hamdeen

content/article/hamdeen.md

@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ porridge, and *Kisra*, and drinks such as local wine, *Hulu-mur*,
 
 The El Mahas region lies along the Nile, in northern Sudan (Fig.1)
 beginning at the north end of the Dongola Reach and extending from the
-area of the villages of Hannik (west bank) and Tombos (east bank), at
+area of the villages of Hannek (west bank) and Tombos (east bank), at
 the top of the Third Cataract, downriver as far as the area of Jebel
 Dosha (west bank) and Wawa (east bank), in the north. Its northern
 boundary is most visibly marked by the cliff-face known as Jebel Dosha
@@ -109,11 +109,11 @@ which overlooks the west bank of the river some five kilometers
 downstream of Soleb, the end of a long ridge that runs approximately
 three kilometers into the desert to the west-north-west, forming a
 prominent natural feature, the region extends over a distance of
-approximately 141 kilometers (ca. 88 miles) from Hannik to Wawa.
+approximately 141 kilometers (ca. 88 miles) from Hannek to Wawa.
 Within this area, the landscape is highly varied, including some very
 fertile localities with abundant alluvial soils but also many
 extremely barren and inhospitable areas (Osman and Edwards 2012: 6-7).
-The Mahas Archaeological Project, directed by Prof. Ali Osman,
+The Mahas Archaeological Project, directed by Ali Osman Mohamed Salih,
 identified four Christian mudbrick sites located in the different
 three main areas (north, middle, and south) of the El Mahas region in
 April 2019. I chose these four sites to serve as case studies for the
@@ -187,9 +187,9 @@ survived appears to be 'Late' and 'Terminal Christian' ceramic types.
 Outside this structure are traces of less substantial structures
 surviving as a few courses of rough stone walling (Fig.2d).[^9]
 
-![The four sites discussed in the chapter: a) TMB016. b) MAS021. c) DFF008. d) DFF009 (photos by Eng. Omer).](../static/images/hamdeen/Fig2.jpg "The four sites discussed in the chapter: a) TMB016. b) MAS021. c) DFF008. d) DFF009 (photos by Eng. Omer).")
+![The four sites discussed in the chapter: a) TMB016. b) MAS021. c) DFF008. d) DFF009 (photos by Engineer Omer).](../static/images/hamdeen/Fig2.jpg "The four sites discussed in the chapter: a) TMB016. b) MAS021. c) DFF008. d) DFF009 (photos by Engineer Omer).")
 
-**~~Figure 2. The four sites discussed in the chapter: a) TMB016. b) MAS021. c) DFF008. d) DFF009 (photos by Eng. Omer).~~**
+**~~Figure 2. The four sites discussed in the chapter: a) TMB016. b) MAS021. c) DFF008. d) DFF009 (photos by Engineer Omer).~~**
 
 
 # Materials and Methods
@@ -215,21 +215,23 @@ macro-remains.
 
 ## Results of extracted plant remains from the Homescape
 
-Seven plant species were encountered as seeds, while fruits were extracted and
+Seven plant species were encountered as seeds. Fruits were extracted and
 identified from the mudbrick samples. The assemblage of seeds and fruits
 were preserved by desiccation. Table (1) shows the Latin names of the
-determined species and their distribution in the sites. The cereal
-appeared clearly and can be identified from the seeds of the *Triticum
-aestivum* (Fig.3a)* and Hordeum vulgare* (Fig.3b). These two cereals were added to some parts of
-spikelets, chaffs, and glume fragments. *Sorghum
-bicolor* was presented from spikelet with grain inside (Fig.4c) and
-*Setaria italica* was also represented from their seeds (Fig.3d).
-*Adansonia digitate* appeared from small fragments of the fruit pulp
-shell (Fig.3e). *Acacia nilotica* was identified from the seed remains
-(Fig.3f) and the *Cyperus rotundus* appeared in the materials from the
-complete purple nutsedge roots (Fig.3g). Some animal remains, animal
-dung (Fig. 3h), and insect remains (Fig.3i) appeared in the samples. More
-analysis for further identifications will be done at a later date.
+identified species and their distribution in the sites. Cereals
+appeared clearly and can be identified from the seeds of:
+- *Triticum aestivum* (Fig.3a), added to some parts of
+spikelets, chaffs, and glume fragments
+- *Hordeum vulgare* (Fig. 3b), added to some parts of
+spikelets, chaffs, and glume fragments
+- *Sorghum bicolor* (Fig. 3c), present in spikelet with grain inside
+- *Setaria italica* (Fig.3d), represented from its seeds.
+Furthermore, for the trees:
+- *Adansonia digitata* appeared from small fragments of the fruit pulp shell (Fig.3e).
+- *Acacia nilotica* was identified from the seed remains (Fig.3f).
+- *Cyperus rotundus* appeared in the materials from the complete purple nutsedge roots (Fig.3g).
+Some animal remains, animal dung (Fig. 3h), and insect remains (Fig.3i) appeared in the samples. More
+analysis for more  detailed identifications will be done at a later date.
 
 ![A table showing plant species that were identified from the Samples.](../static/images/hamdeen/Table1.jpg "A table showing plant species that were identified from the Samples.")
 
@@ -346,18 +348,18 @@ Girba.[^21]
 
 The last species of cereal type, *Setaria italica, was* reported as
 seeds from two sites, MAS021 and DFF009. One of the pieces of evidence
-in the area for this *Setaria* sp. was recovered from settlement
+in the area for this *Setaria* species was recovered from settlement
 contexts at site Abu Darbien in central Sudan date back to 7860 cal.
 BP.[^22] In the eastern Sudan from sites K1 I 5, S14d, 3-S5 dated to
-Gash group 1500--1400 BCE. *Setaria* sp. was identified on the
-exterior surface of pottery and not far from that site. *Setaria* sp.
+Gash group 1500--1400 BCE. *Setaria* species was identified on the
+exterior surface of pottery and not far from that site. *Setaria* species
 also was recorded from site SEG 42 R 5 and dating to Hagiz Group 500
-BCE--500 CE.[^23] Some remains of *Setaria* sp. have been identified
+BCE--500 CE.[^23] Some remains of *Setaria* species have been identified
 also in the organic residues in pots from early Meroitic cemetery at
 Amir Abdallah.[^24] *Setaria italica* remains appeared together with a
 related wild weedy grass identified as *Setaria cf. sphaceleata* at
 the Christian site at Nauri on the opposite bank of the site
-DF009.[^25] This evidence suggests that *Setaria* sp. is common in
+DF009.[^25] This evidence suggests that *Setaria* species is common in
 this area of Sudan and that there may be some connection between these
 two sites during Christian period.
 
@@ -450,14 +452,14 @@ local communities, as well as fodder, fibers for weaving and
 rope-making, gum, seed oil, natural medicine, materials for dishes,
 and water storage.[^37] It can also be used for shelter and as a
 gathering point for humans and their livestock.[^38] All across the
-African continent, the sight of *A. digitata* has inspired tales,
-poetry, songs, and legends. *A. digitata* have often commanded
+African continent, the sight of *Adansonia digitata* has inspired tales,
+poetry, songs, and legends. *Adansonia digitata* have often commanded
 compassion and even devotion.[^39]
 
 The earliest archaeobotanical record from Sudan and northeast Africa
 for this species came from site K1 IX in Kassala and dates to the Late
 Gash Group context. This evidence was the charred seeds of *Adansonia
-digitata* L. These findings suggest that this tree had already been
+digitata*. These findings suggest that this tree had already been
 transferred from west to east across the savanna by the early second
 millennium BCE.[^40] The evidence from the Third Cataract is
 considered the second record for this species in the Sudan and
@@ -518,7 +520,7 @@ diets for consumption to human foods and fodder for animals.
 
 Our plant remains provided some evidence of the external and internal
 homescape of the Third Cataract during the Christian period. *Acacia*
-sp. and *Adansonia* sp. could be used as building materials in both
+species and *Adansonia* species could be used as building materials in both
 the exterior and interior shelters and homes. Some of these materials
 are wood, timber, and straw, as well as hard trunks and tree branches
 probably used as roofs and walls in the houses. Furniture was commonly
@@ -545,10 +547,10 @@ Christian period.
 # Acknowledgements
 
 Special thanks go to the El-Mahas Archaeological Project team in the
-2019 season, and the director Prof Ali Osman Mohamed Salih, and the
+2019 season, and the director Ali Osman Mohamed Salih, and the
 people of Mashakiela village for their hospitality and generosity. The
-following persons are also thanked: Eng. Omer for taking drone photos.
-Eng. Medhat Mohamed Osman. Mr Basim Ali, Mr. Ahmed Ali Osman, and Mr.
+following persons are also thanked: Engineer Omer for taking drone photos.
+Engineer Medhat Mohamed Osman, Mr. Basim Ali, Mr. Ahmed Ali Osman, and Mr.
 Musaab Khair for their assistance with the fieldwork.
 
 # References

content/article/sadeq.md

@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ the new village.
 
 ![Layout of New Abu Hor.](../static/images/sadeq/fig9.jpg "Layout of New Abu Hor.")
 
-**~~Figure 6. Layout of New Abu Hor.~~**
+**~~Figure 9. Layout of New Abu Hor.~~**
 
 
 In 1970, my mother\'s family received their house (Faris' house in