diff --git a/content/article/tsakos.md b/content/article/tsakos.md index 520eab7..5120fa5 100644 --- a/content/article/tsakos.md +++ b/content/article/tsakos.md @@ -510,257 +510,257 @@ imaginative reading of the available material. Browne, Gerald Michael. *Old Nubian Texts from Qasr Ibrim*, volume 3. London: Egypt Exploration Society, 1991. ----------. "An Old Nubian Version of the Martyrdom of Saint Epimachus", +---------. "An Old Nubian Version of the Martyrdom of Saint Epimachus." In *50 Years of Polish Excavations in Egypt and the Near East: Acts of the Symposium at the Warsaw University, 1986*, edited by Stefan Jakobielski and Janusz Karkowski, pp. 74--7. Warsaw: Centre Professeur Kazimierz Michalowski d\'Archéologie -Méditerranéenne de l\'Université de Varsovie : Centre d\'Archéologie +Méditerranéenne de l\'Université de Varsovie: Centre d\'Archéologie Méditerranéenne de l\'Académie polonaise des Sciences, 1992. ----------. "Old Nubian literature", In *Études Nubiennes. Conférence de +---------. "Old Nubian literature." In *Études Nubiennes. Conférence de Genève, Actes du VIIe* *Congrès international d'études nubiennes, 3--8 septembre 1990*, I: *Communications principales*, edited by Charles -[Bonnet, pp. 379-87. Geneva: Compotronic SA, 1992. +Bonnet, pp. 379-87. Geneva: Compotronic SA, 1992. ---------- . Old Nubian Dictionary, Louvain: Peeters, 1996. +--------- . *Old Nubian Dictionary*. Louvain: Peeters, 1996. --------- . *The Old Nubian Martyrdom of Saint George* \[=CSCO 575. -Subsidia t. 101\], Louvain: Peeters, 1998. +Subsidia t. 101\]. Louvain: Peeters, 1998. --------- . "An Old Nubian translation of the Martyrdom of Saint -Epimachus", *Le muséon* 115 (2002): pp. 69--76. +Epimachus." *Le muséon* 115 (2002): pp. 69--76. -[Budge, E. A. W. *Miscellaneous Texts in the Dialect of -Upper Egypt*, Coptic Texts; Edited with Introductions and English -Translations, 5, London: British Museum, 1915. +Budge, E. A. W. *Miscellaneous Texts in the Dialect of +Upper Egypt*. Coptic Texts; Edited with Introductions and English +Translations, 5. London: British Museum, 1915. -[Crawford, Osbert Guy Stanhope *Castles and Churches in the -Middle Nile Region* \[=Sudan Antiquities Service Occasional Papers 2), +Crawford, Osbert Guy Stanhope. *Castles and Churches in the +Middle Nile Region* \[=Sudan Antiquities Service Occasional Papers 2). Khartoum, 1953. -[Derda, Tomasz and Adam [Łajtar. "Greek and +Derda, Tomasz and Adam Łajtar. "Greek and Latin papyri from the Egypt Exploration Society excavations at Qasr Ibrim: A testimony to the Roman army in Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia in -the first years of Augustus", In *Actes du 26e Congrès international de +the first years of Augustus." In *Actes du 26e Congrès international de papyrologie, Genève, 16--21 août 2010*, edited by Paul -[Schubert, pp. 183--186. Geneva: Libraire Droz, 2012. +Schubert, pp. 183--186. Geneva: Libraire Droz, 2012. --------- . "The Roman Occupation of Qasr Ibrim as Reflected in the -Greek Papyri from the Site", In *Qasr Ibrim, Between Egypt and Africa*, -edited by Jacques [Van der Vliet and Joost -[Hagen, pp. 105-110. Leuven: Peeters, 2013. +Greek Papyri from the Site." In *Qasr Ibrim, Between Egypt and Africa*, +edited by Jacques Van der Vliet and Joost +Hagen, pp. 105-110. Leuven: Peeters, 2013. -[Drzewiecki, Mariusz. *Mighty Kingdoms and their Forts. The +Drzewiecki, Mariusz. *Mighty Kingdoms and their Forts. The Role of Fortified Sites in the Fall of Meroe and Rise of Medieval Realms in Upper Nubia* (Nubia VI). Warsaw: Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2016. --------- . "Roman Type Forts in the Middle Nile Valley. Late Antique Fortlets between Patterns of Roman Military Architecture and Local -Tradition", In *Experiencing the Frontier and the Frontier Experience. +Tradition." In *Experiencing the Frontier and the Frontier Experience. Barbarian Perspectives and Roman Strategies to Deal with New Threats*, edited by Alexander Rubel and Hans-Ulrich Voß, pp. 179-192. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2020. -[Edwards, David N. "The *Christianisation* of *Nubia*: some -archaeological pointers", *Sudan & Nubia* 5 (2001): pp. 89--96. +Edwards, David N. "The *Christianisation* of *Nubia*: some +archaeological pointers." *Sudan & Nubia* 5 (2001): pp. 89--96. --------- . "Slavery and Slaving in the Medieval and Post-Medieval -Kingdoms of the Middle Nile", *Proceedings of the British Academy* 168 +Kingdoms of the Middle Nile." *Proceedings of the British Academy* 168 (2011): pp. 79-108. -[Esbroeck, Michel van. "Epimachus of Pelusium, Saint", In +Esbroeck, Michel van. "Epimachus of Pelusium, Saint." In *The Coptic Encyclopedia*, vol. 3, edited by Aziz S. -[Atiya, pp. 965b-967a. New York: MacMillan, 1991. +Atiya, pp. 965b-967a. New York: MacMillan, 1991. \[https://ccdl.claremont.edu/digital/collection/cce/id/792\] last accessed in February 2021. ---------- . "Mercurius of Caesarea, Saint", In *The Coptic -Encyclopedia*, vol. 5, edited by Aziz S. [Atiya, pp. +--------- . "Mercurius of Caesarea, Saint." In *The Coptic +Encyclopedia*, vol. 5, edited by Aziz S. Atiya, pp. 1592a-1594a. New York: MacMillan, 1991. \[https://ccdl.claremont.edu/digital/collection/cce/id/1327\] last accessed in February 2021. -[Foulon, Eric. "Hypaspistes, peltastes, chrysaspides, -argyraspides, chalcaspides", *Revue des études anciennes* 98 (1996): pp. +Foulon, Eric. "Hypaspistes, peltastes, chrysaspides, +argyraspides, chalcaspides." *Revue des études anciennes* 98 (1996): pp. 53-63. -[Francigny, Vincent. *Les coutumes funéraires dans le +Francigny, Vincent. *Les coutumes funéraires dans le royaume de Méroé : Les enterrements privés* \[=Orient et Méditerranée -22\], Paris : Boccard, 2016. +22\]. Paris: Boccard, 2016. -[Frend, William H.C.,1979, "The Cult of Military Saints in -Christian Nubia", In *Theologia Crucis -- Signum Crucis. Festschrift für -Erich Dinkler zum 70. Geburtstag*, edited by Carl [Andersen -and Günter [Klein, pp. 155-163. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, +Frend, William H.C. "The Cult of Military Saints in +Christian Nubia." In *Theologia Crucis -- Signum Crucis. Festschrift für +Erich Dinkler zum 70. Geburtstag*, edited by Carl Andersen +and Günter Klein, pp. 155-163. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1979. --------- . "Fragments of a version of the Acta S. Georgii from Q\'asr -Ibrim", *Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum* 32 (1989): pp. 89-104. +Ibrim." *Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum* 32 (1989): pp. 89-104. -[Van Gerven Oei, Vincent WJ. *A Reference Grammar of Old -Nubian*, Leuven: Peeters, 2021. +Van Gerven Oei, Vincent WJ. *A Reference Grammar of Old +Nubian*. Leuven: Peeters, 2021. -Van Gerven Oei, Vincent W.J., Vincent [Laisney, Giovanni -[Ruffini, Alexandros [Tsakos, Kerstin -[Weber and Petra [Weschenfelder, *The Old -Nubian Texts from Attiri*, \[=Dotawo Monographs 1\], n/a: Punctum, 2016. +Van Gerven Oei, Vincent W.J., Vincent Laisney, Giovanni +Ruffini, Alexandros Tsakos, Kerstin +Weber and Petra Weschenfelder, *The Old +Nubian Texts from Attiri*. \[=Dotawo Monographs 1\]. n/a: Punctum, 2016. -Van Gerven Oei, Vincent W.J., and Alexandros [Tsakos. +Van Gerven Oei, Vincent W.J., and Alexandros Tsakos. "Apostolic Memoirs in Old Nubian", In *Parabiblica Coptica*, edited by -Ivan [Miroshnikov. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, forthcoming. +Ivan Miroshnikov. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, forthcoming. -[Griffith, Francis Llewellyn. "Christian Documents from -Nubia", *Proceedings of the British Academy* 14 (1928): pp. 117-146. +Griffith, Francis Llewellyn. "Christian Documents from +Nubia." *Proceedings of the British Academy* 14 (1928): pp. 117-146. -[Hafsaas-[Tsakos, Henriette. "Edges of bronze +Hafsaas-Tsakos, Henriette. "Edges of bronze and expressions of masculinity: The emergence of a warrior class at -Kerma in Sudan". *Antiquity*, 87/335 (2013): pp. 79-91. +Kerma in Sudan." *Antiquity*, 87/335 (2013): pp. 79-91. -[Hafsaas-[Tsakos, Henriette. *War on the +Hafsaas-Tsakos, Henriette. *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging State of Ancient Egypt: A Warfare Perspective on the History of the A-Group People in Lower Nubia during -the 4^th^ millennium BCE*, PhD thesis, University of Bergen, 2015. +the 4th millennium BCE*. PhD thesis. University of Bergen, 2015. -[Hendrickx, Benjamin, "The "Lord of the Mountain". A Study -of the Nubian *eparchos of Nobadia*", *Le Muséon* 124/3-4 (2011): pp. +Hendrickx, Benjamin, "The "Lord of the Mountain". A Study +of the Nubian *eparchos of Nobadia*." *Le Muséon* 124/3-4 (2011): pp. 303-355. -[Hägg, Tomas. "Titles and honorific epithets in Nubian -Greek texts", *Symbolae Osloenses* 65 (1990): pp. 147-177. +Hägg, Tomas. "Titles and honorific epithets in Nubian +Greek texts." *Symbolae Osloenses* 65 (1990): pp. 147-177. -[Jakobielski, Stefan. *Pachoras/Faras: The Wall Paintings +Jakobielski, Stefan. *Pachoras/Faras: The Wall Paintings from the Cathedrals of Aetios, Paulos and Petros* \[=PAM Monograph -Series 4\], Warsaw: Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology 2017. +Series 4\]. Warsaw: Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology 2017. -[Khalil, Mokhtar M. *Wörterbuch der nubischen Sprache -(Fadidja/Mahas-Dialekt)*, Warsaw 1996. +Khalil, Mokhtar M. *Wörterbuch der nubischen Sprache +(Fadidja/Mahas-Dialekt)*. Warsaw 1996. -[Koukounas, Konstantinos, *Georgios Phrantzes, Chronicon*, +Koukounas, Konstantinos, *Georgios Phrantzes, Chronicon*. Athens: Politeia 2018 (in Greek: [Κουκούνας Κωνσταντίνος -(επ.), *Χρονικό. Φραντζής Γεώργιος (Σφραντζής)*, Αθήνα: Πολιτεία 2018) +(επ.), *Χρονικό. Φραντζής Γεώργιος (Σφραντζής)*. Αθήνα: Πολιτεία 2018) -[Lenoble, Patrice. *El-Hobagi: Une Necropole de Rang +Lenoble, Patrice. *El-Hobagi: Une Necropole de Rang Imperial Au Soudan Central* (Fouilles de l\'Institut Francais d\'Archeologie Orientale). Cairo: IFAO, 2018. -[Łajtar, Adam. "On the Name of the Capital of the Nubian -Kingdom of Makuria", Przeglad Humanistyczny 2 (2013), pp. 127-34.. +Łajtar, Adam. "On the Name of the Capital of the Nubian +Kingdom of Makuria." *Przeglad Humanistyczny* 2 (2013), pp. 127-34. --------- . *A Late Christian Pilgrimage Centre in Nubia. The Evidence of Wall Inscriptions in the Upper Church at Banganarti* \[=Journal of -Juristic Papyrology Supplement Series XXXIX\] Leuven: Peeters, 2020. +Juristic Papyrology Supplement Series XXXIX\]. Leuven: Peeters, 2020. --------- . "The so-called Kudanbes Inscription in Deir Anba Hadra (St. Simeon Monastery) near Aswan: An Attempt at a New Reading and -Interpretation", in preparation. +Interpretation." in preparation. -[Martens-Czarnecka, Małgorzata, *The Wall Paintings from -the Monastery on Kom H in Dongola* \[=Nubia III, Dongola 3\], Warsaw: -Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology 2011[. +Martens-Czarnecka, Małgorzata, *The Wall Paintings from +the Monastery on Kom H in Dongola* \[=Nubia III, Dongola 3\]. Warsaw: +Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology 2011. -[Mason, Hugh J. *Greek Terms for Roman Institutions: A -Lexicon and Analysis*[, Toronto: Hakkert 1974. +Mason, Hugh J. *Greek Terms for Roman Institutions: A +Lexicon and Analysis*. Toronto: Hakkert 1974. -[Maspero, Jean. *Organisation militaire de l'Égypte -byzantine*, Paris : Librairie Honoré Champion, 1912. +Maspero, Jean. *Organisation militaire de l'Égypte +byzantine*. Paris: Librairie Honoré Champion, 1912. -[Michałowski, Kazimierz. *Faras - Wall Paintings in the -Collection of the National Museum in Warsaw*, Warsaw, 1974. +Michałowski, Kazimierz. *Faras - Wall Paintings in the +Collection of the National Museum in Warsaw*. Warsaw, 1974. -[Osman, Ali. "The Post-Medieval Kingdom of Kokka: A Means +Osman, Ali. "The Post-Medieval Kingdom of Kokka: A Means for a Better Understanding of the Administration of the Medieval Kingdom -of Dongola" In *Nubian Studies*, edited by Jack Martin Plumley, pp. +of Dongola." In *Nubian Studies*, edited by Jack Martin Plumley, pp. 185-197. Cambridge, 1978. -[Ostrogorsky, George. "Observations on the Aristocracy in -Byzantium", *Dumbarton Oaks Papers* 25 (1971): pp. 1-32. +Ostrogorsky, George. "Observations on the Aristocracy in +Byzantium." *Dumbarton Oaks Papers* 25 (1971): pp. 1-32. -[Piankoff, Alexandre. "Peintures au monastère de Saint -Antoine", *Bullétin de la Société d'archéologie copte* XIV (1958): pp. +Piankoff, Alexandre. "Peintures au monastère de Saint +Antoine." *Bullétin de la Société d'archéologie copte* XIV (1958): pp. 151-163. -[Plumley, Jack Martin and Gerald Michael -[Browne, *Old Nubian Texts from Qasr Ibrim, volume 1*, +Plumley, Jack Martin and Gerald Michael +Browne, *Old Nubian Texts from Qasr Ibrim, volume 1*. London: Egypt Exploration Society, 1988. -[Ruffini, Giovanni. *Medieval Nubia: A Social and Economic -History*, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. +Ruffini, Giovanni. *Medieval Nubia: A Social and Economic +History*. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. --------- . *The Bishop, the Eparch, and the King. Old Nubian Texts from Qasr Ibrim (P. QI IV)* \[=Journal of Juristic Papyrology Supplement -Series XXII\], Warsaw, 2014. +Series XXII\]. Warsaw, 2014. -[Seignobos, Robin. *L'Égypte et la Nubie à l'époque +Seignobos, Robin. *L'Égypte et la Nubie à l'époque médiévale. Élaboration et transmission des savoirs historiographiques (641-ca. 1500)*. PhD thesis. Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris, 2016. -[Simmons, Adam. *Nubia, Ethiopia, and the Crusading World, -1095-1402*, Routledge, forthcoming. +Simmons, Adam. *Nubia, Ethiopia, and the Crusading World, +1095-1402*. London: Routledge, 2022. -[Tsakos, Alexandros. "Miscellanea Epigraphica Nubica III: -Epimachos of Attiri: a Warrior Saint of Late Christian Nubia", +Tsakos, Alexandros. "Miscellanea Epigraphica Nubica III: +Epimachos of Attiri: a Warrior Saint of Late Christian Nubia." *Collectanea Christiana Orientalia* 9 (2012): pp. 205-23. ---------- . "The Liber Institutionis Michaelis in Medieval Nubia", +--------- . "The Liber Institutionis Michaelis in Medieval Nubia." *Dotawo* 1 (2014): pp. 51-62. --------- . *The Greek Manuscripts on Parchment discovered at site SR022.A in the Fourth Cataract region, North Sudan*. PhD thesis. Humboldt University, Berlin, 2018. ---------- . "Terms for Boats and Navigation in Old Nubia", In, *Graffiti +--------- . "Terms for Boats and Navigation in Old Nubia." In *Graffiti as Devotion Along the Nile and Beyond*, edited by -[Emberling, Geoff and Suzanne [Davis, p. 50. +Emberling, Geoff and Suzanne Davis, p. 50. Kelsey Museum Publications 16, 2019. ---------- . "Textual finds from Cerre Matto", In *Oriental Institute of +--------- . "Textual finds from Cerre Matto." In *Oriental Institute of Chicago Nubian Expedition monograph series, vol. 13*, Chicago, forthcoming. --------- . "Sources about the cult and persona of the archangel Michael in Nubia". In *Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Nubian -Studies*, edited by Vincent [Rondot. Paris, forthcoming*.* +Studies*, edited by Vincent Rondot. Paris, forthcoming*.* --------- . "The Christianization of Nubia". In *Christianization Processes along the Nile: Texts, Monasticism and Ecclesiastic Structures in Egypt, Ethiopia and Nubia*, edited by [Derat, -Marie-Laure and Alexandros [Tsakos. Paris, in preparation. +Marie-Laure and Alexandros Tsakos. Paris, in preparation. -[Vantini, Giovanni Fr. *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*, +Vantini, Giovanni Fr. *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*. Warsaw -- Heidelberg, 1975. -[Van der Vliet, Jacques. *Catalogue of the Coptic +Van der Vliet, Jacques. *Catalogue of the Coptic Inscriptions in the Sudan National Museum at Khartoum (I. Khartoum -Copt.)* \[=Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 121\], Leuven: Peeters 2003. +Copt.)* \[=Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 121\]. Leuven: Peeters 2003. -[Welsby Derek A. *The Kingdom of Kush. The Napatan and -Meroitic Empires*, London: British Museum Press, 1996. +Welsby, Derek A. *The Kingdom of Kush. The Napatan and +Meroitic Empires*. London: British Museum Press, 1996. --------- . *The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and -Muslims along the Middle Nile*, London: British Museum Press, 2012. +Muslims along the Middle Nile*. London: British Museum Press, 2012. -[Zielińska, Dobrochna and Alexandros [Tsakos. +Zielińska, Dobrochna and Alexandros Tsakos. "Representations of the Archangel Michael in Wall Paintings from -Christian Nubia", In *The Archangel Michael in Africa: History, Cult and -Persona*, edited by Ingvild Sælid [Gilhus, Alexandros -[Tsakos and Marta Camilla [Wright, pp. 79-94. +Christian Nubia." In *The Archangel Michael in Africa: History, Cult and +Persona*, edited by Ingvild Sælid Gilhus, Alexandros +Tsakos and Marta Camilla[Wright, pp. 79-94. London-New York-Oxford-New Delhi-Sydney: Bloomsbury Academics 2019. -[Żurawski, Bogdan. "Strongholds on the Middle Nile: Nubian -Fortifications of the Middle Ages", In *The Power of Walls -- The +Żurawski, Bogdan. "Strongholds on the Middle Nile: Nubian +Fortifications of the Middle Ages." In *The Power of Walls -- The Fortifications of Ancient Northeastern Africa: Proceedings of the -International Workshop Held at the University of Cologne 4^th^-7^th^ -August 2011*, edited by Friedrike [Jesse and Carola -[Vogel, pp. 113-43. Cologne: Heinrich Barth Institut 2013. +International Workshop Held at the University of Cologne 4th-7th +August 2011*, edited by Friedrike Jesse and Carola +Vogel, pp. 113-43. Cologne: Heinrich Barth Institut 2013. -[^1]: The author would like to thank Adam [Łajtar and +[^1]: The author would like to thank Adam Łajtar and Vincent W.J. van Gerven Oei for their reviews of this study. -[^2]: For a general presentation, see [Welsby, *The +[^2]: For a general presentation, see Welsby, *The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia*, pp. 78-82. [^3]: Edwards, "The *Christianisation* of *Nubia*: some @@ -772,131 +772,131 @@ August 2011*, edited by Friedrike [Jesse and Carola [^5]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, "Edges of bronze and expressions of masculinity: The emergence of a warrior class at Kerma in Sudan". -[^6]: [Welsby, *The Kingdom of Kush*, pp. 39-50. +[^6]: Welsby, *The Kingdom of Kush*, pp. 39-50. -[^7]: [Francigny, *Les coutumes funéraires dans le royaume +[^7]: Francigny, *Les coutumes funéraires dans le royaume de Méroé*. -[^8]: [Lenoble, *El-Hobagi*. +[^8]: Lenoble, *El-Hobagi*. -[^9]: [Crawford, *Castles and Churches in the Middle Nile +[^9]: Crawford, *Castles and Churches in the Middle Nile Region.* -[^10]: [Drzewiecki, *Mighty Kingdoms and their Forts.* +[^10]: Drzewiecki, *Mighty Kingdoms and their Forts.* -[^11]: [Vantini, *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*; - [Seignobos, *L'Égypte et la Nubie à l'époque +[^11]: Vantini, *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*; + Seignobos, *L'Égypte et la Nubie à l'époque médiévale.* -[^12]: [Edwards, "Slavery and Slaving in the Medieval and +[^12]: Edwards, "Slavery and Slaving in the Medieval and Post-Medieval Kingdoms of the Middle Nile". [^13]: All the Old Nubian words assembled in this study can be found in - [Browne, Old Nubian Dictionary (hence OND). + Browne, Old Nubian Dictionary (hence OND). -[^14]: [Frend, "The Cult of Military Saints in Christian +[^14]: Frend, "The Cult of Military Saints in Christian Nubia". [^15]: For the correction of the date from 1156, see - [Ruffini, *Medieval Nubia: A Social and Economic + Ruffini, *Medieval Nubia: A Social and Economic History*, pp. 265-70. [^16]: The same church may be the object of two more documents, i.e. P.QI 3 40 & P.QI 3 53. [^17]: Here a corrigendum to P.Attiri 1.ii.1 from \[ⲁⲛ\] to \[ⲇⲓ\] - should be noted, see [Van Gerven Oei e.a., *The Old + should be noted, see Van Gerven Oei e.a., *The Old Nubian Texts from Attiri*, p. 39. -[^18]: [Khalil, *Wörterbuch der nubischen Sprache*, p. 41. +[^18]: Khalil, *Wörterbuch der nubischen Sprache*, p. 41. [^19]: The word ⲇⲓⳟⲧ̄ for "wrestling" is totally reconstructed in OND and is not considered in the present discussion. -[^20]: [Łajtar, *A Late Christian Pilgrimage Centre in +[^20]: Łajtar, *A Late Christian Pilgrimage Centre in Nubia. The Evidence of Wall Inscriptions in the Upper Church at Banganarti*, pp. 383-385 (inscription nr. 578). The citation is from p. 384. [^21]: Idem, p. 562-3 and inscription 964. -[^22]: [Tsakos, "Miscellanea Epigraphica Nubica III: +[^22]: Tsakos, "Miscellanea Epigraphica Nubica III: Epimachos of Attiri: a Warrior Saint of Late Christian Nubia", pp. 215-7. -[^23]: [Esbroeck, "Epimachus of Pelusium, Saint", *Coptic +[^23]: Esbroeck, "Epimachus of Pelusium, Saint", *Coptic Encyclopedia*, pp. 965b-967a. -[^24]: [Van der Vliet, *I. Khartoum Copt.*, pp. 83-4 (nr. +[^24]: Van der Vliet, *I. Khartoum Copt.*, pp. 83-4 (nr. 24). -[^25]: [Browne, "An Old Nubian Version of the Martyrdom of +[^25]: Browne, "An Old Nubian Version of the Martyrdom of Saint Epimachus" and "An Old Nubian translation of the Martyrdom of Saint Epimachus". -[^26]: See [Tsakos, "Miscellanea Epigraphica Nubica III: +[^26]: See Tsakos, "Miscellanea Epigraphica Nubica III: Epimachos of Attiri: a Warrior Saint of Late Christian Nubia", p. 213 with an image of the plaque and pp. 220-1 for the other representations with references -[^27]: [Frend, "The Cult of Military Saints in Christian +[^27]: Frend, "The Cult of Military Saints in Christian Nubia", pp. 156-8. [^28]: For the reference, see Idem, p. 157 and note 9. -[^29]: [Piankoff, "Peintures au monastère de Saint +[^29]: Piankoff, "Peintures au monastère de Saint Antoine", p. 160 and ill. IV. -[^30]: [Esbroeck, "Mercurius of Caesarea, Saint", pp. +[^30]: Esbroeck, "Mercurius of Caesarea, Saint", pp. 1593b-1594a. -[^31]: See [Frend, "The Cult of Military Saints in +[^31]: See Frend, "The Cult of Military Saints in Christian Nubia", p. 157 for references. -[^32]: [Vantini, *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*, p. - 40; [Seignobos, *L'Égypte et la Nubie à l'époque +[^32]: Vantini, *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*, p. + 40; Seignobos, *L'Égypte et la Nubie à l'époque médiévale*, p. 96. -[^33]: [Tsakos, "The Christianization of Nubia". +[^33]: Tsakos, "The Christianization of Nubia". -[^34]: For the find from Qasr Ibrim, see [Frend, "Fragments +[^34]: For the find from Qasr Ibrim, see Frend, "Fragments of a version of the Acta S. Georgii from Q\'asr Ibrim". For the find - from Kulubnarti, see [Browne, *The Old Nubian Martyrdom + from Kulubnarti, see Browne, *The Old Nubian Martyrdom of Saint George*. -[^35]: [Browne, ibid., p. 1-3. +[^35]: Browne, ibid., p. 1-3. [^36]: For the general characteristics of Greek in Late Christian Nubia, - see [Łajtar, *A Late Christian Pilgrimage Centre in + see Łajtar, *A Late Christian Pilgrimage Centre in Nubia. The Evidence of Wall Inscriptions in the Upper Church at Banganarti*, pp. 20-30. -[^37]: [Frend, "Fragments of a version of the Acta S. +[^37]: Frend, "Fragments of a version of the Acta S. Georgii from Q\'asr Ibrim", pp. 103-4. [^38]: Idem., p. 94. -[^39]: See [Derda and [Łajtar, "Greek and +[^39]: See Derda and Łajtar, "Greek and Latin papyri from the Egypt Exploration Society excavations at Qasr Ibrim: A testimony to the Roman army in Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia - in the first years of Augustus", p. 185; [Derda and - [Łajtar, "The Roman Occupation of Qasr Ibrim as + in the first years of Augustus", p. 185; Derda and + Łajtar, "The Roman Occupation of Qasr Ibrim as Reflected in the Greek Papyri from the Site", pp. 105-6 and notes 1 and 2 for references. -[^40]: [Drzewiecki, "Roman Type Forts in the Middle Nile +[^40]: Drzewiecki, "Roman Type Forts in the Middle Nile Valley. Late Antique Fortlets between Patterns of Roman Military Architecture and Local Tradition". -[^41]: [Browne, *The Old Nubian Martyrdom of Saint George*, +[^41]: Browne, *The Old Nubian Martyrdom of Saint George*, p. 11. -[^42]: For the phenomenon of "incorporation", see [Van Gerven +[^42]: For the phenomenon of "incorporation", see Van Gerven Oei, *A Reference Grammar of Old Nubian*, §15.1.3.4. [^43]: This passage has been interpreted as a later interpolation by the - copyist of the original work in Old Nubian, see [Van Gerven - Oei and [Tsakos, "Apostolic Memoirs in Old + copyist of the original work in Old Nubian, see Van Gerven + Oei and Tsakos, "Apostolic Memoirs in Old Nubian". [^44]: It should be noted that two more terms may be linked with ⲅⲟⲩⲉⲓ @@ -908,43 +908,43 @@ August 2011*, edited by Friedrike [Jesse and Carola interpreted as a military title; and the second is ⲅⲟⲩⲁⲇ, about which there is even less certainty. -[^45]: [Foulon, "Hypaspistes, peltastes, chrysaspides, +[^45]: Foulon, "Hypaspistes, peltastes, chrysaspides, argyraspides, chalcaspides". -[^46]: [Maspero, *Organisation militaire de l'Égypte +[^46]: Maspero, *Organisation militaire de l'Égypte byzantine*, pp. 66-68. [^47]: For an up-to-date discussion of the issue, see - [Simmons, *Nubia, Ethiopia, and the Crusading World, + Simmons, *Nubia, Ethiopia, and the Crusading World, 1095-1402*. -[^48]: [Ostrogorsky, "Observations on the Aristocracy in +[^48]: Ostrogorsky, "Observations on the Aristocracy in Byzantium", pp. 13-14 -[^49]: [Koukounas, *Georgios Phrantzes, Chronicon*. +[^49]: Koukounas, *Georgios Phrantzes, Chronicon*. -[^50]: [Vantini, *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*, p. +[^50]: Vantini, *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*, p. 369-70. -[^51]: [Vantini, *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*, p. - 329; [Seignobos, *L'Égypte et la Nubie à l'époque +[^51]: Vantini, *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*, p. + 329; Seignobos, *L'Égypte et la Nubie à l'époque médiévale*, p. 93-112. [^52]: [Vantini, *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*, p. 639; [Seignobos, *L'Égypte et la Nubie à l'époque médiévale*, p. 53-91. -[^53]: [Łajtar, "On the Name of the Capital of the Nubian +[^53]: Łajtar, "On the Name of the Capital of the Nubian Kingdom of Makuria". -[^54]: [Budge, *Miscellaneous Texts in the Dialect of Upper +[^54]: Budge, *Miscellaneous Texts in the Dialect of Upper Egypt*, pp. 858-61. -[^55]: [Zielińska and [Tsakos, +[^55]: Zielińska and Tsakos, "Representations of the Archangel Michael in Wall Paintings from Christian Nubia", pp. 85-6. -[^56]: [Tsakos, "Sources about the cult and persona of the +[^56]: Tsakos, "Sources about the cult and persona of the archangel Michael in Nubia". [^57]: For the use of the title archistratēgos for the archangel @@ -952,51 +952,51 @@ August 2011*, edited by Friedrike [Jesse and Carola Centre in Nubia. The Evidence of Wall Inscriptions in the Upper Church at Banganarti*, p. 46. -[^58]: [Tsakos, "The Liber Institutionis Michaelis in +[^58]: Tsakos, "The Liber Institutionis Michaelis in Medieval Nubia". -[^59]: About this coincidence, see [Browne, "Old Nubian - literature", p. 382 and [Tsakos "Textual finds from +[^59]: About this coincidence, see Browne, "Old Nubian + literature", p. 382 and Tsakos "Textual finds from Cerre Matto". -[^60]: [Ruffini, *Medieval Nubia: A Social and Economic +[^60]: Ruffini, *Medieval Nubia: A Social and Economic History*, pp. 34-5. -[^61]: [Seignobos, *L'Égypte et la Nubie à l'époque +[^61]: Seignobos, *L'Égypte et la Nubie à l'époque médiévale*, p. 198 and note 158. [^62]: For examples of the contrary, see - [Martens-Czarnecka, *The Wall Paintings from the + Martens-Czarnecka, *The Wall Paintings from the Monastery on Kom H in Dongola*, pp. 207-13. -[^63]: [Michalowski, *Faras - Wall Paintings in the +[^63]: Michalowski, *Faras - Wall Paintings in the Collection of the National Museum in Warsaw*, nr. 61, p. 263; - [Jakobielski e.a., *Pachoras/Faras: The Wall Paintings + Jakobielski e.a., *Pachoras/Faras: The Wall Paintings from the Cathedrals of Aetios, Paulos and Petros*, nr. 138, pp. 419-22. [^64]: For a discussion framed as background for an analysis of the - title "Eparch of Nobadia," see [Hendrickx, "The "Lord + title "Eparch of Nobadia," see Hendrickx, "The "Lord of the Mountain". A Study of the Nubian *eparchos of Nobadia*". -[^65]: [Mason, *Greek Terms for Roman Institutions: A +[^65]: Mason, *Greek Terms for Roman Institutions: A Lexicon and Analysis*, pp. 138-40. -[^66]: [Żurawski, "Strongholds on the Middle Nile: Nubian +[^66]: Żurawski, "Strongholds on the Middle Nile: Nubian Fortifications of the Middle Ages", pp. 115-8. -[^67]: [Tsakos, "Terms for Boats and Navigation in Old +[^67]: Tsakos, "Terms for Boats and Navigation in Old Nubia". -[^68]: [Żurawski, "Strongholds on the Middle Nile: Nubian +[^68]: Żurawski, "Strongholds on the Middle Nile: Nubian Fortifications of the Middle Ages", p. 116. -[^69]: [Welsby, *The Kingdom of Kush*, p. 40 +[^69]: Welsby, *The Kingdom of Kush*, p. 40 -[^70]: [Hägg, "Titles and honorific epithets in Nubian +[^70]: Hägg, "Titles and honorific epithets in Nubian Greek texts", pp. 161-2. -[^71]: [Griffith, "Christian Documents from Nubia", pp. +[^71]: Griffith, "Christian Documents from Nubia", pp. 134-45; [Łajtar, "The so-called Kudanbes Inscription in Deir Anba Hadra (St. Simeon Monastery) near Aswan: An Attempt at a New Reading and Interpretation".