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@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ practices and in accordance with later A-Group traditions. Three
palettes were made of siltstone from Upper Egypt and of shapes dating to palettes were made of siltstone from Upper Egypt and of shapes dating to
Naqada I. Weapons were absent as grave goods in these graves. Naqada I. Weapons were absent as grave goods in these graves.
## Cemetery 41/200 on the Meris Plain ## Cemetery 41 on the Meris Plain
Cemetery 41/200 was located on the central knoll of the Meris Cemetery 41/200 was located on the central knoll of the Meris
plain.[^83] A total of 37 human graves and three animal graves were plain.[^83] A total of 37 human graves and three animal graves were
@ -824,7 +824,7 @@ attacks where sharp force violence also was used -- most likely
copper-alloy weapons. Both males and females were injured and killed in copper-alloy weapons. Both males and females were injured and killed in
these cemeteries (see Appendices 1-6). these cemeteries (see Appendices 1-6).
![Violent deaths, violent injuries antemortem, missing skulls, and broken skulls in total and in per cent in A-Group cemeteries dating to the proto-phase. Data from Appendices 2-6.](../static/images/hafsaas/Table2.jpg "Violent deaths, violent injuries antemortem, missing skulls, and broken skulls in total and in per cent in A-Group cemeteries dating to the proto-phase. Data from Appendices 2-6.") ![Violent deaths, violent injuries antemortem, absent and broken skulls in total and in per cent in A-Group cemeteries dating to the proto-phase. Data from Appendices 2-6.](../static/images/hafsaas/Table2.jpg "Violent deaths, violent injuries antemortem, missing skulls, and broken skulls in total and in per cent in A-Group cemeteries dating to the proto-phase. Data from Appendices 2-6.")
**~~Table 2. Violent deaths, violent injuries antemortem, missing skulls, and broken skulls in total and in per cent in A-Group cemeteries dating to the proto-phase. Data from Appendices 2-6.~~** **~~Table 2. Violent deaths, violent injuries antemortem, missing skulls, and broken skulls in total and in per cent in A-Group cemeteries dating to the proto-phase. Data from Appendices 2-6.~~**

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@ -1038,34 +1038,37 @@ Program.
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@ -1121,15 +1120,15 @@ https://www.okayafrica.com/sudans-revolution-isnt-a-fluke-its-tradition/.
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@ -1139,19 +1138,16 @@ https://kultwatch.se/art-for-the-revolution-how-artists-have-become-key-for-the-
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@ -1163,35 +1159,42 @@ Kamabressi, Farouck. "To save its economy, Sudan needs civilian rule." *Al
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@ -1204,20 +1207,26 @@ Division for Decades. Now Sudan Is United Against Him." *The Washington
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@ -1225,7 +1234,10 @@ Roychoudhury, Supriya. "The Art of Resistance: When Imagination Meets
Technology at Protests from India to Chile." *Scroll.in*, March 14, 2020. Technology at Protests from India to Chile." *Scroll.in*, March 14, 2020.
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Salih, Zeinab Mohammed and Tom Wilson. "Sudanese Women Take Lead in Salih, Zeinab Mohammed, "'I was raised to love our home': Sudan's singing protester speaks up." *The Guardian*, April 10, 2019.
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Salih, Zeinab Mohammed, and Tom Wilson. "Sudanese Women Take Lead in
Protests Against Bashir." *Financial Times*,* March 28, 2019. Protests Against Bashir." *Financial Times*,* March 28, 2019.
https://www.ft.com/content/8e185568-4976-11e9-bbc9-6917dce3dc62 https://www.ft.com/content/8e185568-4976-11e9-bbc9-6917dce3dc62
@ -1255,8 +1267,7 @@ https://roape.net/2019/09/05/the-revolution-has-emerged-sudans-acute-contradicti
[^2]: Deshayes, Etienne, and Medani, "Reflection on the Sudanese [^2]: Deshayes, Etienne, and Medani, "Reflection on the Sudanese
Revolutionary Dynamics." Revolutionary Dynamics."
[^3]: Bolatito, *Sudan Revolution: An Exploration Causes and [^3]: Bolatito, "Sudan Revolution."
Consequences for Power Struggle and Regime Change.*
[^4]: In 1964, the so-called \'Southern Problem\' became the cause of [^4]: In 1964, the so-called \'Southern Problem\' became the cause of
the conflict. The increasing discrimination against the Christian the conflict. The increasing discrimination against the Christian
@ -1271,57 +1282,51 @@ https://roape.net/2019/09/05/the-revolution-has-emerged-sudans-acute-contradicti
[^5]: Any newspaper under this law could be suspended without any court [^5]: Any newspaper under this law could be suspended without any court
order and its employees arrested. order and its employees arrested.
[^6]: CIPESA, *Sudan's Bad Laws, Internet Censorship and Repressed Civil [^6]: CIPESA, "Sudan's Bad Laws."
Liberties.*
[^7]: For more information see: *Sudan: Press freedom still in [^7]: For more information see: Reporters without Borders, "Sudan: Press freedom still in
transition a year after Omar al-Bashir's removal*, Reporters Without transition a year after Omar al-Bashir's removal."
Borders, 2020.
[^8]: Wilde Botta, *The Revolution Has Emerged: Sudan's Acute [^8]: Wilde Botta, "The Revolution Has Emerged."
Contradictions*.
[^9]: Copnall, *A Poisonous Thorn in Our Hearts: Sudan and South [^9]: Copnall, *A Poisonous Thorn in Our Hearts*.
Sudan\'s Bitter and Incomplete Divorce.*
[^10]: https://www.instagram.com/p/BtBLM5cFNG-/ [^10]: https://www.instagram.com/p/BtBLM5cFNG-/
[^11]: Karar, *Protesters Dismantling Modus Operandi of Sudan\'s [^11]: Karar, *Protesters Dismantling Modus Operandi of Sudan\'s
Oppressor*: *"...the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Oppressor*: *...the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the
government adopted austerity measures that resulted in cutting fuel government adopted austerity measures that resulted in cutting fuel
and bread subsidies. However, the adjustment plan has immensely hit and bread subsidies. However, the adjustment plan has immensely hit
the extremely poor, estimated to be around 36.1 per cent of the the extremely poor, estimated to be around 36.1 per cent of the
population. In December 2018, the inflation rate has risen to 72.94 population. In December 2018, the inflation rate has risen to 72.94
per cent, the second worst rate worldwide after Venezuela*." per cent, the second worst rate worldwide after Venezuela*.
[^12]: Elhassan, How Sudanese Art Is Fueling the Revolution. [^12]: Elhassan, "How Sudanese Art Is Fueling the Revolution."
[^13]: Berridge, *Civil Uprising in Modern Sudan*. [^13]: Berridge, *Civil Uprising in Modern Sudan*.
[^14]: Elhassan, Sudan's Revolution Isn\'t a Fluke, It\'s Tradition. [^14]: Elhassan, "Sudan's Revolution Isn\'t a Fluke, It\'s Tradition."
[^15]: Ibid. [^15]: Ibid.
[^16]: Lamensch, Sudan\'s Artists of the Revolution: An Interview with [^16]: Lamensch, "Sudan\'s Artists of the Revolution: An Interview with
Mounir Khalil. Mounir Khalil."
[^17]: Murray, How Art Helped Propel Sudan's Revolution. [^17]: Murray, "How Art Helped Propel Sudan's Revolution."
[^18]: Africa News, Sudan Protest Hub: Anti-Bashir Protesters Tear [^18]: Africa News, "Anti-Bashir Protesters Tear
Gassed in Omdurman. Gassed in Omdurman."
[^19]: Hassan and Kodouda, *Sudan's Uprising: The Fall of a Dictator,* [^19]: Hassan and Kodouda, "Sudan's Uprising: The Fall of a Dictator,"
pp.97-100. pp. 97-100.
[^20]: Häggström, Art for the [^20]: Häggström, "Art for the Revolution."
Revolution: How Artists Have Changed the Protests in Sudan (https://www.kasperhaggstrom.com/).
[^21]: Norbrook, *Sudan: Who Is Hemeti, the Butcher of the Revolution?* [^21]: Norbrook, "Sudan: Who Is Hemeti."
[^22]: Wilde Botta, *The Revolution has Emerged: Sudan's Acute [^22]: Wilde Botta, *The Revolution has Emerged*.
Contradictions*.
[^23]: Human Rights Watch, *"They Were Shouting 'Kill Them'"*. [^23]: Human Rights Watch, "'They Were Shouting 'Kill Them.'"
[^24]: Powell, *Sudan Constitutional Declaration: Draft Constitutional [^24]: Powell, *Sudan Constitutional Declaration: Draft Constitutional
Charter for the 2019 Transitional Period*. Charter for the 2019 Transitional Period*.
@ -1329,9 +1334,8 @@ https://roape.net/2019/09/05/the-revolution-has-emerged-sudans-acute-contradicti
[^25]: Policy and military attacked sleeping protesters and destroy the [^25]: Policy and military attacked sleeping protesters and destroy the
site of the sit-in. People were shot and wounded by machetes and site of the sit-in. People were shot and wounded by machetes and
their bodies were thrown into the River Nile. For more information their bodies were thrown into the River Nile. For more information
see: \"*Chaos and Fire": An Analysis of Sudan\'s June 3, 2019, see: Physicians for Human Rights, "Chaos and Fire": An Analysis of Sudan\'s June 3, 2019,
Khartoum Massacre*, Physician for Human Rights. Khartoum Massacre."
Videos made by protesters during the massacre (contains disturbing Videos made by protesters during the massacre (contains disturbing
scenes): htpp://bbc.com/news/av/worls-africa-48956133 scenes): htpp://bbc.com/news/av/worls-africa-48956133
@ -1342,179 +1346,166 @@ https://roape.net/2019/09/05/the-revolution-has-emerged-sudans-acute-contradicti
against women and limits their social activities. For more against women and limits their social activities. For more
information see: http://democracyfirstgroup.org information see: http://democracyfirstgroup.org
[^27]: Dabanga, *Prosecution Denounces Call to Revive Sudan's Repealed [^27]: Dabanga, "Prosecution Denounces Call to Revive Sudan's Repealed
Public Order Law*. Public Order Law."
[^28]: Staff writer, *Sudan Just Criminalised Female Genital Mutilation [^28]: Staff writer, "Sudan Just Criminalised Female Genital Mutilation
in a Landmark Victory for Women*. Cartoon by Alaa Satir condemning in a Landmark Victory for Women." Cartoon by Alaa Satir condemning
FGM with a sign: female body cannot be edited, available: FGM with a sign: female body cannot be edited, available:
https://www.instagram.com/p/BjHpwZjFxD9/ https://www.instagram.com/p/BjHpwZjFxD9/
[^29]: Botta, *The Revolution.* [^29]: Wilde Botta, *The Revolution Has Emerged*.
[^30]: Propaganda is not in the scope of this article, for more [^30]: Propaganda is not in the scope of this article, for more
information on this matter see: Goldstein, *Exploiting Darfur information on this matter see: Goldstein, "Exploiting Darfur
Genocide for Propaganda*, Sudan Tribune, 2006. Genocide for Propaganda."
[^31]: Osman and Bearak, *Omar Al-Bashir Exploited Sudan's Ethnic Division [^31]: Osman and Bearak, "Omar Al-Bashir Exploited Sudan's Ethnic Division
for Decades. Now Sudan Is United Against Him*. for Decades. Now Sudan Is United Against Him."
[^32]: Botalito, *Sudan Revolution.* [^32]: Bolatito, *Sudan Revolution*.
[^33]: Latif, *You Arrogant Racist, We are All Darfur'; Human Rights [^33]: Latif, *You Arrogant Racist, We are All Darfur'; Human Rights
Protests as Nation-Building in Sudan,* pp. 54 - 67. Protests as Nation-Building in Sudan,* pp. 54 - 67.
[^34]: Idris, *Conflict and Politics of Identity in Sudan.* [^34]: Idris, *Conflict and Politics of Identity in Sudan*.
[^35]: Carmichael and Pinnell, *How Fake News from Sudan's Regime [^35]: Carmichael and Pinnell, "How Fake News from Sudan's Regime
Backfired*. Backfired."
[^36]: Bishai and Elshami, *"We Are All Darfur!" -- Sudan's Unity Protests [^36]: Bishai and Elshami, "'We Are All Darfur!" -- Sudan's Unity Protests
Stand a Real Chance. Time for the West to Step up*. Stand a Real Chance."
[^37]: Hashim, *In Pictures: The Art Fuelling Sudan\'s Revolution*. [^37]: Hashim, "In Pictures: The Art Fuelling Sudan\'s Revolution."
[^38]: For more information see: Reeves, "Online fake news and [^38]: For more information see: Reeves, "Online fake news and
hate speech are fuelling tribal 'genocide' in South Sudan." hate speech are fuelling tribal 'genocide' in South Sudan."
[^39]: For more information see: Global Gender Gap Report. [^39]: For more information see: Global Gender Gap Report.
[^40]: Siha Network, *Criminalisation of women in Sudan. A need for [^40]: SIHA, "Criminalisation of women in Sudan. A need for
Fundamental Reform,* pp. 8-13, 41-43. Fundamental Reform," pp. 8-13, 41-43.
[^41]: Salih and Wilson, *Sudanese Women Take Lead in Protests Against [^41]: Salih and Wilson, "Sudanese Women Take Lead in Protests Against
Bashir*. Bashir."
[^42]: Hendawi, *Sudan: An Artist's Tribute to Women Leaders of the [^42]: Hendawi, "Sudan: An Artist's Tribute to Women Leaders of the
Pro-Democracy Movement*. Pro-Democracy Movement."
[^43]: For more information see: Salih, Zeinab Mohammed, '*I was raised [^43]: For more information see: Salih, "'I was raised
to love our home': Sudan's singing protester speaks up*, The to love our home'"; Reilly, "The Iconic Photo of Her
Guardian, April 10, 20919; Reilly, Katie, *The Iconic Photo of Her Helped Fuel Sudan's Revolution."
Helped Fuel Sudan's Revolution. Now, She and Other Women Are Being
Sidelined*, The Times, October 30, 2019.
[^44]: Jaafari, *Here\'s the Story Behind the Iconic Image of the [^44]: Jaafari, "Here\'s the Story Behind the Iconic Image of the
Sudanese Woman in White*. Sudanese Woman in White."
[^45]: Brown, *History Stands Alongside the Woman in the White Tobe*. [^45]: Brown, "History Stands Alongside the Woman in the White Tobe."
[^46]: Elamin and Ismail, *The Many Mothers of Sudan's Revolution*. [^46]: Elamin and Ismail, "The Many Mothers of Sudan's Revolution."
[^47]: Reilly, *The Iconic Photo of Her Helped Fuel Sudan\'s Revolution. [^47]: Reilly, "The Iconic Photo of Her Helped Fuel Sudan\'s Revolution."
Now, She and Other Women Are Being Sidelined.*
[^48]: LICHTENSTEIN, *Read the Scent of Revolution: The Story Behind Sudan\'s Legendary Perfume Label Remi .* The information about the Amado Alfadni project is available here: https://amadoalfadni.com/project/bint-el-sudan/ [^48]: Lichtenstein, "Read the Scent of Revolution: The Story Behind Sudan\'s Legendary Perfume Label Remi .* The information about the Amado Alfadni project is available here: https://amadoalfadni.com/project/bint-el-sudan/
[^49]: Abdel Aziz, *The Third Sudanese Revolution Reinstates Women from [^49]: Abdel Aziz, "The Third Sudanese Revolution Reinstates Women from
All Walks of Life onto the Map of Sudanese Public Life*. All Walks of Life onto the Map of Sudanese Public Life."
[^50]: Kuwait Times, *Bashir\'s Overthrow Inspires Sudan Graffiti [^50]: Kuwait Times, "Bashir\'s Overthrow Inspires Sudan Graffiti
Artists*. Artists."
[^51]: https://www.instagram.com/p/Bqm6Ne1lxrP/ [^51]: https://www.instagram.com/p/Bqm6Ne1lxrP/
[^52]: Häggström, *Art for the Revolution.* [^52]: Häggström, "Art for the Revolution."
[^53]: Dahir, *Sudan's Protests Inspire Art, Graffiti Revolution*. [^53]: Dahir, "Sudan's Protests Inspire Art, Graffiti Revolution."
[^54]: For more information see: Mondesire, Zachary. *Race after [^54]: For more information see: Mondesire, *Race after
Revolution: Imagining Blackness and Africanity in the "New Sudan"*, Revolution*.
Middle East Political Science, 2020.
[^55]: Lamensch, Sudan\'s Artists. [^55]: Lamensch, "Sudan\'s Artists."
[^56]: Häggström, *Art for the Revolution.* [^56]: Häggström, "Art for the Revolution."
[^57]: The Observateurs, *Brothers Create Mosaic Portraits of Protesters [^57]: The Observateurs, "Brothers Create Mosaic Portraits of Protesters
Killed in Sudan's Revolution*. Killed in Sudan's Revolution."
[^58]: Anonymous, *We Are Fed up! The Power of a New Generation of [^58]: Anonymous, "We Are Fed up! The Power of a New Generation of
Sudanese Youth Activists*. Sudanese Youth Activists."
[^59]: UK Home Office, *Sudan Opposition to the Government, Including [^59]: UK Home Office, "Sudan Opposition to the Government."
Sur Place Activity: (November 2018).*
[^60]: For more information about the structure and evolution of the [^60]: For more information about the structure and evolution of the
Sudanese professionals Association see: Sudanese professionals Association see:
https://www.arab-reform.net/publication/sudanese-professionals-association-structure-evolutioroles-and-coalitions-changes-and-future-prospects/ https://www.arab-reform.net/publication/sudanese-professionals-association-structure-evolutioroles-and-coalitions-changes-and-future-prospects/
[^61]: Bior, *Sudan\'s Social Media Deemed Major Player in Bashir\'s [^61]: Bior, "Sudan\'s Social Media Deemed Major Player in Bashir\'s
Ouster*. Ouster."
[^62]: Hassab, *Sudan Uprising: On an Artistic Note*. [^62]: Hassab, "Sudan Uprising: On an Artistic Note."
[^63]: https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-48956133 [^63]: https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-48956133
[^64]: Robathan and Pearce, *The Satir Sisters: Two Artists Inspiring [^64]: Robathan and Pearce, "The Satir Sisters."
Change Through Illustration*.
[^65]: Elhassan, *Inside Sudan\'s Viral Revolution: What You Need to [^65]: Elhassan, "Inside Sudan\'s Viral Revolution."
Know*.
[^66]: Gaafar and Shakwat, *Sudanese Women at the Heart of the Revolution: [^66]: Gaafar and Shakwat, "Sudanese Women at the Heart of the Revolution."
African Feminism (AF)*.
[^67]: https://www.worldpressphoto.org/collection/photo/2020/39605/1/Yasuyoshi-Chiba [^67]: https://www.worldpressphoto.org/collection/photo/2020/39605/1/Yasuyoshi-Chiba
[^68]: Fuhrmann, *#sudanrevolts: Contesting Power & Violence Through [^68]: Fuhrmann, "#sudanrevolts."
Art*.
[^69]: https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/public-anger-in-sudan-capital-as-children-crushed-by-niss-driver [^69]: https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/public-anger-in-sudan-capital-as-children-crushed-by-niss-driver
[^70]: Fuhrmann, *#sudanrevolts.* [^70]: Fuhrmann, "#sudanrevolts."
[^71]: Hassab, *Sudan Uprising.* [^71]: Hassab, "Sudan Uprising."
[^72]: Casciarri and Manfredi, *Freedom, Peace and Justice - a Glossary of [^72]: Casciarri and Manfredi, "Freedom, Peace and Justice," p.18.
the Third Sudanese Revolution, p.18.*
[^73]: Diab, *Everything You Need to Know About the Sudan Revolution*. [^73]: Diab, "Everything You Need to Know About the Sudan Revolution."
[^74]: Editors, *Cartooning for Peace*. [^74]: Editors, "Cartooning for Peace."
[^75]: Akwei, *Sudan's Protests Through Cartoons, the Daring Work of [^75]: Akwei, "Sudan's Protests Through Cartoons."
Boushra Cartoonist.*
[^76]: Fuhrmann, *#sudanrevolts.* [^76]: Fuhrmann, "#sudanrevolts."
[^77]: https://twitter.com/Merg_Salih/status/1401508418708545540 [^77]: https://twitter.com/Merg_Salih/status/1401508418708545540
[^78]: Casciarri and Manfredi, *Freedom, pp. 15-17*. [^78]: Casciarri and Manfredi, "Freedom, Peace and Justice," pp. 15-17*.
[^79]: Deshayes, Etienne and Medani, *Reflection.* [^79]: Deshayes, Etienne, and Medani, "Reflection."
[^80]: Hashim, *In pictures: The art fuelling Sudan\'s revolution*. [^80]: Hashim, "In pictures: The art fuelling Sudan\'s revolution."
[^81]: Fuhrmann, *#sudanrevolts*. [^81]: Fuhrmann, "#sudanrevolts."
[^82]: Roychoudhury, *The Art of Resistance: When Imagination Meets [^82]: Roychoudhury, "The Art of Resistance."
Technology at Protests from India to Chile*.
[^83]: Lamensch, *Sudan\'s Artists of the Revolution: An Interview with [^83]: Lamensch, "Sudan\'s Artists of the Revolution: An Interview with
Assil Diab*. Assil Diab."
[^84]: For more information see: Reeves, "On the Brutal Murder of [^84]: For more information see: Reeves, "On the Brutal Murder of
Ahmed al-Khair of Kashm al-Qirba." Ahmed al-Khair of Kashm al-Qirba."
Authors note: Some readers may find the description of events Authors note: Some readers may find the description of events
distressing. distressing.
[^85]: Carmichael and Pinnell, *How fake news from Sudan's regime [^85]: Carmichael and Pinnell, "How fake news from Sudan's regime
backfired.* backfired."
[^86]: Murray, *How Art Helped Propel Sudan's Revolution*. [^86]: Murray, "How Art Helped Propel Sudan's Revolution."
[^87]: Roychoudhury, *The Art of Resistance.* [^87]: Roychoudhury, "The Art of Resistance."
[^88]: Capron, *In Sudan, Empty Tear Gas Canisters from Protests Turned [^88]: Capron, "In Sudan, Empty Tear Gas Canisters from Protests Turned
into Art*. into Art."
[^89]: The art of the Sudanese revolution was exhibited at the [^89]: The art of the Sudanese revolution was exhibited at the
University of London and Khartoum University of London and Khartoum
[^90]: http://sudanrevolutionart.org [^90]: http://sudanrevolutionart.org
[^91]: Kordofani, *"Kejer\'s Prison - Short Film* ‏سجن الكجر - فلم قصير‎," [^91]: Kordofani, "Kejer\'s Prison."
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Enyax1Dzj_g.
[^92]: Kamabressi, *To save its economy, Sudan needs civilian rule.* [^92]: Kamabressi, "To save its economy, Sudan needs civilian rule."