diff --git a/content/article/hamdeen.md b/content/article/hamdeen.md index 1736053..9c80a7e 100644 --- a/content/article/hamdeen.md +++ b/content/article/hamdeen.md @@ -183,10 +183,14 @@ survived appears to be 'Late' and 'Terminal Christian' ceramic types. Outside this structure are traces of less substantial structures surviving as a few courses of rough stone walling (Fig.2d).[^9] -Fig.1. The area of study +![The area of study.](../static/images/hamdeen/Fig 1.jpg "The area of study.") + +**~~Figure 1. The area of study.~~** + +![The four sites discussed in the chapter: a) TMB016. b) MAS021. c) DFF008. d) DFF009 (photos by Eng. Omer).](../static/images/hamdeen/Fig 2.jpg "The four sites discussed in the chapter: a) TMB016. b) MAS021. c) DFF008. d) DFF009 (photos by Eng. Omer).") + +**~~Figure 2. The four sites discussed in the chapter: a) TMB016. b) MAS021. c) DFF008. d) DFF009 (photos by Eng. Omer).~~** -Fig (2): shown the sites; a) TMB016. b) MAS021. c) DFF008. d) DFF009 -(photo Eng. Omer). # Materials and Methods @@ -227,9 +231,13 @@ complete purple nutsedge roots (Fig.3g). Some animal remains, animal dung (Fig. 3h) and insect remains (Fig.3i) appeared in the samples. More analysis for identification will be done at a later date. -Table (1) Plant species that were identified from the Samples +![A table showing plant species that were identified from the Samples.](../static/images/hafsaas/Table 1.jpg "A table showing plant species that were identified from the Samples.") -Animal dung, i. Insect remains (Photo: H.M.Hamdeen). +**~~Table 1. Plant species that were identified from the Samples.~~** + +![The figure presents the plant and animal remains that were identified; a. Triticum aestivum; b. Hordeum vulgare; c. Sorghum bicolor, d. Setaria italica; e. Adansonia digitata, f. Acacia nilotica; g. Cyperus rotundus; h. Animal dung; i. Insect remains (Photo: H.M. Hamdeen).](../static/images/hamdeen/Fig 3.jpg "The figure presents the plant and animal remains that were identified; a. Triticum aestivum; b. Hordeum vulgare; c. Sorghum bicolor, d. Setaria italica; e. Adansonia digitata, f. Acacia nilotica; g. Cyperus rotundus; h. Animal dung; i. Insect remains (Photo: H.M. Hamdeen).") + +**~~Figure 3. The figure presents the plant and animal remains that were identified; a. Triticum aestivum; b. Hordeum vulgare; c. Sorghum bicolor, d. Setaria italica; e. Adansonia digitata, f. Acacia nilotica; g. Cyperus rotundus; h. Animal dung; i. Insect remains (Photo: H.M. Hamdeen).~~** ## Mudbrick as source of the plant remains @@ -546,437 +554,436 @@ Musaab Khair for their assistance with the fieldwork. # References Abdalla, M.S., Babiker, I.A., Al-Abrahim, J.S., Mohammed, A.E. Elobeid, -M.M., Elkhalifa, K.F. 2014. 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Hopf. *Domestications of Plants in the Old +World, the Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe +and the Nile Valley". Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. -[^1]: Alvaro et al. 2011; Arpin and Goldberg 2004; Morgenstein and - Redmount 1998. + +[^1]: Alvaro et al., "The Study of the Fourth Millennium Mudbricks at Arslantepe"; Arpin and Goldberg, "Using Optical Microscopy to Evaluate +Human History"; Morgenstein and Redmount, "Mudbrick Typology, Sources and Sedimentological Composition." [^2]: On the active role of architecture as material culture, see Love - 2013; Riggs 2001. On mudbrick as a good source for botanical - evidence, see Henn et al.2014. On chaff impressions, see Wilcox and - Fornite 1999. On phytoliths, see Ryan 2013. On diatoms, see Flower - 2006. On pollen, see Ayyad *et al*.1991; O' Rourke 1983 + "Architecture as Material Culture"; Riggs, *The Architecture of Grasshopper Pueblo*. On mudbrick as a good source for botanical + evidence, see Henn et al., "Desiccated Diaspores from Building Materials." On chaff impressions, see Wilcox and + Fornite, "Impressions of Wild Cereal Chaff." On phytoliths, see Ryan, "The Phytolith Evidence." On diatoms, see Flower, +"Diatoms in Ancient Building Materials." On pollen, see Ayyad et al., "Mudbrick as Bearer of +Agricultural Information"; O' Rourke, "Pollen from Adobe Brick." -[^3]: Pumpelly 1980. +[^3]: Pumpelly, *Explorations in Turkestan*. -[^4]: Minke 2006:11-12. +[^4]: Minke *Building with Earth Design and Technology of a +Sustainable Architecture*, pp. 11--12. -[^5]: Van Beek and Van Beek 2008: 135. +[^5]: Van Beek and Van Beek *Glorious Mud!*, p. 135. -[^6]: Hillman 1984: 127-- 28. +[^6]: Hillman, "Traditional Husbandry and Processing of Archaic +Cereals in Recent Times," pp. 127--8. -[^7]: Homsher 2012:3. +[^7]: Homsher, "Mudbricks and the Process of Construction in the +Middle Bronze Age Southern Levant," p. 3. -[^8]: Mohammed 1978: 55; Osman and Edwards 2012. +[^8]: Mohammed, *A Survey of the Third Cataract Region*, p. 55; Osman and Edwards, *The Archaeology of a Nubian Frontier*. -[^9]: Mohammed 1978: 53-- 4; Osman and Edwards 2012. +[^9]: Mohammed, *A Survey of the Third Cataract Region*, pp. 53-- 4; Osman and Edwards, *The Archaeology of a Nubian Frontier*. -[^10]: Pokorná and Beneš 2014. +[^10]: Pokorná and Beneš, "Plant Macroremains from the Old Kingdom +Mudbrick Construction of the Werkaure Tomb." -[^11]: Homsher 2012; Houben and Guillaud 1994: 82. +[^11]: Homsher , "Mudbricks and the Process of Construction in the +Middle Bronze Age Southern Levant"; Houben and Guillaud, *Earth Construction*, p. 82. -[^12]: Sergeev *et al* (2019). +[^12]: Sergeev et al., "Mudbricks from Giza and Abu Erteila." -[^13]: Zohary and Hopf 1988, 13 +[^13]: Zohary and Hopf, *Domestications of Plants in the Old World*, p. 13. -[^14]: On the use of plants during the burial ceremony, see Out *et al*. - 2015; Out *et al*. 2016. On the dating of the site, see Geus 2003. +[^14]: On the use of plants during the burial ceremony, see Out et al., + "Plant Exploitation in Neolithic Sudan"; On the dating of the site, see Geus, "Two Seasons in Sai Island." -[^15]: Ryan *et al.* 2012. +[^15]: Ryan et al., "Archaeobotanical Research in a Pharaonic Town in Ancient Nubia." [^16]: On the Napatan site HP736 in the Wadi Umm Rahau at the Fourth - Nile Cataract, see Badura 2012. On the Egyptian and Napatan site in - Kawa, see Fuller 2004. On Gala Abu Ahmad, see Kahlheber 2013. On - Meroe, see Shinnie and Anderson 2004, 366. + Nile Cataract, see Badura, "Plant Remains from the Napatan Settlement in Wadi +Umm-Rahau." On the Egyptian and Napatan site in + Kawa, see Fuller, "Early Kushite Agriculture." On Gala Abu Ahmad, see Kahlheber, "Archaeobotanical Investigations at the Gala Abu +Ahmed Fortress in Lower Wadi Howar, Northern Sudan." On + Meroe, see Shinnie and Anderson, *The Capital of Kush 2*, p. 366. -[^17]: Fuller *et al*. 2014. +[^17]: Fuller et al., 2014. THIS REFERENCE IS NOT IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY -[^18]: Doggett 1970; Hulse et al 1980; Snowden 1936. +[^18]: Doggett, *Sorghum*; Hulse et al., *Sorghum and Millets*; Snowden, *The Cultivated Races of Sorghum*. -[^19]: On the Eastern Sahara, see Wasylikowa et al 1995. On Central - Sudan, see Stemler 1990. +[^19]: On the Eastern Sahara, see Wasylikowa et al, 1995. THIS REFERENCE IS NOT IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY. On Central + Sudan, see Stemler, "A Scanning Electron Microscopic Analysis of Plant Impressions in Pottery." -[^20]: Rowley-Conwy 1991; Rowley -Conwy et al 1997. +[^20]: Rowley-Conwy, "Sorghum from Qasr Ibrim"; Rowley-Conwy et al., "Ancient DNA from +Archaeological Sorghum (Sorghum bicolour) from Qasr Ibrim." -[^21]: Winchell et al 2017. +[^21]: Winchell et al., "Evidence for Sorghum Domestication in Fourth +Millennium BC Eastern Sudan." -[^22]: Magid 1989. +[^22]: Magid, "Exploitation of Plants in the Eastern Sahel (Sudan)." -[^23]: Beldados, 2019: 507, 509. +[^23]: Beldados, "Millets in Eastern Sudan," pp. 507, 509. -[^24]: Fernandez 1983. +[^24]: Fernandez, *La Cultura Alto-Meroitica del Norte de Nubia*. -[^25]: Fuller and Edwards 2001. +[^25]: Fuller and Edwards, "Medieval Plant Economy in Middle Nubia." -[^26]: Fuller 2015. +[^26]: Fuller, "The Economic Basis of the Qustul Splinter State." -[^27]: Adam 1977; Trigger 1965. +[^27]: Adams, *Nubia: Corridor to African*; Trigger, *History and Settlement in Lower Nubia*. -[^28]: Fuller 2015. +[^28]: Fuller, "The Economic Basis of the Qustul Splinter State." -[^29]: On the historical texts, see Vantini 1975. +[^29]: On the historical texts, see Vantini, *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*. -[^30]: Wadi Kubbaniya, near Aswan, Egypt, see Hardy and Kubiak-Martens - 2016. +[^30]: Wadi Kubbaniya, near Aswan, Egypt, see Hardy and Kubiak-Martens, *Wild Harvest*. -[^31]: On the complex of burial sites, see Buckley et al. 2014). On - Kawa, see Fuller 2004: 71. +[^31]: On the complex of burial sites, see Buckley et al., "Dental +Calculus." On Kawa, see Fuller, "Early Kushite Agriculture," p. 71. -[^32]: Auld and Medd 1987; Parsons and Cuthbertson 2001. +[^32]: Auld and Medd 1987THIS REFERENCE IS NOT IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY; Parsons and Cuthbertson 2001. THIS REFERENCE IS NOT IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY.. -[^33]: Bendixen and Nandihalli 1987. +[^33]: Bendixen and Nandihalli, "Worldwide Distribution of Purple +and Yellow Nutsedge." -[^34]: Gunasekera and Fernando 1994. +[^34]: Gunasekera and Fernando, "Agricultural Importance, +Biology, Control and Utilization Cyperus rotundus." -[^35]: Buckley et al. 2014; Hamdeen 2022. +[^35]: Buckley et al., "Dental Calculus"; Hamdeen, "Preliminary Observation on the Plant Remains." -[^36]: On the medicinal and nutritional values, see Andrews 1952; - Mabberley 2008. On importation by pastorialists, see Pock Tsy et al. - 2009. +[^36]: On the medicinal and nutritional values, see Andrews, *The Flowering Plants of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan*; + Mabberley, *A Portable Dictionary of Plants*. On importation by pastorialists, see Pock Tsy et al., "Chloroplast DNA Phylogeography." -[^37]: On foodstuffs to local communities, see van Wyk 2006, Kabore et - al. 2011. On fodder, see Venter and Venter 1996; De Caluwe´ 2001; - Bekele- Tesemma 2007. On fibers for weaving and rope-making, see - Teel and Hirst 1990. On gum, see Roberts 1990; Nussinovitch 2010. On - seed oil, see Osman 2004 ; Kamatou et al. 2011. On natural medicine, - see Mueller and Mechler 2005; Iwu 2014; Lim 2012. On materials for - dishes, seeSchütt and Wolf 2004. On water storage, see Walsh 1991. +[^37]: On foodstuffs to local communities, see Van Wyk, *Food Plants of the World*; Kabore et + al., "A Review of Baobab (*Adansonia digitata*) Products." On fodder, see Venter and Venter, *Making the Most of Indigenous Trees; De Caluwe, *Market Chain Analysis of Baobab*; + Bekele-Tesemma, *Useful Trees and Shrubs of Ethiopia*. On fibers for weaving and rope-making, see + Teel and Hirst, *A pocket directory of trees and seeds in Kenya*. On gum, see Roberts, *Indigenous healing plants*; Nussinovitch, *Plant Gum Exudates of the World*. On + seed oil, see Osman, "Chemical and Nutrient Analysis of Baobab"; Kamatou et al., "An Updated Review of Adansonia Digitata." On natural medicine, + see Mueller and Mechler, *Medicinal Plants in Tropical Countries*; Iwu, *Handbook of African Medicinal Plants*; Lim, *Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants*. On materials for + dishes, see Schütt and Wolf, "Adansonia Digitata." On water storage, see Walsh, "Climate, Hydrology, and Water Resources." -[^38]: Gebauer and Ebert 2002. +[^38]: Gebauer and Ebert, "Tropische Wildobstarten." -[^39]: Buthelezi 2013; Wenkel 2014. +[^39]: Buthelezi, *Baobab*; Wenkel, *Im Schatten des Baobabs*. -[^40]: Beldados 2017. +[^40]: Beldados, "Millets in Eastern Sudan." -[^41]: Abd-El-Nabi et al., 1992. +[^41]: Abd-El-Nabi et al., "Antimicrobial Activity of *Acacia nilotica*." -[^42]: Ebrahim et al., 2012. +[^42]: Ebrahim et al., "Study on Selected Trace Elements and Heavy +Metals in Some Popular Medicinal Plants from Sudan." -[^43]: Auwal et al., 2015. +[^43]: Auwal et al., "Antibacterial Properties." -[^44]: Singh et al., 2009. +[^44]: Singh et al., "Antioxidant and Anti-Quorum Sensing Activities." -[^45]: Abdalla et al 2014. +[^45]: Abdalla et al., "Fodder Potential." -[^46]: On Kawa, see Fuller: 2004:71. On Nauri, see Fuller and Edwards - 2001:99. On Banganarti, see Hamdeen and Pokorny 2022:208. +[^46]: On Kawa, see Fuller, "Early Kushite Agriculture," p. 71. On Nauri, see Fuller and Edwards, "Medieval Plant Economy in Middle Nubia," p. 99. + On Banganarti, see Hamdeen and Pokorny, "Plant Impressions," p. 208. -[^47]: Hamdeen and Pokorny 2022. +[^47]: Hamdeen and Pokorny, "Plant Impressions."