diff --git a/content/article/hamdeen.md b/content/article/hamdeen.md index 9789ce4..e4c23cb 100644 --- a/content/article/hamdeen.md +++ b/content/article/hamdeen.md @@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ porridge, and *Kisra*, and drinks such as local wine, *Hulu-mur*, The El Mahas region lies along the Nile, in northern Sudan (Fig.1) beginning at the north end of the Dongola Reach and extending from the -area of the villages of Hannik (west bank) and Tombos (east bank), at +area of the villages of Hannek (west bank) and Tombos (east bank), at the top of the Third Cataract, downriver as far as the area of Jebel Dosha (west bank) and Wawa (east bank), in the north. Its northern boundary is most visibly marked by the cliff-face known as Jebel Dosha @@ -109,11 +109,11 @@ which overlooks the west bank of the river some five kilometers downstream of Soleb, the end of a long ridge that runs approximately three kilometers into the desert to the west-north-west, forming a prominent natural feature, the region extends over a distance of -approximately 141 kilometers (ca. 88 miles) from Hannik to Wawa. +approximately 141 kilometers (ca. 88 miles) from Hannek to Wawa. Within this area, the landscape is highly varied, including some very fertile localities with abundant alluvial soils but also many extremely barren and inhospitable areas (Osman and Edwards 2012: 6-7). -The Mahas Archaeological Project, directed by Prof. Ali Osman, +The Mahas Archaeological Project, directed by Ali Osman Mohamed Salih, identified four Christian mudbrick sites located in the different three main areas (north, middle, and south) of the El Mahas region in April 2019. I chose these four sites to serve as case studies for the @@ -187,9 +187,9 @@ survived appears to be 'Late' and 'Terminal Christian' ceramic types. Outside this structure are traces of less substantial structures surviving as a few courses of rough stone walling (Fig.2d).[^9] -![The four sites discussed in the chapter: a) TMB016. b) MAS021. c) DFF008. d) DFF009 (photos by Eng. Omer).](../static/images/hamdeen/Fig2.jpg "The four sites discussed in the chapter: a) TMB016. b) MAS021. c) DFF008. d) DFF009 (photos by Eng. Omer).") +![The four sites discussed in the chapter: a) TMB016. b) MAS021. c) DFF008. d) DFF009 (photos by Engineer Omer).](../static/images/hamdeen/Fig2.jpg "The four sites discussed in the chapter: a) TMB016. b) MAS021. c) DFF008. d) DFF009 (photos by Engineer Omer).") -**~~Figure 2. The four sites discussed in the chapter: a) TMB016. b) MAS021. c) DFF008. d) DFF009 (photos by Eng. Omer).~~** +**~~Figure 2. The four sites discussed in the chapter: a) TMB016. b) MAS021. c) DFF008. d) DFF009 (photos by Engineer Omer).~~** # Materials and Methods @@ -215,21 +215,23 @@ macro-remains. ## Results of extracted plant remains from the Homescape -Seven plant species were encountered as seeds, while fruits were extracted and +Seven plant species were encountered as seeds. Fruits were extracted and identified from the mudbrick samples. The assemblage of seeds and fruits were preserved by desiccation. Table (1) shows the Latin names of the -determined species and their distribution in the sites. The cereal -appeared clearly and can be identified from the seeds of the *Triticum -aestivum* (Fig.3a)* and Hordeum vulgare* (Fig.3b). These two cereals were added to some parts of -spikelets, chaffs, and glume fragments. *Sorghum -bicolor* was presented from spikelet with grain inside (Fig.4c) and -*Setaria italica* was also represented from their seeds (Fig.3d). -*Adansonia digitate* appeared from small fragments of the fruit pulp -shell (Fig.3e). *Acacia nilotica* was identified from the seed remains -(Fig.3f) and the *Cyperus rotundus* appeared in the materials from the -complete purple nutsedge roots (Fig.3g). Some animal remains, animal -dung (Fig. 3h), and insect remains (Fig.3i) appeared in the samples. More -analysis for further identifications will be done at a later date. +identified species and their distribution in the sites. Cereals +appeared clearly and can be identified from the seeds of: +- *Triticum aestivum* (Fig.3a), added to some parts of +spikelets, chaffs, and glume fragments +- *Hordeum vulgare* (Fig. 3b), added to some parts of +spikelets, chaffs, and glume fragments +- *Sorghum bicolor* (Fig. 3c), present in spikelet with grain inside +- *Setaria italica* (Fig.3d), represented from its seeds. +Furthermore, for the trees: +- *Adansonia digitata* appeared from small fragments of the fruit pulp shell (Fig.3e). +- *Acacia nilotica* was identified from the seed remains (Fig.3f). +- *Cyperus rotundus* appeared in the materials from the complete purple nutsedge roots (Fig.3g). +Some animal remains, animal dung (Fig. 3h), and insect remains (Fig.3i) appeared in the samples. More +analysis for more detailed identifications will be done at a later date. ![A table showing plant species that were identified from the Samples.](../static/images/hamdeen/Table1.jpg "A table showing plant species that were identified from the Samples.") @@ -346,18 +348,18 @@ Girba.[^21] The last species of cereal type, *Setaria italica, was* reported as seeds from two sites, MAS021 and DFF009. One of the pieces of evidence -in the area for this *Setaria* sp. was recovered from settlement +in the area for this *Setaria* species was recovered from settlement contexts at site Abu Darbien in central Sudan date back to 7860 cal. BP.[^22] In the eastern Sudan from sites K1 I 5, S14d, 3-S5 dated to -Gash group 1500--1400 BCE. *Setaria* sp. was identified on the -exterior surface of pottery and not far from that site. *Setaria* sp. +Gash group 1500--1400 BCE. *Setaria* species was identified on the +exterior surface of pottery and not far from that site. *Setaria* species also was recorded from site SEG 42 R 5 and dating to Hagiz Group 500 -BCE--500 CE.[^23] Some remains of *Setaria* sp. have been identified +BCE--500 CE.[^23] Some remains of *Setaria* species have been identified also in the organic residues in pots from early Meroitic cemetery at Amir Abdallah.[^24] *Setaria italica* remains appeared together with a related wild weedy grass identified as *Setaria cf. sphaceleata* at the Christian site at Nauri on the opposite bank of the site -DF009.[^25] This evidence suggests that *Setaria* sp. is common in +DF009.[^25] This evidence suggests that *Setaria* species is common in this area of Sudan and that there may be some connection between these two sites during Christian period. @@ -450,14 +452,14 @@ local communities, as well as fodder, fibers for weaving and rope-making, gum, seed oil, natural medicine, materials for dishes, and water storage.[^37] It can also be used for shelter and as a gathering point for humans and their livestock.[^38] All across the -African continent, the sight of *A. digitata* has inspired tales, -poetry, songs, and legends. *A. digitata* have often commanded +African continent, the sight of *Adansonia digitata* has inspired tales, +poetry, songs, and legends. *Adansonia digitata* have often commanded compassion and even devotion.[^39] The earliest archaeobotanical record from Sudan and northeast Africa for this species came from site K1 IX in Kassala and dates to the Late Gash Group context. This evidence was the charred seeds of *Adansonia -digitata* L. These findings suggest that this tree had already been +digitata*. These findings suggest that this tree had already been transferred from west to east across the savanna by the early second millennium BCE.[^40] The evidence from the Third Cataract is considered the second record for this species in the Sudan and @@ -518,7 +520,7 @@ diets for consumption to human foods and fodder for animals. Our plant remains provided some evidence of the external and internal homescape of the Third Cataract during the Christian period. *Acacia* -sp. and *Adansonia* sp. could be used as building materials in both +species and *Adansonia* species could be used as building materials in both the exterior and interior shelters and homes. Some of these materials are wood, timber, and straw, as well as hard trunks and tree branches probably used as roofs and walls in the houses. Furniture was commonly @@ -545,10 +547,10 @@ Christian period. # Acknowledgements Special thanks go to the El-Mahas Archaeological Project team in the -2019 season, and the director Prof Ali Osman Mohamed Salih, and the +2019 season, and the director Ali Osman Mohamed Salih, and the people of Mashakiela village for their hospitality and generosity. The -following persons are also thanked: Eng. Omer for taking drone photos. -Eng. Medhat Mohamed Osman. Mr Basim Ali, Mr. Ahmed Ali Osman, and Mr. +following persons are also thanked: Engineer Omer for taking drone photos. +Engineer Medhat Mohamed Osman, Mr. Basim Ali, Mr. Ahmed Ali Osman, and Mr. Musaab Khair for their assistance with the fieldwork. # References diff --git a/content/article/sadeq.md b/content/article/sadeq.md index f1afa51..fdee00d 100644 --- a/content/article/sadeq.md +++ b/content/article/sadeq.md @@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ the new village. ![Layout of New Abu Hor.](../static/images/sadeq/fig9.jpg "Layout of New Abu Hor.") -**~~Figure 6. Layout of New Abu Hor.~~** +**~~Figure 9. Layout of New Abu Hor.~~** In 1970, my mother\'s family received their house (Faris' house in diff --git a/static/images/hamdeen/Fig0.jpg b/static/images/hamdeen/Fig0.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a837d7e Binary files /dev/null and b/static/images/hamdeen/Fig0.jpg differ diff --git a/static/images/hamdeen/Fig1.jpg b/static/images/hamdeen/Fig1.jpg index b4b8b4b..6bb961c 100644 Binary files a/static/images/hamdeen/Fig1.jpg and b/static/images/hamdeen/Fig1.jpg differ diff --git a/static/images/hamdeen/Fig2.jpg b/static/images/hamdeen/Fig2.jpg index 3f7b329..aece0f3 100644 Binary files a/static/images/hamdeen/Fig2.jpg and b/static/images/hamdeen/Fig2.jpg differ diff --git a/static/images/hamdeen/Fig3.jpg b/static/images/hamdeen/Fig3.jpg index a008f20..869f776 100644 Binary files a/static/images/hamdeen/Fig3.jpg and b/static/images/hamdeen/Fig3.jpg differ diff --git a/static/images/hamdeen/Table1.jpg b/static/images/hamdeen/Table1.jpg index a58c59d..118b58b 100644 Binary files a/static/images/hamdeen/Table1.jpg and b/static/images/hamdeen/Table1.jpg differ