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@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ populations.
**~~Figure 1. Squatting Position and Skeletal Consequences of Habitual Squatting (modified from Trinkaus 1975)[^2]~~**
# Bioarchaeology of the Everyday
Everyday life is vitally important to the development of individual and
@ -113,7 +112,6 @@ studied.[^11]
**~~Figure 2. Images of Different Types of Squatting Facets on Distal Tibiae (modified from Singh 1959)[^12]~~**
Squatting facets have been studied for decades both from a clinical and
bioarchaeological perspective. Clinicians have examined the prevalence
of squatting facets in modern populations as well as associated the
@ -180,7 +178,6 @@ trade goods.
**~~Figure 3. Map of Abu Fatima.~~**
Analysis of squatting facets was conducted according to presence or
absence of the trait.[^22] All available adult skeletons from Abu Fatima
were analyzed. In some cases, no tibiae were preserved, for which
@ -248,7 +245,6 @@ n/o=Not observable; Locality assessed via strontium isotope analysis
<br/>
<br/>
Table 2. Frequency of Squatting Facets in Other Populations
@ -265,16 +261,16 @@ Table 2. Frequency of Squatting Facets in Other Populations
| Early farming (5th-19th centuries CE), South Africa | 77% | 17 | Dlamini and Morris [^29] |
| 18th century Cape Town | 5% | 21 | Dlamini and Morris [^30] |
| 20th century Cape Town cadavers | 0% | 29 | Dlamini and Morris [^31] |
| South African (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum | 27% | 11 | Thomson [^32] |
| South African (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum) | 27% | 11 | Thomson [^32] |
| Neanderthals (Europe, Near East) | 91% | 11 | Trinkaus [^33] |
| European (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum | 13% | 40 | Thomson [^34] |
| Scottish (Anatomical Department, University of Edinburgh | 17% | 118 | Wood [^35] |
| Asian (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum | 48% | 23 | Thomson [^36] |
| European (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum) | 13% | 40 | Thomson [^34] |
| Scottish (Anatomical Department, University of Edinburgh) | 17% | 118 | Wood [^35] |
| Asian (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum) | 48% | 23 | Thomson [^36] |
| Native American (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum) | 37% | 19 | Thomson [^37] |
| Polynesia (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum | 75% | 4 | Thomson [^38] |
| Melanesia (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum | 71% | 38 | Thomson [^39] |
| Australian (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum | 79% | 14 | Thomson [^40] |
| Australian (Collection of Anatomical Museum of the University of Edinburgh | 81% | 236 | Wood [^41] |
| Polynesia (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum) | 75% | 4 | Thomson [^38] |
| Melanesia (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum) | 71% | 38 | Thomson [^39] |
| Australian (Oxford/Royal College of Surgeons' Museum) | 79% | 14 | Thomson [^40] |
| Australian (Collection of Anatomical Museum of the University of Edinburgh) | 81% | 236 | Wood [^41] |
| Indian (20th century) cadavers and "museum specimens" | 77% | 292 | Singh [^42] |
| Panjabi, Indian | 87% | 52 | Charles [^43] |
|||||
@ -371,8 +367,6 @@ probably in combination with other activities.
**~~Figure 5. Statuette of Woman Grinding Grain (Old Kingdom, Dynasty 5 Image © Boston Museum of Fine Arts 21.2601: https://collections.mfa.org/objects/144023).~~**
Satinoff conducted a study of squatting facets in an Egyptian
sample.[^49] The origins of the skeletal material remain unclear as the
only documentation provided is that they were housed at the Institute of
@ -438,7 +432,7 @@ Squatting Positoin: A Diachronic Study from Antiquity to the Modern
Age." *American Journal of Physical Anthropology* 115, no. 1 (2001a):
pp. 50--6.
---------. "Osteological Features Associated with Ankle
Boulle, Eve-Line. "Osteological Features Associated with Ankle
Hyperdorsiflexion." *International Journal of Osteoarchaeology* 11, no.
5 (2001b): pp. 345--49.
@ -497,7 +491,7 @@ Regional Atlas of Non-Metric Traits and Anatomical Variants in the Human
Skeleton*. Springfield: Charles C. Thoms, 2016.
Massada, J.L. "Ankle Overuse Injuries in Soccer Players: Morphological
Adaptation of the Talus in Teh Anterior Impingement." *The Journal of
Adaptation of the Talus in the Anterior Impingement." *The Journal of
Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness* 31, no. 3 (1991): pp. 447--51.
Molleson, Theya. "Bones of Work at the Origins of Labour." In
@ -505,7 +499,7 @@ Molleson, Theya. "Bones of Work at the Origins of Labour." In
Hamilton, Ruth D. Whitehouse, and Katherine I. Wright. New York:
Routledge, 2007.
---------. "Seed Preparation in the Mesolithic: The Osteological
Molleson, Theya. "Seed Preparation in the Mesolithic: The Osteological
Evidence." *Antiquity* 63, no. 239 (1989): pp. 356--62.
Peltt, W. Paul van. "Revising Egypto-Nubian Relations in New Kingdom
@ -566,17 +560,17 @@ Smith, Stuart Tyson. "A Potter's Wheelhead from Askut and the
Organization of the Egyptian Ceramic Industry in Nubia." *Journal of the
American Research Center in Egypt* 50 (2014): pp. 103--21.
---------. "Pharoahs, Feasts, and Foreigners: Cooking, Foodways, and
Smith, Stuart Tyson. "Pharoahs, Feasts, and Foreigners: Cooking, Foodways, and
Agency on Ancient Egypt's Southern Frontier." In *The Archaeology and
Politics of Food and Feasting in Early States and Empires*, edited by T.
Bray, pp. 39--64. New York: Plenum Publishers, 2003.
---------. "The Nubian Experience of Egyptian Domination during the New
Smith, Stuart Tyson. "The Nubian Experience of Egyptian Domination during the New
Kingdom." In *The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia*, edited by Geoff
Emberling and Bruce Beyer Williams, pp. 369--94. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2021. 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190496272.013.20.
---------. *Wretched Kush: Ethnic Identities and Boundaries in Egypt's
Smith, Stuart Tyson. *Wretched Kush: Ethnic Identities and Boundaries in Egypt's
Nubian Empire*. London: Routledge, 2003.
Spencer, Neal, Anna Stevens, and Michaela Binder, eds. *Nubia in the New