael H. "A Remark on the 'Akinidad' Stela REM
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[^1]: For criticism of androcentrism, see Conkey &
Spector, "Archaeology and the Study of Gender." 5--14;
Spector, "Archaeology and the Study of Gender," pp. 5--14;
for criticism of heteronormative interpretations of the past, see
Dowson, "Why Queer Archaeology? An Introduction."
161--165; for giving voices to ancient women and recognizing
Dowson, "Why Queer Archaeology? An Introduction,"
pp. 161--165; for giving voices to ancient women and recognizing
different genders behind the archaeological record, see
Gilchrist, *Gender and Archaeology*;
Sørensen, *Gender Archaeology*;
Díaz-Andreu, "Gender identity." 1--42, for viewing
Díaz-Andreu, "Gender identity," pp. 1--42; for viewing
gender as a system, see Conkey & Spector, "Archaeology
and the Study of Gender." 4--16, for gender as a result of
and the Study of Gender," pp. 4--16; for gender as a result of
performative practice, see Perry & Joyce, "Providing
a past for Bodies that Matter: Judith Butler\'s impact on the
archaeology of gender". The literature in gender archaeology is vast
a Past for Bodies that Matter: Judith Butler\'s Impact on the
Archaeology of Gender." The literature in gender archaeology is vast
and these are only some frequently quoted studies.
[^2]: Haaland & Haaland, "Who Speaks the Goddess's
Language?"; Haaland, "Emergence of sedentism";
Nordström, "Gender and social structure in the Nubian
A-group".
[^2]: Haaland and Haaland, "Who Speaks the Goddess's
Language?"; Haaland, "Emergence of Sedentism";
Nordström, "Gender and Social Structure in the Nubian
A-Group."
[^3]: Lohwasser, *Die königlichen Frauen*;
Lohwasser, "Queenship in Kush: Status, role and
ideology of royal women", 61--76; Lohwasser. "The Role
and Status of Royal Women in Kush" 61--72.
Lohwasser, "Queenship in Kush: Status, Role and
Ideology of Royal Women," pp. 61--76; Lohwasser. "The Role
and Status of Royal Women in Kush," pp. 61--72.
[^4]: Lohwasser, "Gibt es mehr als zwei Geschlechter? Zum
Verhältnis von Gender und Alter", 33--41.
Verhältnis von Gender und Alter," pp. 33--41.
[^5]: Phillips, "Women in Ancient Nubia" 280--298; The
[^5]: Phillips, "Women in Ancient Nubia," pp. 280--298. The
necessity of studying gender, rather than focusing solely on women
has also been emphasized recently, Lohwasser &
Philipps, "Women in Ancient Kush", 1015--1032.
has also been emphasized recently, Lohwasser and
Philipps, "Women in Ancient Kush," pp. 1015--1032.
[^6]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, "Edges of bronze and expressions of
masculinity"; Karlsson, "Gender and Kushite State
Ideology".
[^6]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, "Edges of Bronze and Expressions of
Masculinity"; Karlsson, "Gender and Kushite State
Ideology."
[^7]: The contributions in the volume are entirely devoid of gender
perspectives, Raue, *Handbook of Ancient Nubia*. For
@ -1152,68 +1152,68 @@ York: Picador, 2008.
women in ancient Kush and on the body, but no entry on gender. Other
contributions are entirely devoid of gender perspectives.
[^8]: Among these are the questions of ability and disability, gender
[^8]: Among these, are the questions of ability and disability, gender
and intersectionality, and masculinity. Danielsson &
Thedéen, *To Tender Gender*.
[^9]: Jensen & Matić, "Introduction: Why do
we need archaeologies of gender and violence, and why now?" 1--23.
[^9]: Jensen and Matić, "Introduction: Why do
we need archaeologies of gender and violence, and why now?," pp. 1--23.
[^10]: Bourdieu, *Masculine Domination*, 1--2; Bourdieu,
"Symbolic Violence" 339--342; Žižek, *Violence. Six
Sideways Reflections,* 1--2; for the application of these concepts
in archaeology and Egyptology, see Jensen &
Matić, "Introduction: Why do we need archaeologies of
gender and violence, and why now?" 1--23; Matić,
"Traditionally Unharmed? Women and Children in NK Battle Scenes."
245--260; Matić, *Body and Frames of War*, 139--148;
[^10]: Bourdieu, *Masculine Domination*, pp. 1--2; Bourdieu,
"Symbolic Violence," pp. 339--342; Žižek, *Violence. Six
Sideways Reflections*, pp. 1--2; for the application of these concepts
in archaeology and Egyptology, see Jensen and
Matić, "Introduction: Why do We Need Archaeologies of
Gender and Violence, and Why Now?," pp. 1--23; Matić,
"Traditionally Unharmed? Women and Children in NK Battle Scenes,"
pp. 245--260; Matić, *Body and Frames of War*, pp. 139--148;
Matić, *Violence and Gender in Ancient Egypt*.
[^11]: For example, see, Kuhrt, "Women and War." 1--25.
[^11]: For example, see Kuhrt, "Women and War," pp. 1--25.
[^12]: Matić, "Die \'\'römische\'\' Feinde in der
meroitischen Kunst." 251--262; Spalinger, *The
Persistence of Memory in Kush*. Spalinger, *Leadership
under fire,* 201--242; Wöß, "The Representations of
Captives and Enemies in Meroitic Art." 585--600.
meroitischen Kunst," pp. 251--262; Spalinger, *The
Persistence of Memory in Kush*; Spalinger, *Leadership
under Fire*, pp. 201--242; Wöß, "The Representations of
Captives and Enemies in Meroitic Art," pp. 585--600.
[^13]: Matić, "Her striking but cold beauty: Gender and
violence in depictions of Queen Nefertiti smiting the enemies."
103--121; Matić, "Traditionally Unharmed? Women and
Children in NK Battle Scenes." 245--260; Matić, *Body
and Frames of War in New Kingdom Egypt*, 139--148; Matić, *Violence
[^13]: Matić, "Her Striking but Cold Beauty: Gender and
Violence in Depictions of Queen Nefertiti Smiting the Enemies,"
pp. 103--121; Matić, "Traditionally Unharmed? Women and
Children in NK Battle Scenes," pp. 245--260; Matić, *Body
and Frames of War in New Kingdom Egypt*, pp. 139--148; Matić, *Violence
and Gender in Ancient Egypt*.
[^14]: Butler, *Frames of War*, 1--10.
[^14]: Butler, *Frames of War*, pp. 1--10.
[^15]: Butler, *Frames of War*, 26.
[^15]: Butler, *Frames of War*, p. 26.
[^16]: Butler, *Frames of War*, 65.
[^16]: Butler, *Frames of War*, p. 65.
[^17]: Butler, *The Force of Non-Violence*, 6.
[^17]: Butler, *The Force of Non-Violence*, p. 6.
[^18]: Crenshaw, "Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A
Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist
Theory and Antiracist Politics".
Theory and Antiracist Politics."
[^19]: Matić, "The best of the booty of His Majesty:
Evidence for foreign child labor in New Kingdom Egypt." 53--63;
[^19]: Matić, "The Best of the Booty of His Majesty:
Evidence for Foreign Child Labor in New Kingdom Egypt," pp. 53--63;
Matić, "Begehrte Beute. Fremde Frauen als Raubgut im
Alten Ägypten." 15--18.
Alten Ägypten," pp. 15--8.
[^20]: The author is currently working on a comprehensive study of the
ancient Egyptian and Nubian lists of spoils of war from the Egyptian
Early Dynastic to Nubian Meroitic period, Matić,
"Pharaonic Plunder Economy".
[^21]: Macadam, *The Temples of Kawa I. Text,* 9;
[^21]: Macadam, *The Temples of Kawa I. Text,* p. 9;
Macadam, *The Temples of Kawa I. Plates*, Pls. 5-6.
[^22]: Macadam. *The Temples of Kawa I*. *Text*, 36;
[^22]: Macadam. *The Temples of Kawa I*. *Text*, p. 36;
Macadam, *The Temples of Kawa I.* *Plates*, Pls.
11--12; FHN I, 172--173.
11--12; FHN I, pp. 172--73.
[^23]: Redford, "Taharqa in Western Asia and Libya." 190.
[^23]: Redford, "Taharqa in Western Asia and Libya," p. 190.
The stela actually does not bear the name of Taharqa and Jean Revez
attributed it to an entirely different dynasty, Revez, "Une stèle
inédite de la Troisième Période Intermédiaire à Karnak: une guerre