diff --git a/content/article/urosmatic.md b/content/article/urosmatic.md index 32719f6..d712149 100644 --- a/content/article/urosmatic.md +++ b/content/article/urosmatic.md @@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ legs of women." *js gr nn \ nswt ḥ3(tj).wꜥ nw T3-mḥw jj r m33 nfr.w ḥm=f rd.wj=sn m rd.wj ḥm.wt.*[^76] Nicolas-Christophe Grimal has translated this part of the text in a way that suggests that the legs of the kings and counts of Lower Egypt trembled like those of women.[^77] -One has to stress that the adjective *tremblant* (French trembling) is +One has to stress that the adjective *tremblant* (French for "trembling") is not written in the text, but is rather assumed by Grimal. On the other hand, Hans Goedicke's translates *rd.wj=sn* not as legs, but knees instead.[^78] According to Robert K. Ritner, this means @@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ enemies, because the legs of women are smooth-skinned.[^81] Yet, although both men and women shaved in Egypt and Nubia, we cannot assume that body hair removal was restricted only to women. For Nubia, at least, this is indicated by the description of Kushites in the Bible as tall -and smooth-skinned people (Isaiah 18: 7).[^82] Later in the text, it is +and smooth-skinned people (Isaiah 18:7).[^82] Later in the text, it is stated that three of these kings and counts stayed outside the palace "because of their legs" (*r rd.wj=sn*), and only one entered. El Hawary postulates that this could be related to the previous comparison with @@ -714,12 +714,12 @@ help in acquiring some of the references. # Abbreviations -FHN I-III +FHN I-IV -Eide, Tormod, Tomas Hägg, Richard Holton Pierce, and László Török (eds.). +Eide, Tormod, Tomas Hägg, Richard Holton Pierce, and László Török (eds). *Fontes Historiae Nubiorum: Textual Sources for the History of the Middle Nile Region between the Eighth Century BC and the Sixth Century -AD, vols. I-- III*. Bergen: University of Bergen, 1994-1998. +AD, vols. I-- IV*. Bergen: University of Bergen, 1994-2000. # Bibliography @@ -745,11 +745,11 @@ Bourdieu, Pierre. "Symbolic Violence." In *Violence in War and Peace. An Anthology*, edited by Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Philippe Bourgois, pp. 339--342. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004. -Chapman, Suzanne E. and Dows Dunham. +Chapman, Suzanne E., and Dows Dunham. *Decorated Chapels of the Meroitic Pyramids at Meroë and Barkal*. The Royal Cemeteries of Kush III. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1952. -Conkey, Margaret W. and Janet D. Spector. +Conkey, Margaret W., and Janet D. Spector. "Archaeology and the Study of Gender." *Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory* 7 (1984): pp. 1--38. @@ -758,14 +758,14 @@ Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics." *University of Chicago Legal Forum* 1.8 (1989): pp. 139--167. -Danielsson, Ing-Marie Back and Susan Thedéen -(eds.). *To Tender Gender. The Pasts and Futures of Gender Research in +Danielsson, Ing-Marie Back, and Susan Thedéen +(eds). *To Tender Gender. The Pasts and Futures of Gender Research in Archaeology*. Stockholm Studies in Archaeology 58. Stockholm: Stockholm University, 2012. Díaz-Andreu, Margarita. "Gender identity." In *The -Archaeology of Identity. Approaches to gender, age, status, ethnicity -and religion*, edited by Margarita Díaz-Andreu, Sam +Archaeology of Identity. Approaches to Gender, Age, Status, Ethnicity +and Religion*, edited by Margarita Díaz-Andreu, Sam Lucy, Staša Babić, and David Edwards, pp. 1--42. London and New York: Routledge, 2005. @@ -779,10 +779,10 @@ Dowson, Thomas A. "Why Queer Archaeology? An Introduction." Gamer-Wallert, Ingrid. *Der Löwentempel von Naqa in der Butana (Sudan) III. Die Wandreliefs. 2. Tafeln*. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1983. -Gilchrist, Roberta. *Gender and Archaeology*. *Contesting +Gilchrist, Roberta. *Gender and Archaeology: Contesting the Past*. London and New York: Routledge, 1999. -Grimal, Nicolas-Christophe. *La Stèle Triomphale de +Grimal, Nicolas-Christophe. *La stèle triomphale de Pi(cankh)y au Musée du Caire*. Le Caire: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, 1981. @@ -793,21 +793,21 @@ Goldstein, Joshua S. *War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. -Haaland, Randi. "Emergence of sedentism: new ways of -living, new ways of symbolizing." *Antiquity* 71 (1997): pp. 374--385. +Haaland, Randi. "Emergence of Sedentism: New Ways of +Living, New Ways of Symbolizing." *Antiquity* 71 (1997): pp. 374--385. -Haaland, Gunnar and Randi Haaland. "Who +Haaland, Gunnar, and Randi Haaland. "Who Speaks the Goddess's Language? Imagination and Method in Archaeological Research." *Norwegian Archaeological Review* 28.2 (1995): pp. 105--121. -Hafsaas-Tsakos, Henriette. "Edges of bronze and -expressions of masculinity: The emergence of a warrior class at Kerma in +Hafsaas-Tsakos, Henriette. "Edges of Bronze and +Expressions of Masculinity: The Emergence of a Warrior Class at Kerma in Sudan" *Antiquity* 87 (2013): pp. 79--91. Hall, Emma Swan. *The Pharaoh Smites His Enemy*. Munich: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 1986. -el Hawary, Amr. *Wortschöpfung*, *Die Memphitische +El Hawary, Amr. *Wortschöpfung: Die Memphitische Theologie und die Siegesstele des Pije-zwei Zeugen kultureller Repäsentation in der 25. Dynastie*. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 243. Fribourg and Göttingen: Academic Press Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2010. @@ -827,9 +827,9 @@ Jameson, Shelagh. "Chronology of the Campaigns of Aelius Gallus and C. Petronius." *The Journal of Roman Studies* 58, 1 & 2 (1968): pp. 71--84 -Jensen, Bo and Matić, Uroš. "Introduction: -Why do we need archaeologies of gender and violence, and why now?" In -*Archaeologies of gender and violence*, edited by Uroš Matić and Bo +Jensen, Bo, and Matić, Uroš. "Introduction: +Why Do We Need Archaeologies of Gender and Violence, and Why Now?" In +*Archaeologies of Gender and Violence*, edited by Uroš Matić and Bo Jensen, pp. 1--23. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2017. Jones, Horace L. *Strabo. The Geography Vol. VIII*. 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Matić, Uroš. *Violence and Gender in Ancient Egypt*. London and New York: Routledge, 2021. -McCoskey, Denise Eileen. "Gender at the crossroads of -empire: locating women in Strabo's Geography." In *Strabo's Cultural +McCoskey, Denise Eileen. "Gender at the Crossroads of +Empire: Locating Women in Strabo's Geography." In *Strabo's Cultural Geography: The Making of a Kolossourgia*, edited by Daniela Dueck, Hugh Lindsay, and Sarah Pothecary, pp. 56--72. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. -Minas-Nerpel, Martina and Stefan Pfeiffer. +Minas-Nerpel, Martina, and Stefan Pfeiffer. "Establishing Roman Rule in Egypt: The Trilingual Stela of C. Cornelius Gallus from Philae." In *Tradition and Transformation: Egypt under the Roman Rule. Proceedings of the International Conference, Hildsheim, Roemer- and Pelizaeus-Museum, 3-6 July 2008*. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East Vol. 41, edited by Katja Lembke, Martina -Minas-Nerpel and Stefan Pfeiffer, pp. 265--298. 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"'Homosexual' desire and Middle Kingdom -literature." *Journal of Egyptian Archaeology* 81 (1995): pp. 57--76. +Parkinson, Richard B. "'Homosexual' Desire and Middle Kingdom +Literature." *Journal of Egyptian Archaeology* 81 (1995): pp. 57--76. -Perry, Elizabeth P. and Rosemary A. Joyce. -"Providing a past for Bodies that Matter: Judith Butler\'s impact on the -archaeology of gender." *International Journal of Sexuality and Gender +Perry, Elizabeth P., and Rosemary A. Joyce. +"Providing a Past for Bodies that Matter: Judith Butler\'s Impact on the +Archaeology of Gender." *International Journal of Sexuality and Gender Studies* 6.1 (2001): pp. 63--76. Peust, Carsten. *Das Napatanische. Ein ägyptischer Dialekt @@ -987,7 +987,7 @@ Lynn Budin and Jean MacIntosh Turfa, pp. 280--298. London and New York: Routledg 2016. Pomerantseva, Natalia A. "The View on Meroitic Kings and -Queens as it is Reflected in their Iconography." In *Studien zum antiken +Queens as it is Reflected in Their Iconography." In *Studien zum antiken Sudan. Akten der 7. Internationalen Tagung für meroitistische Forschungen vom 14. bis 19. September 1992 in Gosen/bei Berlin*. Meroitica. Schriften zur altsudanesischen Geschichte und Archäologie 15, @@ -996,7 +996,7 @@ edited by Steffen Wenig, pp. 622--632. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1999. Pope, Jeremy. *The Double Kingdom under Taharqo*. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 69. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2014. -Raue, Dietrich. (ed.) *Handbook of Ancient Nubia. Vols. I +Raue, Dietrich (ed.). *Handbook of Ancient Nubia. Vols. I and II*. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2019. Redford, Donald. "Taharqa in Western Asia and Libya." @@ -1018,7 +1018,7 @@ Kröper, Sylvia Schoske, and Dietrich Wildung, pp. 176--201. München-Berlin: St Museum Ägyptischer Kunst, 2011. Rilly, Claude. "Fragments of the Meroitic Report of the -War Between Rome and Meroe." *13th Conference for Nubian Studies, Sep +War Between Rome and Meroe." *13th Conference for Nubian Studies, September 2014, Neuchâtel, Switzerland*. Abstract. 2014 Rilly, Claude and De Voogt, Alex. *The @@ -1029,17 +1029,17 @@ Ritner, Robert Kriech. *The Libyan Anarchy. Inscriptions from Egypt's Third Intermediate Period*. Sociey of Biblical Literature 21. Atlanta: Society for Biblical Literature, 2009. -Shinnie, Peter L. and Bradley, Rebecca J. +Shinnie, Peter L., and Bradley, Rebecca J. "The Murals from the Augustus Temple, Meroe." In *Studies in Ancient -Egypt, the Aegean, and the Sudan; Essays in honor of Dows Dunham on the -occasion of his 90th birthday, June 1, 1980*, edited by William Kelly +Egypt, the Aegean, and the Sudan; Essays in Honor of Dows Dunham on the +Occasion of His 90th Birthday, June 1, 1980*, edited by William Kelly Simpson, pp. 167--172. 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"Military expeditions of King Hatshepsut." +Taterka, Filip. "Military Expeditions of King Hatshepsut." In *Current Research in Egyptology 2016. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Symposium. Jagiellonian University, Krakow 2016*, edited by Julia M. Chyla, Joanna Dębowska-Ludwin, Karolina -Rosińska-Balik and Carl Walsh, pp. 90--106. Oxford: Oxbow +Rosińska-Balik, and Carl Walsh, pp. 90--106. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2017. Török, László. *Meroe City, an Ancient African Capital: -John Garstang\'s excavations in the Sudan*. London: Egypt Exploration +John Garstang\'s Excavations in the Sudan*. London: Egypt Exploration Society, 1997. Török, László. *The Kingdom of Kush. Handbook of the @@ -1100,7 +1100,7 @@ Wöß, Florian. "The Representations of Captives and Enemies in Meroitic Art." In *The Kushite World. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference for Meroitic Studies, Vienna, 1-4 September 2008*. Beiträge zur Sudanforschung 8, edited by Michael H. Zach, pp. 585--600. Vienna: -Verein der. Förderer der Sudanforschung, 2015. +Verein der Förderer der Sudanforschung, 2015. Zach, Michael H. "A Remark on the 'Akinidad' Stela REM 1003 (British Museum EA 1650)." *Sudan and Nubia* 21 (2007): pp. 148--150. @@ -1109,42 +1109,42 @@ Zach, Michael H. "A Remark on the 'Akinidad' Stela REM York: Picador, 2008. [^1]: For criticism of androcentrism, see Conkey & - Spector, "Archaeology and the Study of Gender." 5--14; + Spector, "Archaeology and the Study of Gender," pp. 5--14; for criticism of heteronormative interpretations of the past, see - Dowson, "Why Queer Archaeology? An Introduction." - 161--165; for giving voices to ancient women and recognizing + Dowson, "Why Queer Archaeology? An Introduction," + pp. 161--165; for giving voices to ancient women and recognizing different genders behind the archaeological record, see Gilchrist, *Gender and Archaeology*; Sørensen, *Gender Archaeology*; - Díaz-Andreu, "Gender identity." 1--42, for viewing + Díaz-Andreu, "Gender identity," pp. 1--42; for viewing gender as a system, see Conkey & Spector, "Archaeology - and the Study of Gender." 4--16, for gender as a result of + and the Study of Gender," pp. 4--16; for gender as a result of performative practice, see Perry & Joyce, "Providing - a past for Bodies that Matter: Judith Butler\'s impact on the - archaeology of gender". The literature in gender archaeology is vast + a Past for Bodies that Matter: Judith Butler\'s Impact on the + Archaeology of Gender." The literature in gender archaeology is vast and these are only some frequently quoted studies. -[^2]: Haaland & Haaland, "Who Speaks the Goddess's - Language?"; Haaland, "Emergence of sedentism"; - Nordström, "Gender and social structure in the Nubian - A-group". +[^2]: Haaland and Haaland, "Who Speaks the Goddess's + Language?"; Haaland, "Emergence of Sedentism"; + Nordström, "Gender and Social Structure in the Nubian + A-Group." [^3]: Lohwasser, *Die königlichen Frauen*; - Lohwasser, "Queenship in Kush: Status, role and - ideology of royal women", 61--76; Lohwasser. "The Role - and Status of Royal Women in Kush" 61--72. + Lohwasser, "Queenship in Kush: Status, Role and + Ideology of Royal Women," pp. 61--76; Lohwasser. "The Role + and Status of Royal Women in Kush," pp. 61--72. [^4]: Lohwasser, "Gibt es mehr als zwei Geschlechter? Zum - Verhältnis von Gender und Alter", 33--41. + Verhältnis von Gender und Alter," pp. 33--41. -[^5]: Phillips, "Women in Ancient Nubia" 280--298; The +[^5]: Phillips, "Women in Ancient Nubia," pp. 280--298. The necessity of studying gender, rather than focusing solely on women - has also been emphasized recently, Lohwasser & - Philipps, "Women in Ancient Kush", 1015--1032. + has also been emphasized recently, Lohwasser and + Philipps, "Women in Ancient Kush," pp. 1015--1032. -[^6]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, "Edges of bronze and expressions of - masculinity"; Karlsson, "Gender and Kushite State - Ideology". +[^6]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, "Edges of Bronze and Expressions of + Masculinity"; Karlsson, "Gender and Kushite State + Ideology." [^7]: The contributions in the volume are entirely devoid of gender perspectives, Raue, *Handbook of Ancient Nubia*. For @@ -1152,68 +1152,68 @@ York: Picador, 2008. women in ancient Kush and on the body, but no entry on gender. Other contributions are entirely devoid of gender perspectives. -[^8]: Among these are the questions of ability and disability, gender +[^8]: Among these, are the questions of ability and disability, gender and intersectionality, and masculinity. Danielsson & Thedéen, *To Tender Gender*. -[^9]: Jensen & Matić, "Introduction: Why do - we need archaeologies of gender and violence, and why now?" 1--23. +[^9]: Jensen and Matić, "Introduction: Why do + we need archaeologies of gender and violence, and why now?," pp. 1--23. -[^10]: Bourdieu, *Masculine Domination*, 1--2; Bourdieu, - "Symbolic Violence" 339--342; Žižek, *Violence. Six - Sideways Reflections,* 1--2; for the application of these concepts - in archaeology and Egyptology, see Jensen & - Matić, "Introduction: Why do we need archaeologies of - gender and violence, and why now?" 1--23; Matić, - "Traditionally Unharmed? Women and Children in NK Battle Scenes." - 245--260; Matić, *Body and Frames of War*, 139--148; +[^10]: Bourdieu, *Masculine Domination*, pp. 1--2; Bourdieu, + "Symbolic Violence," pp. 339--342; Žižek, *Violence. Six + Sideways Reflections*, pp. 1--2; for the application of these concepts + in archaeology and Egyptology, see Jensen and + Matić, "Introduction: Why do We Need Archaeologies of + Gender and Violence, and Why Now?," pp. 1--23; Matić, + "Traditionally Unharmed? Women and Children in NK Battle Scenes," + pp. 245--260; Matić, *Body and Frames of War*, pp. 139--148; Matić, *Violence and Gender in Ancient Egypt*. -[^11]: For example, see, Kuhrt, "Women and War." 1--25. +[^11]: For example, see Kuhrt, "Women and War," pp. 1--25. [^12]: Matić, "Die \'\'römische\'\' Feinde in der - meroitischen Kunst." 251--262; Spalinger, *The - Persistence of Memory in Kush*. Spalinger, *Leadership - under fire,* 201--242; Wöß, "The Representations of - Captives and Enemies in Meroitic Art." 585--600. + meroitischen Kunst," pp. 251--262; Spalinger, *The + Persistence of Memory in Kush*; Spalinger, *Leadership + under Fire*, pp. 201--242; Wöß, "The Representations of + Captives and Enemies in Meroitic Art," pp. 585--600. -[^13]: Matić, "Her striking but cold beauty: Gender and - violence in depictions of Queen Nefertiti smiting the enemies." - 103--121; Matić, "Traditionally Unharmed? Women and - Children in NK Battle Scenes." 245--260; Matić, *Body - and Frames of War in New Kingdom Egypt*, 139--148; Matić, *Violence +[^13]: Matić, "Her Striking but Cold Beauty: Gender and + Violence in Depictions of Queen Nefertiti Smiting the Enemies," + pp. 103--121; Matić, "Traditionally Unharmed? Women and + Children in NK Battle Scenes," pp. 245--260; Matić, *Body + and Frames of War in New Kingdom Egypt*, pp. 139--148; Matić, *Violence and Gender in Ancient Egypt*. -[^14]: Butler, *Frames of War*, 1--10. +[^14]: Butler, *Frames of War*, pp. 1--10. -[^15]: Butler, *Frames of War*, 26. +[^15]: Butler, *Frames of War*, p. 26. -[^16]: Butler, *Frames of War*, 65. +[^16]: Butler, *Frames of War*, p. 65. -[^17]: Butler, *The Force of Non-Violence*, 6. +[^17]: Butler, *The Force of Non-Violence*, p. 6. [^18]: Crenshaw, "Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist - Theory and Antiracist Politics". + Theory and Antiracist Politics." -[^19]: Matić, "The best of the booty of His Majesty: - Evidence for foreign child labor in New Kingdom Egypt." 53--63; +[^19]: Matić, "The Best of the Booty of His Majesty: + Evidence for Foreign Child Labor in New Kingdom Egypt," pp. 53--63; Matić, "Begehrte Beute. Fremde Frauen als Raubgut im - Alten Ägypten." 15--18. + Alten Ägypten," pp. 15--8. [^20]: The author is currently working on a comprehensive study of the ancient Egyptian and Nubian lists of spoils of war from the Egyptian Early Dynastic to Nubian Meroitic period, Matić, "Pharaonic Plunder Economy". -[^21]: Macadam, *The Temples of Kawa I. Text,* 9; +[^21]: Macadam, *The Temples of Kawa I. Text,* p. 9; Macadam, *The Temples of Kawa I. Plates*, Pls. 5-6. -[^22]: Macadam. *The Temples of Kawa I*. *Text*, 36; +[^22]: Macadam. *The Temples of Kawa I*. *Text*, p. 36; Macadam, *The Temples of Kawa I.* *Plates*, Pls. - 11--12; FHN I, 172--173. + 11--12; FHN I, pp. 172--73. -[^23]: Redford, "Taharqa in Western Asia and Libya." 190. +[^23]: Redford, "Taharqa in Western Asia and Libya," p. 190. The stela actually does not bear the name of Taharqa and Jean Revez attributed it to an entirely different dynasty, Revez, "Une stèle inédite de la Troisième Période Intermédiaire à Karnak: une guerre