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@ -1490,148 +1490,147 @@ Africa." *Antiquity* 88/339 (2014): pp. 95-111.
Wilkinson, Toby A.H. *Early Dynastic Egypt*. London: Routledge, 1999. Wilkinson, Toby A.H. *Early Dynastic Egypt*. London: Routledge, 1999.
[^1]: For general discussions of the concept ethnogenesis, see ROOSENS, [^1]: For general discussions of the concept ethnogenesis, see Roosens,
*Creating Ethnicity,* and WEIK "The Archaeology of Ethnogenesis." *Creating Ethnicity,* and Weik, "The Archaeology of Ethnogenesis."
[^2]: Nordström divided the A-Group into three stages, Early, [^2]: Nordström divided the A-Group into three stages, Early,
Classic/Middle, and Terminal, in his seminal work *Neolithic and Classic/Middle, and Terminal, in his seminal work *Neolithic and
A-Group Sites*, p. 18. A-Group Sites*, p. 18.
[^3]: VOSS, "What's new?" p. 656. [^3]: Voss, "What's new?" p. 656.
[^4]: BATESON, *Naven*. [^4]: Bateson, *Naven*.
[^5]: WENGROW and GRAEBER, "Many Seasons Ago," p. 238. See also GRAEBER [^5]: Wengrow and Graeber, "Many Seasons Ago," p. 238. See also Graeber
and WENGROW, *The Dawn of Everything*, especially Chapter 5. and Wengrow, *The Dawn of Everything*, especially Chapter 5.
[^6]: TRIGGER, *History and Settlement in Lower Nubia*, p. 14. [^6]: Trigger, *History and Settlement in Lower Nubia*, p. 14.
[^7]: See NORDSTRÖM, *Neolithic and A-Group Sites*, p. 19 for a brief [^7]: See Nordström, *Neolithic and A-Group Sites*, p. 19 for a brief
reference to the violent cases noted by Elliot Smith and Wood Jones reference to the violent cases noted by Elliot Smith and Wood Jones
(see below). (see below).
[^8]: WENGROW et al., "Cultural Convergence in the Neolithic of the Nile [^8]: Wengrow et al., "Cultural Convergence in the Neolithic of the Nile
Valley," pp. 102-103. Valley," pp. 102-103.
[^9]: STEVENSON, "The Egyptian Predynastic and State Formation," p. 431. [^9]: Stevenson, "The Egyptian Predynastic and State Formation," p. 431.
[^10]: BARD, "Political Economies of Predynastic Egypt and the Formation [^10]: Bard, "Political Economies of Predynastic Egypt and the Formation
of the Early State," p. 6 and p. 12. of the Early State," p. 6 and p. 12.
[^11]: BARD, "Political Economies of Predynastic Egypt and the Formation [^11]: Bard, "Political Economies of Predynastic Egypt and the Formation
of the Early State," p. 1; "KÖHLER, "Prehistoric Egypt," p. 144; of the Early State," p. 1; Köhler, "Prehistoric Egypt," p. 144;
STEVENSON, "The Egyptian Predynastic and State Formation," p. 451. Stevenson, "The Egyptian Predynastic and State Formation," p. 451.
[^12]: See DEE et al., "An Absolute Chronology for Early Egypt," for [^12]: See Dee et al., "An Absolute Chronology for Early Egypt," for
absolute dates. absolute dates.
[^13]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^13]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 123. State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 123.
[^14]: [^14]: Nordström, *Neolithic and A-Group sites*; Hafsaas-Tsakos, "Hierarchy and Heterarchy"; Roy, *The Politics of Trade*; Glück, "The Heritage of the A-Group"; Gatto, "The A-Group and 4^th^ Millennium BCE Nubia."
### NORDSTRÖM, *Neolithic and A-Group sites*; HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, "Hierarchy and Heterarchy"; ROY, *The Politics of Trade*; GLÜCK, "The Heritage of the A-Group"; GATTO, "The A-Group and 4^th^ Millennium BCE Nubia."
[^15]: See for instance TAKAMIYA, "Egyptian Pottery Distribution in [^15]: See for instance Takamiya, "Egyptian Pottery Distribution in
A-Group Cemeteries," p. 56 for the establishment of the contact, and A-Group Cemeteries," p. 56 for the establishment of the contact, and
HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging State Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging State
of Ancient Egypt*, p. 337. of Ancient Egypt*, p. 337.
[^16]: WENGROW et al., "Cultural Convergence in the Neolithic of the [^16]: Wengrow et al., "Cultural Convergence in the Neolithic of the
Nile Valley," p. 98; GATTO, "The A-Group and 4^th^ Millennium BCE Nile Valley," p. 98; Gatto, "The A-Group and 4th Millennium BCE
Nubia," p. 129. Nubia," p. 129.
[^17]: Some examples from the last 20 years: HENDRICKX, [^17]: Some examples from the last 20 years: Hendrickx,
"Predynastic---Early Dynastic Chronology," p. 71 and p. 76; WENGROW, "Predynastic---Early Dynastic Chronology," p. 71 and p. 76; Wengrow,
*The Archaeology of Early Egypt*, p. 75; BARD, "Political Economies *The Archaeology of Early Egypt*, p. 75; Bard, "Political Economies
of Predynastic Egypt and the Formation of the Early State"; GATTO, of Predynastic Egypt and the Formation of the Early State"; Gatto,
"The A-Group and 4^th^ Millennium BCE Nubia," p. 127 and p. 129. "The A-Group and 4th Millennium BCE Nubia," p. 127 and p. 129.
[^18]: Also spelled Kubaniya and Kubaniyeh. [^18]: Also spelled Kubaniya and Kubaniyeh.
[^19]: Some examples from the last 20 years: EDWARDS, *The Nubian past,* [^19]: Some examples from the last 20 years: Edwards, *The Nubian past,*
pp. 68-69; NORDSTRÖM, "The Nubian A-Group," p. 134; TAKAMIYA, pp. 68-69; Nordström, "The Nubian A-Group," p. 134; Takamiya,
"Egyptian Pottery Distribution in A-Group Cemeteries," p. 41; "Egyptian Pottery Distribution in A-Group Cemeteries," p. 41;
FRIEDMAN, "The Nubian Cemetery at Hierakonpolis," p. 62; TÖRÖK, Friedman, "The Nubian Cemetery at Hierakonpolis," p. 62; Török,
*Between Two Worlds*, p. 35; ROY, *The Politics of Trade*, p. 49; *Between Two Worlds*, p. 35; Roy, *The Politics of Trade*, p. 49;
GLÜCK, "The Heritage of the A-Group," p. 199; MEURER, "Nubians in Glück, "The Heritage of the A-Group," p. 199; Meurer, "Nubians in
Egypt from the Early Dynastic Period to the New Kingdom," p. 290). Egypt from the Early Dynastic Period to the New Kingdom," p. 290).
[^20]: GATTO, "Cultural Entanglement at the Dawn of the Egyptian [^20]: Gatto, "Cultural Entanglement at the Dawn of the Egyptian
History," p. 117; GATTO, "The A-Group and 4^th^ Millennium BCE History," p. 117; GATTO, "The A-Group and 4th Millennium BCE
Nubia," p. 130. Nubia," p. 130.
[^21]: See also [HAFSAAS-TSAKOS,]{.smallcaps} *War on the Southern [^21]: See also Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern
Frontier of the Emerging State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 336. Frontier of the Emerging State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 336.
[^22]: Earle and Kristiansen, \"Organizing Bronze Age Societies,\" p. [^22]: Earle and Kristiansen, "Organizing Bronze Age Societies," p.
243. 243.
[^23]: Otto, Thrane, and Vandkilde, \"Warfare and Society, \" pp. 16-17. [^23]: Otto, Thrane, and Vandkilde, "Warfare and Society," pp. 16-17.
[^24]: JONES, *The Archaeology of Ethnicity*, p. xiii. [^24]: Jones, *The Archaeology of Ethnicity*, p. xiii.
[^25]: BARTH, "Introduction," pp. 10-11. [^25]: Barth, "Introduction," pp. 10-11.
[^26]: BARTH, "Enduring and Emerging Issues in the Analysis of [^26]: Barth, "Enduring and Emerging Issues in the Analysis of
Ethnicity," p. 12; SMITH, "Ethnicity," p. 1. Ethnicity," p. 12; Smith, "Ethnicity," p. 1.
[^27]: BARTH, "Introduction," pp. 10-11. [^27]: Barth, "Introduction," pp. 10-11.
[^28]: E.g., SMITH, *Wretched Kush*, p. 14. [^28]: E.g., Smith, *Wretched Kush*, p. 14.
[^29]: ERIKSEN, *Ethnicity and Nationalism*, p. 12. [^29]: Eriksen, *Ethnicity and Nationalism*, p. 12.
[^30]: JONES, *The Archaeology of Ethnicity*, p. 75 and p. 78. [^30]: Jones, *The Archaeology of Ethnicity*, p. 75 and p. 78.
[^31]: BENTLEY, "Ethnicity and Practice." [^31]: Bentley, "Ethnicity and Practice."
[^32]: BOURDIEU, *Outline of a Theory of Practice*, p. 72. [^32]: Bourdieu, *Outline of a Theory of Practice*, p. 72.
[^33]: BENTLEY, "Ethnicity and Practice", p. 27. [^33]: Bentley, "Ethnicity and Practice", p. 27.
[^34]: JONES, *The Archaeology of Ethnicity*, p. 120. [^34]: Jones, *The Archaeology of Ethnicity*, p. 120.
[^35]: SMITH, *Wretched Kush*, pp. 18-19. [^35]: Smith, *Wretched Kush*, pp. 18-19.
[^36]: MACEACHERN, "Scale, Style, and Cultural Variation," p. 123. [^36]: Maceachern, "Scale, Style, and Cultural Variation," p. 123.
[^37]: See BARTH, "Introduction," p. 14. [^37]: See Barth, "Introduction," p. 14.
[^38]: GOSSELAIN, "Materializing Identities." [^38]: Gosselain, "Materializing Identities."
[^39]: HODDER, *Symbols in Action*, p. 22 and p. 58. [^39]: Hodder, *Symbols in Action*, p. 22 and p. 58.
[^40]: EMBERLING, "Ethnicity in Complex Societies," p. 318; MANZO, [^40]: Emberling, "Ethnicity in Complex Societies," p. 318; Manzo,
"Clash of Civilization on the First Cataract?" p. 103; SMITH, "Clash of Civilization on the First Cataract?" p. 103; Smith,
*Wretched Kush*, p. 31; STEVENSON, *The Predynastic Egyptian *Wretched Kush*, p. 31; Stevenson, *The Predynastic Egyptian
Cemetery of el-Gerzeh*, p. 77. Cemetery of el-Gerzeh*, p. 77.
[^41]: SMITH, *Wretched Kush*, p. 19. [^41]: Smith, *Wretched Kush*, p. 19.
[^42]: See HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^42]: See Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, Chapters 8-10. State of Ancient Egypt*, Chapters 8-10.
[^43]: NORDSTRÖM, *Neolithic and A-Group Sites*, p. 17. [^43]: Nordström, *Neolithic and A-Group Sites*, p. 17.
[^44]: For a more detailed analysis, see Chapter 8 in HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, [^44]: For a more detailed analysis, see Chapter 8 in Hafsaas-Tsakos,
*War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging State of Ancient *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging State of Ancient
Egypt*. See also GATTO, "Egypt and Nubia in the 5^th^-4^th^ Egypt*. See also Gatto, "Egypt and Nubia in the 5th-4th
Millennium BCE," p. 132. Millennium BCE," p. 132.
[^45]: See MATIĆ, *Ethnic Identities in the Land of the Pharaohs*, p. [^45]: See Matić, *Ethnic Identities in the Land of the Pharaohs*, p.
28. 28.
[^46]: SMITH, "Ethnicity". [^46]: Smith, "Ethnicity".
[^47]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^47]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 253. State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 253.
[^48]: WENGROW, "Rethinking 'Cattle Cults' in Early Egypt," p. 96; [^48]: Wengrow, "Rethinking 'Cattle Cults' in Early Egypt," p. 96;
WENGROW et al. "Cultural Convergence in the Neolithic of the Nile Wengrow et al. "Cultural Convergence in the Neolithic of the Nile
Valley," p. 105; HAALAND and HAALAND, "Early Farming Societies along Valley," p. 105; Haaland and Haaland, "Early Farming Societies along
the Nile*,"* p. 548. the Nile*," p. 548.
[^49]: STEVENSON, "The Egyptian Predynastic and State Formation," p. [^49]: Stevenson, "The Egyptian Predynastic and State Formation," p.
432. 432.
[^50]: In the first systematic excavations in northern Lower Nubia, [^50]: In the first systematic excavations in northern Lower Nubia,
@ -1644,173 +1643,173 @@ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. *Early Dynastic Egypt*. London: Routledge, 1999.
Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien auf den Friedhöfen von Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien auf den Friedhöfen von
El-Kubanieh-Syd*, p. 26. El-Kubanieh-Syd*, p. 26.
[^51]: SMITH, "The Nubian B-Group." [^51]: Smith, "The Nubian B-Group."
[^52]: SMITH, "The Development of the A-Group Culture in Northern Lower [^52]: Smith, "The Development of the A-Group Culture in Northern Lower
Nubia." Nubia."
[^53]: E.g., GATTO, "Cultural Entanglement at the Dawn of the Egyptian [^53]: E.g., Gatto, "Cultural Entanglement at the Dawn of the Egyptian
History," p. 110; RAUE, "Cultural Diversity of Nubia in the Later History," p. 110; Raue, "Cultural Diversity of Nubia in the Later
3rd--mid 2nd Millennium BC," p. 294. 3rd--mid 2nd Millennium BC," p. 294.
[^54]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^54]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 73. State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 73.
[^55]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^55]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 278. State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 278.
[^56]: SMITH, "The Development of the A-Group Culture in Northern Lower [^56]: Smith, "The Development of the A-Group Culture in Northern Lower
Nubia," p. 98 and p. 101; HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Nubia," p. 98 and p. 101; Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern
Frontier of the Emerging State of Ancient Egypt*, table 1. Frontier of the Emerging State of Ancient Egypt*, table 1.
[^57]: REISNER, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 33-42. [^57]: Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 33-42.
[^58]: REISNER, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 33-45. [^58]: Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 33-45.
[^59]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^59]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, pp. 257-259. See also SMITH, "The State of Ancient Egypt*, pp. 257-259. See also Smith, "The
Development of the A-Group Culture in Northern Lower Nubia," p. 98; Development of the A-Group Culture in Northern Lower Nubia," p. 98;
ROY, *The Politics of Trade*, pp. 68-69. Roy, *The Politics of Trade*, pp. 68-69.
[^60]: See HENDRICKX, "Predynastic-Early Dynastic Chronology," table [^60]: See Hendrickx, "Predynastic-Early Dynastic Chronology," table
II/1.4b. II/1.4b.
[^61]: USAI, "Other Stone Tools," pp. 56-57. [^61]: Usai, "Other Stone Tools," pp. 56-57.
[^62]: ASTON, HARRELL, and SHAW, "Stone," p. 57. [^62]: Aston, Harrell, and Shaw, "Stone," p. 57.
[^63]: REISNER, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 33-38. [^63]: Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 33-38.
[^64]: USAI, "Other Stone Tools," pp. 55-56 [^64]: Usai, "Other Stone Tools," pp. 55-56
[^65]: REISNER, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 141-144. [^65]: Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 141-144.
[^66]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^66]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, fig. 77. State of Ancient Egypt*, fig. 77.
[^67]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains*, pp. [^67]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, pp.
257-262. 257-262.
[^68]: See NORDSTRÖM, "Gender and Social Structure in the Nubian [^68]: See Nordström, "Gender and Social Structure in the Nubian
A-Group" for later gender differences among the A-Group people. A-Group" for later gender differences among the A-Group people.
[^69]: See HODGSON, "Gender, Culture, and the Myth of the Patriarchal [^69]: See Hodgson, "Gender, Culture, and the Myth of the Patriarchal
Pastoralist," p. 10 for pastoral labor structured by gender (and Pastoralist," p. 10 for pastoral labor structured by gender (and
age). age).
[^70]: REISNER, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 142-144. [^70]: Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 142-144.
[^71]: REISNER, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, fig. 92/1-2. [^71]: Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, fig. 92/1-2.
[^72]: USAI, "Other Stone Tools," pp. 56-57. [^72]: Usai, "Other Stone Tools," pp. 56-57.
[^73]: STEVENSON, "Social Relationships in Predynastic Burials," p. 191. [^73]: Stevenson, "Social Relationships in Predynastic Burials," p. 191.
[^74]: REISNER, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, p. 142, p. 144, [^74]: Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, p. 142, p. 144,
and plate 66/b/31 and 33. and plate 66/b/31 and 33.
[^75]: WENGROW et al. "Cultural Convergence in the Neolithic of the Nile [^75]: Wengrow et al. "Cultural Convergence in the Neolithic of the Nile
Valley," p. 103. Valley," p. 103.
[^76]: REISNER, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 113-114. [^76]: Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 113-114.
[^77]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^77]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 269 and p. 285. State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 269 and p. 285.
[^78]: See above. [^78]: See above.
[^79]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^79]: Hafsaas-Tsaoks, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, pp. 266-270. State of Ancient Egypt*, pp. 266-270.
[^80]: HAFSAAS-TASKOS*, War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^80]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, table 18. State of Ancient Egypt*, table 18.
[^81]: REISNER, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 134-135. [^81]: Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 134-135.
[^82]: REISNER, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 133-137. [^82]: Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 133-137.
[^83]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^83]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, pp. 271-273. State of Ancient Egypt*, pp. 271-273.
[^84]: REISNER, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, p. 211. [^84]: Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, p. 211.
[^85]: REISNER, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 211-214 and [^85]: Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 211-214 and
fig. 145. fig. 145.
[^86]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^86]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 272. State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 272.
[^87]: See REISNER, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 212-213. [^87]: See Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 212-213.
[^88]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^88]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 272. State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 272.
[^89]: Reisner described these flint implements as flakes. The published [^89]: Reisner described these flint implements as flakes. The published
photos of other flint flakes identified by Reisner are in fact photos of other flint flakes identified by Reisner are in fact
blades, see REISNER, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia,* plate blades, see Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia,* plate
62/b/1 depicting blades called flakes in the description. 62/b/1 depicting blades called flakes in the description.
[^90]: See HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, "Edges of Bronze and Expressions of [^90]: See Hafsaas-Tsakos, "Edges of Bronze and Expressions of
Masculinity," for a later example of expressions masculine in Nubia. Masculinity," for a later example of expressions masculine in Nubia.
[^91]: VANDKILDLE, "Warriors and Warrior Institutions in Copper Age [^91]: Vandkilde, "Warriors and Warrior Institutions in Copper Age
Europe," p. 405. Europe," p. 405.
[^92]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* pp. [^92]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, pp.
169-173. 169-173.
[^93]: REISNER, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, p. 258 and pp. [^93]: Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, p. 258 and pp.
262-265. 262-265.
[^94]: REISNER, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, fig. 212/2-5, 12. [^94]: Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, fig. 212/2-5, 12.
[^95]: STEVENSON, *The Predynastic Egyptian Cemetery of el-Gerzeh*, p. [^95]: Stevenson, *The Predynastic Egyptian Cemetery of el-Gerzeh*, p.
145. 145.
[^96]: NORDSTRÖM, *Neolithic and A-Group Sites*, p. 130. [^96]: Nordström, *Neolithic and A-Group Sites*, p. 130.
[^97]: WENGROW et al., "Cultural convergence in the Neolithic of the [^97]: Wengrow et al., "Cultural convergence in the Neolithic of the
Nile Valley," p. 105. Nile Valley," p. 105.
[^98]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^98]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, pp. 316-317. State of Ancient Egypt*, pp. 316-317.
[^99]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^99]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, Chapter 9. State of Ancient Egypt*, Chapter 9.
[^100]: See HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the [^100]: See Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the
Emerging State of Ancient Egypt*, pp. 285-294 for more details. Emerging State of Ancient Egypt*, pp. 285-294 for more details.
[^101]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^101]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 285. State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 285.
[^102]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^102]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 291. See also HÅRDE, "Funerary Rituals State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 291. See also Hårde, "Funerary Rituals
and Warfare in the Early Bronze Age Nitra Culture of Slovakia and and Warfare in the Early Bronze Age Nitra Culture of Slovakia and
Moravia," p. 358, for a similar interpretation. Moravia," p. 358, for a similar interpretation.
[^103]: GILBERT, *Weapons, Warriors and Warfare in Early Egypt*, p. 83. [^103]: Gilbert, *Weapons, Warriors and Warfare in Early Egypt*, p. 83.
[^104]: MCMAHON, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 181 [^104]: McMahon, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 181
[^105]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p. [^105]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains,* p.
116. 116.
[^106]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^106]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, pp. 327-328. State of Ancient Egypt*, pp. 327-328.
[^107]: Crevecoeur et al., "New Insights on Interpersonal Violence in [^107]: Crevecoeur et al., "New Insights on Interpersonal Violence in
the Late Pleistocene Based on the Nile Valley Cemetery of Jebel the Late Pleistocene Based on the Nile Valley Cemetery of Jebel
Sahaba." Sahaba."
[^108]: MCMAHON, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 181. [^108]: McMahon, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 181.
[^109]: REISNER, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 137-139. [^109]: Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 137-139.
[^110]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* pp. [^110]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, pp.
116-117. 116-117.
[^111]: FRIEDMAN, "Hierakonpolis," pp. 38-39. [^111]: Friedman, "Hierakonpolis," pp. 38-39.
[^112]: Droux and Pieri, "Further Adventures at HK6: The 2010 Season," [^112]: Droux and Pieri, "Further Adventures at HK6: The 2010 Season,"
p. 4. p. 4.