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@ -510,257 +510,257 @@ imaginative reading of the available material.
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---------. "An Old Nubian Version of the Martyrdom of Saint Epimachus", ---------. "An Old Nubian Version of the Martyrdom of Saint Epimachus."
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Méditerranéenne de l\'Université de Varsovie : Centre d\'Archéologie Méditerranéenne de l\'Université de Varsovie: Centre d\'Archéologie
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--------- . "An Old Nubian translation of the Martyrdom of Saint --------- . "An Old Nubian translation of the Martyrdom of Saint
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[^1]: The author would like to thank Adam [Łajtar and [^1]: The author would like to thank Adam Łajtar and
Vincent W.J. van Gerven Oei for their reviews of this study. Vincent W.J. van Gerven Oei for their reviews of this study.
[^2]: For a general presentation, see [Welsby, *The [^2]: For a general presentation, see Welsby, *The
Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia*, pp. 78-82. Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia*, pp. 78-82.
[^3]: Edwards, "The *Christianisation* of *Nubia*: some [^3]: Edwards, "The *Christianisation* of *Nubia*: some
@ -772,131 +772,131 @@ August 2011*, edited by Friedrike [Jesse and Carola
[^5]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, "Edges of bronze and expressions of masculinity: [^5]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, "Edges of bronze and expressions of masculinity:
The emergence of a warrior class at Kerma in Sudan". The emergence of a warrior class at Kerma in Sudan".
[^6]: [Welsby, *The Kingdom of Kush*, pp. 39-50. [^6]: Welsby, *The Kingdom of Kush*, pp. 39-50.
[^7]: [Francigny, *Les coutumes funéraires dans le royaume [^7]: Francigny, *Les coutumes funéraires dans le royaume
de Méroé*. de Méroé*.
[^8]: [Lenoble, *El-Hobagi*. [^8]: Lenoble, *El-Hobagi*.
[^9]: [Crawford, *Castles and Churches in the Middle Nile [^9]: Crawford, *Castles and Churches in the Middle Nile
Region.* Region.*
[^10]: [Drzewiecki, *Mighty Kingdoms and their Forts.* [^10]: Drzewiecki, *Mighty Kingdoms and their Forts.*
[^11]: [Vantini, *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*; [^11]: Vantini, *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*;
[Seignobos, *L'Égypte et la Nubie à l'époque Seignobos, *L'Égypte et la Nubie à l'époque
médiévale.* médiévale.*
[^12]: [Edwards, "Slavery and Slaving in the Medieval and [^12]: Edwards, "Slavery and Slaving in the Medieval and
Post-Medieval Kingdoms of the Middle Nile". Post-Medieval Kingdoms of the Middle Nile".
[^13]: All the Old Nubian words assembled in this study can be found in [^13]: All the Old Nubian words assembled in this study can be found in
[Browne, Old Nubian Dictionary (hence OND). Browne, Old Nubian Dictionary (hence OND).
[^14]: [Frend, "The Cult of Military Saints in Christian [^14]: Frend, "The Cult of Military Saints in Christian
Nubia". Nubia".
[^15]: For the correction of the date from 1156, see [^15]: For the correction of the date from 1156, see
[Ruffini, *Medieval Nubia: A Social and Economic Ruffini, *Medieval Nubia: A Social and Economic
History*, pp. 265-70. History*, pp. 265-70.
[^16]: The same church may be the object of two more documents, i.e. [^16]: The same church may be the object of two more documents, i.e.
P.QI 3 40 & P.QI 3 53. P.QI 3 40 & P.QI 3 53.
[^17]: Here a corrigendum to P.Attiri 1.ii.1 from \[ⲁⲛ\] to \[ⲇⲓ\] [^17]: Here a corrigendum to P.Attiri 1.ii.1 from \[ⲁⲛ\] to \[ⲇⲓ\]
should be noted, see [Van Gerven Oei e.a., *The Old should be noted, see Van Gerven Oei e.a., *The Old
Nubian Texts from Attiri*, p. 39. Nubian Texts from Attiri*, p. 39.
[^18]: [Khalil, *Wörterbuch der nubischen Sprache*, p. 41. [^18]: Khalil, *Wörterbuch der nubischen Sprache*, p. 41.
[^19]: The word ⲇⲓⳟⲧ̄ for "wrestling" is totally reconstructed in OND and [^19]: The word ⲇⲓⳟⲧ̄ for "wrestling" is totally reconstructed in OND and
is not considered in the present discussion. is not considered in the present discussion.
[^20]: [Łajtar, *A Late Christian Pilgrimage Centre in [^20]: Łajtar, *A Late Christian Pilgrimage Centre in
Nubia. The Evidence of Wall Inscriptions in the Upper Church at Nubia. The Evidence of Wall Inscriptions in the Upper Church at
Banganarti*, pp. 383-385 (inscription nr. 578). The citation is from Banganarti*, pp. 383-385 (inscription nr. 578). The citation is from
p. 384. p. 384.
[^21]: Idem, p. 562-3 and inscription 964. [^21]: Idem, p. 562-3 and inscription 964.
[^22]: [Tsakos, "Miscellanea Epigraphica Nubica III: [^22]: Tsakos, "Miscellanea Epigraphica Nubica III:
Epimachos of Attiri: a Warrior Saint of Late Christian Nubia", pp. Epimachos of Attiri: a Warrior Saint of Late Christian Nubia", pp.
215-7. 215-7.
[^23]: [Esbroeck, "Epimachus of Pelusium, Saint", *Coptic [^23]: Esbroeck, "Epimachus of Pelusium, Saint", *Coptic
Encyclopedia*, pp. 965b-967a. Encyclopedia*, pp. 965b-967a.
[^24]: [Van der Vliet, *I. Khartoum Copt.*, pp. 83-4 (nr. [^24]: Van der Vliet, *I. Khartoum Copt.*, pp. 83-4 (nr.
24). 24).
[^25]: [Browne, "An Old Nubian Version of the Martyrdom of [^25]: Browne, "An Old Nubian Version of the Martyrdom of
Saint Epimachus" and "An Old Nubian translation of the Martyrdom of Saint Epimachus" and "An Old Nubian translation of the Martyrdom of
Saint Epimachus". Saint Epimachus".
[^26]: See [Tsakos, "Miscellanea Epigraphica Nubica III: [^26]: See Tsakos, "Miscellanea Epigraphica Nubica III:
Epimachos of Attiri: a Warrior Saint of Late Christian Nubia", p. Epimachos of Attiri: a Warrior Saint of Late Christian Nubia", p.
213 with an image of the plaque and pp. 220-1 for the other 213 with an image of the plaque and pp. 220-1 for the other
representations with references representations with references
[^27]: [Frend, "The Cult of Military Saints in Christian [^27]: Frend, "The Cult of Military Saints in Christian
Nubia", pp. 156-8. Nubia", pp. 156-8.
[^28]: For the reference, see Idem, p. 157 and note 9. [^28]: For the reference, see Idem, p. 157 and note 9.
[^29]: [Piankoff, "Peintures au monastère de Saint [^29]: Piankoff, "Peintures au monastère de Saint
Antoine", p. 160 and ill. IV. Antoine", p. 160 and ill. IV.
[^30]: [Esbroeck, "Mercurius of Caesarea, Saint", pp. [^30]: Esbroeck, "Mercurius of Caesarea, Saint", pp.
1593b-1594a. 1593b-1594a.
[^31]: See [Frend, "The Cult of Military Saints in [^31]: See Frend, "The Cult of Military Saints in
Christian Nubia", p. 157 for references. Christian Nubia", p. 157 for references.
[^32]: [Vantini, *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*, p. [^32]: Vantini, *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*, p.
40; [Seignobos, *L'Égypte et la Nubie à l'époque 40; Seignobos, *L'Égypte et la Nubie à l'époque
médiévale*, p. 96. médiévale*, p. 96.
[^33]: [Tsakos, "The Christianization of Nubia". [^33]: Tsakos, "The Christianization of Nubia".
[^34]: For the find from Qasr Ibrim, see [Frend, "Fragments [^34]: For the find from Qasr Ibrim, see Frend, "Fragments
of a version of the Acta S. Georgii from Q\'asr Ibrim". For the find of a version of the Acta S. Georgii from Q\'asr Ibrim". For the find
from Kulubnarti, see [Browne, *The Old Nubian Martyrdom from Kulubnarti, see Browne, *The Old Nubian Martyrdom
of Saint George*. of Saint George*.
[^35]: [Browne, ibid., p. 1-3. [^35]: Browne, ibid., p. 1-3.
[^36]: For the general characteristics of Greek in Late Christian Nubia, [^36]: For the general characteristics of Greek in Late Christian Nubia,
see [Łajtar, *A Late Christian Pilgrimage Centre in see Łajtar, *A Late Christian Pilgrimage Centre in
Nubia. The Evidence of Wall Inscriptions in the Upper Church at Nubia. The Evidence of Wall Inscriptions in the Upper Church at
Banganarti*, pp. 20-30. Banganarti*, pp. 20-30.
[^37]: [Frend, "Fragments of a version of the Acta S. [^37]: Frend, "Fragments of a version of the Acta S.
Georgii from Q\'asr Ibrim", pp. 103-4. Georgii from Q\'asr Ibrim", pp. 103-4.
[^38]: Idem., p. 94. [^38]: Idem., p. 94.
[^39]: See [Derda and [Łajtar, "Greek and [^39]: See Derda and Łajtar, "Greek and
Latin papyri from the Egypt Exploration Society excavations at Qasr Latin papyri from the Egypt Exploration Society excavations at Qasr
Ibrim: A testimony to the Roman army in Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia Ibrim: A testimony to the Roman army in Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia
in the first years of Augustus", p. 185; [Derda and in the first years of Augustus", p. 185; Derda and
[Łajtar, "The Roman Occupation of Qasr Ibrim as Łajtar, "The Roman Occupation of Qasr Ibrim as
Reflected in the Greek Papyri from the Site", pp. 105-6 and notes 1 Reflected in the Greek Papyri from the Site", pp. 105-6 and notes 1
and 2 for references. and 2 for references.
[^40]: [Drzewiecki, "Roman Type Forts in the Middle Nile [^40]: Drzewiecki, "Roman Type Forts in the Middle Nile
Valley. Late Antique Fortlets between Patterns of Roman Military Valley. Late Antique Fortlets between Patterns of Roman Military
Architecture and Local Tradition". Architecture and Local Tradition".
[^41]: [Browne, *The Old Nubian Martyrdom of Saint George*, [^41]: Browne, *The Old Nubian Martyrdom of Saint George*,
p. 11. p. 11.
[^42]: For the phenomenon of "incorporation", see [Van Gerven [^42]: For the phenomenon of "incorporation", see Van Gerven
Oei, *A Reference Grammar of Old Nubian*, §15.1.3.4. Oei, *A Reference Grammar of Old Nubian*, §15.1.3.4.
[^43]: This passage has been interpreted as a later interpolation by the [^43]: This passage has been interpreted as a later interpolation by the
copyist of the original work in Old Nubian, see [Van Gerven copyist of the original work in Old Nubian, see Van Gerven
Oei and [Tsakos, "Apostolic Memoirs in Old Oei and Tsakos, "Apostolic Memoirs in Old
Nubian". Nubian".
[^44]: It should be noted that two more terms may be linked with ⲅⲟⲩⲉⲓ [^44]: It should be noted that two more terms may be linked with ⲅⲟⲩⲉⲓ
@ -908,43 +908,43 @@ August 2011*, edited by Friedrike [Jesse and Carola
interpreted as a military title; and the second is ⲅⲟⲩⲁⲇ, about interpreted as a military title; and the second is ⲅⲟⲩⲁⲇ, about
which there is even less certainty. which there is even less certainty.
[^45]: [Foulon, "Hypaspistes, peltastes, chrysaspides, [^45]: Foulon, "Hypaspistes, peltastes, chrysaspides,
argyraspides, chalcaspides". argyraspides, chalcaspides".
[^46]: [Maspero, *Organisation militaire de l'Égypte [^46]: Maspero, *Organisation militaire de l'Égypte
byzantine*, pp. 66-68. byzantine*, pp. 66-68.
[^47]: For an up-to-date discussion of the issue, see [^47]: For an up-to-date discussion of the issue, see
[Simmons, *Nubia, Ethiopia, and the Crusading World, Simmons, *Nubia, Ethiopia, and the Crusading World,
1095-1402*. 1095-1402*.
[^48]: [Ostrogorsky, "Observations on the Aristocracy in [^48]: Ostrogorsky, "Observations on the Aristocracy in
Byzantium", pp. 13-14 Byzantium", pp. 13-14
[^49]: [Koukounas, *Georgios Phrantzes, Chronicon*. [^49]: Koukounas, *Georgios Phrantzes, Chronicon*.
[^50]: [Vantini, *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*, p. [^50]: Vantini, *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*, p.
369-70. 369-70.
[^51]: [Vantini, *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*, p. [^51]: Vantini, *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*, p.
329; [Seignobos, *L'Égypte et la Nubie à l'époque 329; Seignobos, *L'Égypte et la Nubie à l'époque
médiévale*, p. 93-112. médiévale*, p. 93-112.
[^52]: [Vantini, *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*, p. [^52]: [Vantini, *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*, p.
639; [Seignobos, *L'Égypte et la Nubie à l'époque 639; [Seignobos, *L'Égypte et la Nubie à l'époque
médiévale*, p. 53-91. médiévale*, p. 53-91.
[^53]: [Łajtar, "On the Name of the Capital of the Nubian [^53]: Łajtar, "On the Name of the Capital of the Nubian
Kingdom of Makuria". Kingdom of Makuria".
[^54]: [Budge, *Miscellaneous Texts in the Dialect of Upper [^54]: Budge, *Miscellaneous Texts in the Dialect of Upper
Egypt*, pp. 858-61. Egypt*, pp. 858-61.
[^55]: [Zielińska and [Tsakos, [^55]: Zielińska and Tsakos,
"Representations of the Archangel Michael in Wall Paintings from "Representations of the Archangel Michael in Wall Paintings from
Christian Nubia", pp. 85-6. Christian Nubia", pp. 85-6.
[^56]: [Tsakos, "Sources about the cult and persona of the [^56]: Tsakos, "Sources about the cult and persona of the
archangel Michael in Nubia". archangel Michael in Nubia".
[^57]: For the use of the title archistratēgos for the archangel [^57]: For the use of the title archistratēgos for the archangel
@ -952,51 +952,51 @@ August 2011*, edited by Friedrike [Jesse and Carola
Centre in Nubia. The Evidence of Wall Inscriptions in the Upper Centre in Nubia. The Evidence of Wall Inscriptions in the Upper
Church at Banganarti*, p. 46. Church at Banganarti*, p. 46.
[^58]: [Tsakos, "The Liber Institutionis Michaelis in [^58]: Tsakos, "The Liber Institutionis Michaelis in
Medieval Nubia". Medieval Nubia".
[^59]: About this coincidence, see [Browne, "Old Nubian [^59]: About this coincidence, see Browne, "Old Nubian
literature", p. 382 and [Tsakos "Textual finds from literature", p. 382 and Tsakos "Textual finds from
Cerre Matto". Cerre Matto".
[^60]: [Ruffini, *Medieval Nubia: A Social and Economic [^60]: Ruffini, *Medieval Nubia: A Social and Economic
History*, pp. 34-5. History*, pp. 34-5.
[^61]: [Seignobos, *L'Égypte et la Nubie à l'époque [^61]: Seignobos, *L'Égypte et la Nubie à l'époque
médiévale*, p. 198 and note 158. médiévale*, p. 198 and note 158.
[^62]: For examples of the contrary, see [^62]: For examples of the contrary, see
[Martens-Czarnecka, *The Wall Paintings from the Martens-Czarnecka, *The Wall Paintings from the
Monastery on Kom H in Dongola*, pp. 207-13. Monastery on Kom H in Dongola*, pp. 207-13.
[^63]: [Michalowski, *Faras - Wall Paintings in the [^63]: Michalowski, *Faras - Wall Paintings in the
Collection of the National Museum in Warsaw*, nr. 61, p. 263; Collection of the National Museum in Warsaw*, nr. 61, p. 263;
[Jakobielski e.a., *Pachoras/Faras: The Wall Paintings Jakobielski e.a., *Pachoras/Faras: The Wall Paintings
from the Cathedrals of Aetios, Paulos and Petros*, nr. 138, pp. from the Cathedrals of Aetios, Paulos and Petros*, nr. 138, pp.
419-22. 419-22.
[^64]: For a discussion framed as background for an analysis of the [^64]: For a discussion framed as background for an analysis of the
title "Eparch of Nobadia," see [Hendrickx, "The "Lord title "Eparch of Nobadia," see Hendrickx, "The "Lord
of the Mountain". A Study of the Nubian *eparchos of Nobadia*". of the Mountain". A Study of the Nubian *eparchos of Nobadia*".
[^65]: [Mason, *Greek Terms for Roman Institutions: A [^65]: Mason, *Greek Terms for Roman Institutions: A
Lexicon and Analysis*, pp. 138-40. Lexicon and Analysis*, pp. 138-40.
[^66]: [Żurawski, "Strongholds on the Middle Nile: Nubian [^66]: Żurawski, "Strongholds on the Middle Nile: Nubian
Fortifications of the Middle Ages", pp. 115-8. Fortifications of the Middle Ages", pp. 115-8.
[^67]: [Tsakos, "Terms for Boats and Navigation in Old [^67]: Tsakos, "Terms for Boats and Navigation in Old
Nubia". Nubia".
[^68]: [Żurawski, "Strongholds on the Middle Nile: Nubian [^68]: Żurawski, "Strongholds on the Middle Nile: Nubian
Fortifications of the Middle Ages", p. 116. Fortifications of the Middle Ages", p. 116.
[^69]: [Welsby, *The Kingdom of Kush*, p. 40 [^69]: Welsby, *The Kingdom of Kush*, p. 40
[^70]: [Hägg, "Titles and honorific epithets in Nubian [^70]: Hägg, "Titles and honorific epithets in Nubian
Greek texts", pp. 161-2. Greek texts", pp. 161-2.
[^71]: [Griffith, "Christian Documents from Nubia", pp. [^71]: Griffith, "Christian Documents from Nubia", pp.
134-45; [Łajtar, "The so-called Kudanbes Inscription in 134-45; [Łajtar, "The so-called Kudanbes Inscription in
Deir Anba Hadra (St. Simeon Monastery) near Aswan: An Attempt at a Deir Anba Hadra (St. Simeon Monastery) near Aswan: An Attempt at a
New Reading and Interpretation". New Reading and Interpretation".