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@ -183,10 +183,14 @@ survived appears to be 'Late' and 'Terminal Christian' ceramic types.
Outside this structure are traces of less substantial structures Outside this structure are traces of less substantial structures
surviving as a few courses of rough stone walling (Fig.2d).[^9] surviving as a few courses of rough stone walling (Fig.2d).[^9]
Fig.1. The area of study ![The area of study.](../static/images/hamdeen/Fig 1.jpg "The area of study.")
**~~Figure 1. The area of study.~~**
![The four sites discussed in the chapter: a) TMB016. b) MAS021. c) DFF008. d) DFF009 (photos by Eng. Omer).](../static/images/hamdeen/Fig 2.jpg "The four sites discussed in the chapter: a) TMB016. b) MAS021. c) DFF008. d) DFF009 (photos by Eng. Omer).")
**~~Figure 2. The four sites discussed in the chapter: a) TMB016. b) MAS021. c) DFF008. d) DFF009 (photos by Eng. Omer).~~**
Fig (2): shown the sites; a) TMB016. b) MAS021. c) DFF008. d) DFF009
(photo Eng. Omer).
# Materials and Methods # Materials and Methods
@ -227,9 +231,13 @@ complete purple nutsedge roots (Fig.3g). Some animal remains, animal
dung (Fig. 3h) and insect remains (Fig.3i) appeared in the samples. More dung (Fig. 3h) and insect remains (Fig.3i) appeared in the samples. More
analysis for identification will be done at a later date. analysis for identification will be done at a later date.
Table (1) Plant species that were identified from the Samples ![A table showing plant species that were identified from the Samples.](../static/images/hafsaas/Table 1.jpg "A table showing plant species that were identified from the Samples.")
Animal dung, i. Insect remains (Photo: H.M.Hamdeen). **~~Table 1. Plant species that were identified from the Samples.~~**
![The figure presents the plant and animal remains that were identified; a. Triticum aestivum; b. Hordeum vulgare; c. Sorghum bicolor, d. Setaria italica; e. Adansonia digitata, f. Acacia nilotica; g. Cyperus rotundus; h. Animal dung; i. Insect remains (Photo: H.M. Hamdeen).](../static/images/hamdeen/Fig 3.jpg "The figure presents the plant and animal remains that were identified; a. Triticum aestivum; b. Hordeum vulgare; c. Sorghum bicolor, d. Setaria italica; e. Adansonia digitata, f. Acacia nilotica; g. Cyperus rotundus; h. Animal dung; i. Insect remains (Photo: H.M. Hamdeen).")
**~~Figure 3. The figure presents the plant and animal remains that were identified; a. Triticum aestivum; b. Hordeum vulgare; c. Sorghum bicolor, d. Setaria italica; e. Adansonia digitata, f. Acacia nilotica; g. Cyperus rotundus; h. Animal dung; i. Insect remains (Photo: H.M. Hamdeen).~~**
## Mudbrick as source of the plant remains ## Mudbrick as source of the plant remains
@ -546,437 +554,436 @@ Musaab Khair for their assistance with the fieldwork.
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[^3]: Pumpelly 1980. [^3]: Pumpelly, *Explorations in Turkestan*.
[^4]: Minke 2006:11-12. [^4]: Minke *Building with Earth Design and Technology of a
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[^5]: Van Beek and Van Beek 2008: 135. [^5]: Van Beek and Van Beek *Glorious Mud!*, p. 135.
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[^7]: Homsher 2012:3. [^7]: Homsher, "Mudbricks and the Process of Construction in the
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[^8]: Mohammed 1978: 55; Osman and Edwards 2012. [^8]: Mohammed, *A Survey of the Third Cataract Region*, p. 55; Osman and Edwards, *The Archaeology of a Nubian Frontier*.
[^9]: Mohammed 1978: 53-- 4; Osman and Edwards 2012. [^9]: Mohammed, *A Survey of the Third Cataract Region*, pp. 53-- 4; Osman and Edwards, *The Archaeology of a Nubian Frontier*.
[^10]: Pokorná and Beneš 2014. [^10]: Pokorná and Beneš, "Plant Macroremains from the Old Kingdom
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[^11]: Homsher 2012; Houben and Guillaud 1994: 82. [^11]: Homsher , "Mudbricks and the Process of Construction in the
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[^12]: Sergeev *et al* (2019). [^12]: Sergeev et al., "Mudbricks from Giza and Abu Erteila."
[^13]: Zohary and Hopf 1988, 13 [^13]: Zohary and Hopf, *Domestications of Plants in the Old World*, p. 13.
[^14]: On the use of plants during the burial ceremony, see Out *et al*. [^14]: On the use of plants during the burial ceremony, see Out et al.,
2015; Out *et al*. 2016. On the dating of the site, see Geus 2003. "Plant Exploitation in Neolithic Sudan"; On the dating of the site, see Geus, "Two Seasons in Sai Island."
[^15]: Ryan *et al.* 2012. [^15]: Ryan et al., "Archaeobotanical Research in a Pharaonic Town in Ancient Nubia."
[^16]: On the Napatan site HP736 in the Wadi Umm Rahau at the Fourth [^16]: On the Napatan site HP736 in the Wadi Umm Rahau at the Fourth
Nile Cataract, see Badura 2012. On the Egyptian and Napatan site in Nile Cataract, see Badura, "Plant Remains from the Napatan Settlement in Wadi
Kawa, see Fuller 2004. On Gala Abu Ahmad, see Kahlheber 2013. On Umm-Rahau." On the Egyptian and Napatan site in
Meroe, see Shinnie and Anderson 2004, 366. Kawa, see Fuller, "Early Kushite Agriculture." On Gala Abu Ahmad, see Kahlheber, "Archaeobotanical Investigations at the Gala Abu
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[^17]: Fuller *et al*. 2014. [^17]: Fuller et al., 2014. THIS REFERENCE IS NOT IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY
[^18]: Doggett 1970; Hulse et al 1980; Snowden 1936. [^18]: Doggett, *Sorghum*; Hulse et al., *Sorghum and Millets*; Snowden, *The Cultivated Races of Sorghum*.
[^19]: On the Eastern Sahara, see Wasylikowa et al 1995. On Central [^19]: On the Eastern Sahara, see Wasylikowa et al, 1995. THIS REFERENCE IS NOT IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY. On Central
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[^20]: Rowley-Conwy 1991; Rowley -Conwy et al 1997. [^20]: Rowley-Conwy, "Sorghum from Qasr Ibrim"; Rowley-Conwy et al., "Ancient DNA from
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[^21]: Winchell et al 2017. [^21]: Winchell et al., "Evidence for Sorghum Domestication in Fourth
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[^22]: Magid 1989. [^22]: Magid, "Exploitation of Plants in the Eastern Sahel (Sudan)."
[^23]: Beldados, 2019: 507, 509. [^23]: Beldados, "Millets in Eastern Sudan," pp. 507, 509.
[^24]: Fernandez 1983. [^24]: Fernandez, *La Cultura Alto-Meroitica del Norte de Nubia*.
[^25]: Fuller and Edwards 2001. [^25]: Fuller and Edwards, "Medieval Plant Economy in Middle Nubia."
[^26]: Fuller 2015. [^26]: Fuller, "The Economic Basis of the Qustul Splinter State."
[^27]: Adam 1977; Trigger 1965. [^27]: Adams, *Nubia: Corridor to African*; Trigger, *History and Settlement in Lower Nubia*.
[^28]: Fuller 2015. [^28]: Fuller, "The Economic Basis of the Qustul Splinter State."
[^29]: On the historical texts, see Vantini 1975. [^29]: On the historical texts, see Vantini, *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*.
[^30]: Wadi Kubbaniya, near Aswan, Egypt, see Hardy and Kubiak-Martens [^30]: Wadi Kubbaniya, near Aswan, Egypt, see Hardy and Kubiak-Martens, *Wild Harvest*.
2016.
[^31]: On the complex of burial sites, see Buckley et al. 2014). On [^31]: On the complex of burial sites, see Buckley et al., "Dental
Kawa, see Fuller 2004: 71. Calculus." On Kawa, see Fuller, "Early Kushite Agriculture," p. 71.
[^32]: Auld and Medd 1987; Parsons and Cuthbertson 2001. [^32]: Auld and Medd 1987THIS REFERENCE IS NOT IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY; Parsons and Cuthbertson 2001. THIS REFERENCE IS NOT IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY..
[^33]: Bendixen and Nandihalli 1987. [^33]: Bendixen and Nandihalli, "Worldwide Distribution of Purple
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[^34]: Gunasekera and Fernando 1994. [^34]: Gunasekera and Fernando, "Agricultural Importance,
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[^35]: Buckley et al. 2014; Hamdeen 2022. [^35]: Buckley et al., "Dental Calculus"; Hamdeen, "Preliminary Observation on the Plant Remains."
[^36]: On the medicinal and nutritional values, see Andrews 1952; [^36]: On the medicinal and nutritional values, see Andrews, *The Flowering Plants of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan*;
Mabberley 2008. On importation by pastorialists, see Pock Tsy et al. Mabberley, *A Portable Dictionary of Plants*. On importation by pastorialists, see Pock Tsy et al., "Chloroplast DNA Phylogeography."
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[^37]: On foodstuffs to local communities, see van Wyk 2006, Kabore et [^37]: On foodstuffs to local communities, see Van Wyk, *Food Plants of the World*; Kabore et
al. 2011. On fodder, see Venter and Venter 1996; De Caluwe´ 2001; al., "A Review of Baobab (*Adansonia digitata*) Products." On fodder, see Venter and Venter, *Making the Most of Indigenous Trees; De Caluwe, *Market Chain Analysis of Baobab*;
Bekele- Tesemma 2007. On fibers for weaving and rope-making, see Bekele-Tesemma, *Useful Trees and Shrubs of Ethiopia*. On fibers for weaving and rope-making, see
Teel and Hirst 1990. On gum, see Roberts 1990; Nussinovitch 2010. On Teel and Hirst, *A pocket directory of trees and seeds in Kenya*. On gum, see Roberts, *Indigenous healing plants*; Nussinovitch, *Plant Gum Exudates of the World*. On
seed oil, see Osman 2004 ; Kamatou et al. 2011. On natural medicine, seed oil, see Osman, "Chemical and Nutrient Analysis of Baobab"; Kamatou et al., "An Updated Review of Adansonia Digitata." On natural medicine,
see Mueller and Mechler 2005; Iwu 2014; Lim 2012. On materials for see Mueller and Mechler, *Medicinal Plants in Tropical Countries*; Iwu, *Handbook of African Medicinal Plants*; Lim, *Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants*. On materials for
dishes, seeSchütt and Wolf 2004. On water storage, see Walsh 1991. dishes, see Schütt and Wolf, "Adansonia Digitata." On water storage, see Walsh, "Climate, Hydrology, and Water Resources."
[^38]: Gebauer and Ebert 2002. [^38]: Gebauer and Ebert, "Tropische Wildobstarten."
[^39]: Buthelezi 2013; Wenkel 2014. [^39]: Buthelezi, *Baobab*; Wenkel, *Im Schatten des Baobabs*.
[^40]: Beldados 2017. [^40]: Beldados, "Millets in Eastern Sudan."
[^41]: Abd-El-Nabi et al., 1992. [^41]: Abd-El-Nabi et al., "Antimicrobial Activity of *Acacia nilotica*."
[^42]: Ebrahim et al., 2012. [^42]: Ebrahim et al., "Study on Selected Trace Elements and Heavy
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2001:99. On Banganarti, see Hamdeen and Pokorny 2022:208. On Banganarti, see Hamdeen and Pokorny, "Plant Impressions," p. 208.
[^47]: Hamdeen and Pokorny 2022. [^47]: Hamdeen and Pokorny, "Plant Impressions."