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@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ populations.
**~~Figure 1. Squatting Position and Skeletal Consequences of Habitual Squatting (modified from Trinkaus 1975)[^2]~~** **~~Figure 1. Squatting Position and Skeletal Consequences of Habitual Squatting (modified from Trinkaus 1975)[^2]~~**
# Bioarchaeology of the Everyday # Bioarchaeology of the Everyday
Everyday life is vitally important to the development of individual and Everyday life is vitally important to the development of individual and
@ -113,7 +112,6 @@ studied.[^11]
**~~Figure 2. Images of Different Types of Squatting Facets on Distal Tibiae (modified from Singh 1959)[^12]~~** **~~Figure 2. Images of Different Types of Squatting Facets on Distal Tibiae (modified from Singh 1959)[^12]~~**
Squatting facets have been studied for decades both from a clinical and Squatting facets have been studied for decades both from a clinical and
bioarchaeological perspective. Clinicians have examined the prevalence bioarchaeological perspective. Clinicians have examined the prevalence
of squatting facets in modern populations as well as associated the of squatting facets in modern populations as well as associated the
@ -180,7 +178,6 @@ trade goods.
**~~Figure 3. Map of Abu Fatima.~~** **~~Figure 3. Map of Abu Fatima.~~**
Analysis of squatting facets was conducted according to presence or Analysis of squatting facets was conducted according to presence or
absence of the trait.[^22] All available adult skeletons from Abu Fatima absence of the trait.[^22] All available adult skeletons from Abu Fatima
were analyzed. In some cases, no tibiae were preserved, for which were analyzed. In some cases, no tibiae were preserved, for which
@ -248,7 +245,6 @@ n/o=Not observable; Locality assessed via strontium isotope analysis
<br/> <br/>
<br/> <br/>
Table 2. Frequency of Squatting Facets in Other Populations Table 2. Frequency of Squatting Facets in Other Populations
@ -265,16 +261,16 @@ Table 2. Frequency of Squatting Facets in Other Populations
| Early farming (5th-19th centuries CE), South Africa | 77% | 17 | Dlamini and Morris [^29] | | Early farming (5th-19th centuries CE), South Africa | 77% | 17 | Dlamini and Morris [^29] |
| 18th century Cape Town | 5% | 21 | Dlamini and Morris [^30] | | 18th century Cape Town | 5% | 21 | Dlamini and Morris [^30] |
| 20th century Cape Town cadavers | 0% | 29 | Dlamini and Morris [^31] | | 20th century Cape Town cadavers | 0% | 29 | Dlamini and Morris [^31] |
| South African (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum | 27% | 11 | Thomson [^32] | | South African (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum) | 27% | 11 | Thomson [^32] |
| Neanderthals (Europe, Near East) | 91% | 11 | Trinkaus [^33] | | Neanderthals (Europe, Near East) | 91% | 11 | Trinkaus [^33] |
| European (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum | 13% | 40 | Thomson [^34] | | European (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum) | 13% | 40 | Thomson [^34] |
| Scottish (Anatomical Department, University of Edinburgh | 17% | 118 | Wood [^35] | | Scottish (Anatomical Department, University of Edinburgh) | 17% | 118 | Wood [^35] |
| Asian (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum | 48% | 23 | Thomson [^36] | | Asian (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum) | 48% | 23 | Thomson [^36] |
| Native American (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum) | 37% | 19 | Thomson [^37] | | Native American (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum) | 37% | 19 | Thomson [^37] |
| Polynesia (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum | 75% | 4 | Thomson [^38] | | Polynesia (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum) | 75% | 4 | Thomson [^38] |
| Melanesia (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum | 71% | 38 | Thomson [^39] | | Melanesia (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum) | 71% | 38 | Thomson [^39] |
| Australian (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum | 79% | 14 | Thomson [^40] | | Australian (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum) | 79% | 14 | Thomson [^40] |
| Australian (Collection of Anatomical Museum of the University of Edinburgh | 81% | 236 | Wood [^41] | | Australian (Collection of Anatomical Museum of the University of Edinburgh) | 81% | 236 | Wood [^41] |
| Indian (20th century) cadavers and "museum specimens" | 77% | 292 | Singh [^42] | | Indian (20th century) cadavers and "museum specimens" | 77% | 292 | Singh [^42] |
| Panjabi, Indian | 87% | 52 | Charles [^43] | | Panjabi, Indian | 87% | 52 | Charles [^43] |
||||| |||||
@ -371,8 +367,6 @@ probably in combination with other activities.
**~~Figure 5. Statuette of Woman Grinding Grain (Old Kingdom, Dynasty 5 Image © Boston Museum of Fine Arts 21.2601: https://collections.mfa.org/objects/144023).~~** **~~Figure 5. Statuette of Woman Grinding Grain (Old Kingdom, Dynasty 5 Image © Boston Museum of Fine Arts 21.2601: https://collections.mfa.org/objects/144023).~~**
Satinoff conducted a study of squatting facets in an Egyptian Satinoff conducted a study of squatting facets in an Egyptian
sample.[^49] The origins of the skeletal material remain unclear as the sample.[^49] The origins of the skeletal material remain unclear as the
only documentation provided is that they were housed at the Institute of only documentation provided is that they were housed at the Institute of
@ -438,7 +432,7 @@ Squatting Positoin: A Diachronic Study from Antiquity to the Modern
Age." *American Journal of Physical Anthropology* 115, no. 1 (2001a): Age." *American Journal of Physical Anthropology* 115, no. 1 (2001a):
pp. 50--6. pp. 50--6.
---------. "Osteological Features Associated with Ankle Boulle, Eve-Line. "Osteological Features Associated with Ankle
Hyperdorsiflexion." *International Journal of Osteoarchaeology* 11, no. Hyperdorsiflexion." *International Journal of Osteoarchaeology* 11, no.
5 (2001b): pp. 345--49. 5 (2001b): pp. 345--49.
@ -497,7 +491,7 @@ Regional Atlas of Non-Metric Traits and Anatomical Variants in the Human
Skeleton*. Springfield: Charles C. Thoms, 2016. Skeleton*. Springfield: Charles C. Thoms, 2016.
Massada, J.L. "Ankle Overuse Injuries in Soccer Players: Morphological Massada, J.L. "Ankle Overuse Injuries in Soccer Players: Morphological
Adaptation of the Talus in Teh Anterior Impingement." *The Journal of Adaptation of the Talus in the Anterior Impingement." *The Journal of
Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness* 31, no. 3 (1991): pp. 447--51. Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness* 31, no. 3 (1991): pp. 447--51.
Molleson, Theya. "Bones of Work at the Origins of Labour." In Molleson, Theya. "Bones of Work at the Origins of Labour." In
@ -505,7 +499,7 @@ Molleson, Theya. "Bones of Work at the Origins of Labour." In
Hamilton, Ruth D. Whitehouse, and Katherine I. Wright. New York: Hamilton, Ruth D. Whitehouse, and Katherine I. Wright. New York:
Routledge, 2007. Routledge, 2007.
---------. "Seed Preparation in the Mesolithic: The Osteological Molleson, Theya. "Seed Preparation in the Mesolithic: The Osteological
Evidence." *Antiquity* 63, no. 239 (1989): pp. 356--62. Evidence." *Antiquity* 63, no. 239 (1989): pp. 356--62.
Peltt, W. Paul van. "Revising Egypto-Nubian Relations in New Kingdom Peltt, W. Paul van. "Revising Egypto-Nubian Relations in New Kingdom
@ -566,17 +560,17 @@ Smith, Stuart Tyson. "A Potter's Wheelhead from Askut and the
Organization of the Egyptian Ceramic Industry in Nubia." *Journal of the Organization of the Egyptian Ceramic Industry in Nubia." *Journal of the
American Research Center in Egypt* 50 (2014): pp. 103--21. American Research Center in Egypt* 50 (2014): pp. 103--21.
---------. "Pharoahs, Feasts, and Foreigners: Cooking, Foodways, and Smith, Stuart Tyson. "Pharoahs, Feasts, and Foreigners: Cooking, Foodways, and
Agency on Ancient Egypt's Southern Frontier." In *The Archaeology and Agency on Ancient Egypt's Southern Frontier." In *The Archaeology and
Politics of Food and Feasting in Early States and Empires*, edited by T. Politics of Food and Feasting in Early States and Empires*, edited by T.
Bray, pp. 39--64. New York: Plenum Publishers, 2003. Bray, pp. 39--64. New York: Plenum Publishers, 2003.
---------. "The Nubian Experience of Egyptian Domination during the New Smith, Stuart Tyson. "The Nubian Experience of Egyptian Domination during the New
Kingdom." In *The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia*, edited by Geoff Kingdom." In *The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia*, edited by Geoff
Emberling and Bruce Beyer Williams, pp. 369--94. Oxford: Oxford University Emberling and Bruce Beyer Williams, pp. 369--94. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2021. 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190496272.013.20. Press, 2021. 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190496272.013.20.
---------. *Wretched Kush: Ethnic Identities and Boundaries in Egypt's Smith, Stuart Tyson. *Wretched Kush: Ethnic Identities and Boundaries in Egypt's
Nubian Empire*. London: Routledge, 2003. Nubian Empire*. London: Routledge, 2003.
Spencer, Neal, Anna Stevens, and Michaela Binder, eds. *Nubia in the New Spencer, Neal, Anna Stevens, and Michaela Binder, eds. *Nubia in the New