diff --git a/content/article/schrader.md b/content/article/schrader.md index 7575433..7dfa577 100644 --- a/content/article/schrader.md +++ b/content/article/schrader.md @@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ populations. **~~Figure 1. Squatting Position and Skeletal Consequences of Habitual Squatting (modified from Trinkaus 1975)[^2]~~** - # Bioarchaeology of the Everyday Everyday life is vitally important to the development of individual and @@ -113,7 +112,6 @@ studied.[^11] **~~Figure 2. Images of Different Types of Squatting Facets on Distal Tibiae (modified from Singh 1959)[^12]~~** - Squatting facets have been studied for decades both from a clinical and bioarchaeological perspective. Clinicians have examined the prevalence of squatting facets in modern populations as well as associated the @@ -180,7 +178,6 @@ trade goods. **~~Figure 3. Map of Abu Fatima.~~** - Analysis of squatting facets was conducted according to presence or absence of the trait.[^22] All available adult skeletons from Abu Fatima were analyzed. In some cases, no tibiae were preserved, for which @@ -248,7 +245,6 @@ n/o=Not observable; Locality assessed via strontium isotope analysis
-
Table 2. Frequency of Squatting Facets in Other Populations @@ -265,16 +261,16 @@ Table 2. Frequency of Squatting Facets in Other Populations | Early farming (5th-19th centuries CE), South Africa | 77% | 17 | Dlamini and Morris [^29] | | 18th century Cape Town | 5% | 21 | Dlamini and Morris [^30] | | 20th century Cape Town cadavers | 0% | 29 | Dlamini and Morris [^31] | -| South African (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum | 27% | 11 | Thomson [^32] | +| South African (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum) | 27% | 11 | Thomson [^32] | | Neanderthals (Europe, Near East) | 91% | 11 | Trinkaus [^33] | -| European (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum | 13% | 40 | Thomson [^34] | -| Scottish (Anatomical Department, University of Edinburgh | 17% | 118 | Wood [^35] | -| Asian (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum | 48% | 23 | Thomson [^36] | +| European (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum) | 13% | 40 | Thomson [^34] | +| Scottish (Anatomical Department, University of Edinburgh) | 17% | 118 | Wood [^35] | +| Asian (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum) | 48% | 23 | Thomson [^36] | | Native American (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum) | 37% | 19 | Thomson [^37] | -| Polynesia (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum | 75% | 4 | Thomson [^38] | -| Melanesia (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum | 71% | 38 | Thomson [^39] | -| Australian (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum | 79% | 14 | Thomson [^40] | -| Australian (Collection of Anatomical Museum of the University of Edinburgh | 81% | 236 | Wood [^41] | +| Polynesia (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum) | 75% | 4 | Thomson [^38] | +| Melanesia (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum) | 71% | 38 | Thomson [^39] | +| Australian (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum) | 79% | 14 | Thomson [^40] | +| Australian (Collection of Anatomical Museum of the University of Edinburgh) | 81% | 236 | Wood [^41] | | Indian (20th century) cadavers and "museum specimens" | 77% | 292 | Singh [^42] | | Panjabi, Indian | 87% | 52 | Charles [^43] | ||||| @@ -371,8 +367,6 @@ probably in combination with other activities. **~~Figure 5. Statuette of Woman Grinding Grain (Old Kingdom, Dynasty 5 Image © Boston Museum of Fine Arts 21.2601: https://collections.mfa.org/objects/144023).~~** - - Satinoff conducted a study of squatting facets in an Egyptian sample.[^49] The origins of the skeletal material remain unclear as the only documentation provided is that they were housed at the Institute of @@ -438,7 +432,7 @@ Squatting Positoin: A Diachronic Study from Antiquity to the Modern Age." *American Journal of Physical Anthropology* 115, no. 1 (2001a): pp. 50--6. ----------. "Osteological Features Associated with Ankle +Boulle, Eve-Line. "Osteological Features Associated with Ankle Hyperdorsiflexion." *International Journal of Osteoarchaeology* 11, no. 5 (2001b): pp. 345--49. @@ -497,7 +491,7 @@ Regional Atlas of Non-Metric Traits and Anatomical Variants in the Human Skeleton*. Springfield: Charles C. Thoms, 2016. Massada, J.L. "Ankle Overuse Injuries in Soccer Players: Morphological -Adaptation of the Talus in Teh Anterior Impingement." *The Journal of +Adaptation of the Talus in the Anterior Impingement." *The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness* 31, no. 3 (1991): pp. 447--51. Molleson, Theya. "Bones of Work at the Origins of Labour." In @@ -505,7 +499,7 @@ Molleson, Theya. "Bones of Work at the Origins of Labour." In Hamilton, Ruth D. Whitehouse, and Katherine I. Wright. New York: Routledge, 2007. ----------. "Seed Preparation in the Mesolithic: The Osteological +Molleson, Theya. "Seed Preparation in the Mesolithic: The Osteological Evidence." *Antiquity* 63, no. 239 (1989): pp. 356--62. Peltt, W. Paul van. "Revising Egypto-Nubian Relations in New Kingdom @@ -566,17 +560,17 @@ Smith, Stuart Tyson. "A Potter's Wheelhead from Askut and the Organization of the Egyptian Ceramic Industry in Nubia." *Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt* 50 (2014): pp. 103--21. ----------. "Pharoahs, Feasts, and Foreigners: Cooking, Foodways, and +Smith, Stuart Tyson. "Pharoahs, Feasts, and Foreigners: Cooking, Foodways, and Agency on Ancient Egypt's Southern Frontier." In *The Archaeology and Politics of Food and Feasting in Early States and Empires*, edited by T. Bray, pp. 39--64. New York: Plenum Publishers, 2003. ----------. "The Nubian Experience of Egyptian Domination during the New +Smith, Stuart Tyson. "The Nubian Experience of Egyptian Domination during the New Kingdom." In *The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia*, edited by Geoff Emberling and Bruce Beyer Williams, pp. 369--94. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021. 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190496272.013.20. ----------. *Wretched Kush: Ethnic Identities and Boundaries in Egypt's +Smith, Stuart Tyson. *Wretched Kush: Ethnic Identities and Boundaries in Egypt's Nubian Empire*. London: Routledge, 2003. Spencer, Neal, Anna Stevens, and Michaela Binder, eds. *Nubia in the New