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@ -183,10 +183,14 @@ survived appears to be 'Late' and 'Terminal Christian' ceramic types.
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Outside this structure are traces of less substantial structures
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surviving as a few courses of rough stone walling (Fig.2d).[^9]
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Fig.1. The area of study
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**~~Figure 1. The area of study.~~**
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**~~Figure 2. The four sites discussed in the chapter: a) TMB016. b) MAS021. c) DFF008. d) DFF009 (photos by Eng. Omer).~~**
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Fig (2): shown the sites; a) TMB016. b) MAS021. c) DFF008. d) DFF009
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(photo Eng. Omer).
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# Materials and Methods
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@ -227,9 +231,13 @@ complete purple nutsedge roots (Fig.3g). Some animal remains, animal
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dung (Fig. 3h) and insect remains (Fig.3i) appeared in the samples. More
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analysis for identification will be done at a later date.
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Table (1) Plant species that were identified from the Samples
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Animal dung, i. Insect remains (Photo: H.M.Hamdeen).
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**~~Table 1. Plant species that were identified from the Samples.~~**
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**~~Figure 3. The figure presents the plant and animal remains that were identified; a. Triticum aestivum; b. Hordeum vulgare; c. Sorghum bicolor, d. Setaria italica; e. Adansonia digitata, f. Acacia nilotica; g. Cyperus rotundus; h. Animal dung; i. Insect remains (Photo: H.M. Hamdeen).~~**
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## Mudbrick as source of the plant remains
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@ -546,437 +554,436 @@ Musaab Khair for their assistance with the fieldwork.
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# References
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[^9]: Mohammed, *A Survey of the Third Cataract Region*, pp. 53-- 4; Osman and Edwards, *The Archaeology of a Nubian Frontier*.
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[^11]: Homsher 2012; Houben and Guillaud 1994: 82.
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||||
Nile Cataract, see Badura 2012. On the Egyptian and Napatan site in
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||||
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[^22]: Magid 1989.
|
||||
[^22]: Magid, "Exploitation of Plants in the Eastern Sahel (Sudan)."
|
||||
|
||||
[^23]: Beldados, 2019: 507, 509.
|
||||
[^23]: Beldados, "Millets in Eastern Sudan," pp. 507, 509.
|
||||
|
||||
[^24]: Fernandez 1983.
|
||||
[^24]: Fernandez, *La Cultura Alto-Meroitica del Norte de Nubia*.
|
||||
|
||||
[^25]: Fuller and Edwards 2001.
|
||||
[^25]: Fuller and Edwards, "Medieval Plant Economy in Middle Nubia."
|
||||
|
||||
[^26]: Fuller 2015.
|
||||
[^26]: Fuller, "The Economic Basis of the Qustul Splinter State."
|
||||
|
||||
[^27]: Adam 1977; Trigger 1965.
|
||||
[^27]: Adams, *Nubia: Corridor to African*; Trigger, *History and Settlement in Lower Nubia*.
|
||||
|
||||
[^28]: Fuller 2015.
|
||||
[^28]: Fuller, "The Economic Basis of the Qustul Splinter State."
|
||||
|
||||
[^29]: On the historical texts, see Vantini 1975.
|
||||
[^29]: On the historical texts, see Vantini, *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*.
|
||||
|
||||
[^30]: Wadi Kubbaniya, near Aswan, Egypt, see Hardy and Kubiak-Martens
|
||||
2016.
|
||||
[^30]: Wadi Kubbaniya, near Aswan, Egypt, see Hardy and Kubiak-Martens, *Wild Harvest*.
|
||||
|
||||
[^31]: On the complex of burial sites, see Buckley et al. 2014). On
|
||||
Kawa, see Fuller 2004: 71.
|
||||
[^31]: On the complex of burial sites, see Buckley et al., "Dental
|
||||
Calculus." On Kawa, see Fuller, "Early Kushite Agriculture," p. 71.
|
||||
|
||||
[^32]: Auld and Medd 1987; Parsons and Cuthbertson 2001.
|
||||
[^32]: Auld and Medd 1987THIS REFERENCE IS NOT IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY; Parsons and Cuthbertson 2001. THIS REFERENCE IS NOT IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY..
|
||||
|
||||
[^33]: Bendixen and Nandihalli 1987.
|
||||
[^33]: Bendixen and Nandihalli, "Worldwide Distribution of Purple
|
||||
and Yellow Nutsedge."
|
||||
|
||||
[^34]: Gunasekera and Fernando 1994.
|
||||
[^34]: Gunasekera and Fernando, "Agricultural Importance,
|
||||
Biology, Control and Utilization Cyperus rotundus."
|
||||
|
||||
[^35]: Buckley et al. 2014; Hamdeen 2022.
|
||||
[^35]: Buckley et al., "Dental Calculus"; Hamdeen, "Preliminary Observation on the Plant Remains."
|
||||
|
||||
[^36]: On the medicinal and nutritional values, see Andrews 1952;
|
||||
Mabberley 2008. On importation by pastorialists, see Pock Tsy et al.
|
||||
2009.
|
||||
[^36]: On the medicinal and nutritional values, see Andrews, *The Flowering Plants of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan*;
|
||||
Mabberley, *A Portable Dictionary of Plants*. On importation by pastorialists, see Pock Tsy et al., "Chloroplast DNA Phylogeography."
|
||||
|
||||
[^37]: On foodstuffs to local communities, see van Wyk 2006, Kabore et
|
||||
al. 2011. On fodder, see Venter and Venter 1996; De Caluwe´ 2001;
|
||||
Bekele- Tesemma 2007. On fibers for weaving and rope-making, see
|
||||
Teel and Hirst 1990. On gum, see Roberts 1990; Nussinovitch 2010. On
|
||||
seed oil, see Osman 2004 ; Kamatou et al. 2011. On natural medicine,
|
||||
see Mueller and Mechler 2005; Iwu 2014; Lim 2012. On materials for
|
||||
dishes, seeSchütt and Wolf 2004. On water storage, see Walsh 1991.
|
||||
[^37]: On foodstuffs to local communities, see Van Wyk, *Food Plants of the World*; Kabore et
|
||||
al., "A Review of Baobab (*Adansonia digitata*) Products." On fodder, see Venter and Venter, *Making the Most of Indigenous Trees; De Caluwe, *Market Chain Analysis of Baobab*;
|
||||
Bekele-Tesemma, *Useful Trees and Shrubs of Ethiopia*. On fibers for weaving and rope-making, see
|
||||
Teel and Hirst, *A pocket directory of trees and seeds in Kenya*. On gum, see Roberts, *Indigenous healing plants*; Nussinovitch, *Plant Gum Exudates of the World*. On
|
||||
seed oil, see Osman, "Chemical and Nutrient Analysis of Baobab"; Kamatou et al., "An Updated Review of Adansonia Digitata." On natural medicine,
|
||||
see Mueller and Mechler, *Medicinal Plants in Tropical Countries*; Iwu, *Handbook of African Medicinal Plants*; Lim, *Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants*. On materials for
|
||||
dishes, see Schütt and Wolf, "Adansonia Digitata." On water storage, see Walsh, "Climate, Hydrology, and Water Resources."
|
||||
|
||||
[^38]: Gebauer and Ebert 2002.
|
||||
[^38]: Gebauer and Ebert, "Tropische Wildobstarten."
|
||||
|
||||
[^39]: Buthelezi 2013; Wenkel 2014.
|
||||
[^39]: Buthelezi, *Baobab*; Wenkel, *Im Schatten des Baobabs*.
|
||||
|
||||
[^40]: Beldados 2017.
|
||||
[^40]: Beldados, "Millets in Eastern Sudan."
|
||||
|
||||
[^41]: Abd-El-Nabi et al., 1992.
|
||||
[^41]: Abd-El-Nabi et al., "Antimicrobial Activity of *Acacia nilotica*."
|
||||
|
||||
[^42]: Ebrahim et al., 2012.
|
||||
[^42]: Ebrahim et al., "Study on Selected Trace Elements and Heavy
|
||||
Metals in Some Popular Medicinal Plants from Sudan."
|
||||
|
||||
[^43]: Auwal et al., 2015.
|
||||
[^43]: Auwal et al., "Antibacterial Properties."
|
||||
|
||||
[^44]: Singh et al., 2009.
|
||||
[^44]: Singh et al., "Antioxidant and Anti-Quorum Sensing Activities."
|
||||
|
||||
[^45]: Abdalla et al 2014.
|
||||
[^45]: Abdalla et al., "Fodder Potential."
|
||||
|
||||
[^46]: On Kawa, see Fuller: 2004:71. On Nauri, see Fuller and Edwards
|
||||
2001:99. On Banganarti, see Hamdeen and Pokorny 2022:208.
|
||||
[^46]: On Kawa, see Fuller, "Early Kushite Agriculture," p. 71. On Nauri, see Fuller and Edwards, "Medieval Plant Economy in Middle Nubia," p. 99.
|
||||
On Banganarti, see Hamdeen and Pokorny, "Plant Impressions," p. 208.
|
||||
|
||||
[^47]: Hamdeen and Pokorny 2022.
|
||||
[^47]: Hamdeen and Pokorny, "Plant Impressions."
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
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