diff --git a/content/article/HafsaasWar.md b/content/article/HafsaasWar.md index 631adab..84c1c59 100644 --- a/content/article/HafsaasWar.md +++ b/content/article/HafsaasWar.md @@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ practices and in accordance with later A-Group traditions. Three palettes were made of siltstone from Upper Egypt and of shapes dating to Naqada I. Weapons were absent as grave goods in these graves. -## Cemetery 41/200 on the Meris Plain +## Cemetery 41 on the Meris Plain Cemetery 41/200 was located on the central knoll of the Meris plain.[^83] A total of 37 human graves and three animal graves were @@ -824,7 +824,7 @@ attacks where sharp force violence also was used -- most likely copper-alloy weapons. Both males and females were injured and killed in these cemeteries (see Appendices 1-6). -![Violent deaths, violent injuries antemortem, missing skulls, and broken skulls in total and in per cent in A-Group cemeteries dating to the proto-phase. Data from Appendices 2-6.](../static/images/hafsaas/Table2.jpg "Violent deaths, violent injuries antemortem, missing skulls, and broken skulls in total and in per cent in A-Group cemeteries dating to the proto-phase. Data from Appendices 2-6.") +![Violent deaths, violent injuries antemortem, absent and broken skulls in total and in per cent in A-Group cemeteries dating to the proto-phase. Data from Appendices 2-6.](../static/images/hafsaas/Table2.jpg "Violent deaths, violent injuries antemortem, missing skulls, and broken skulls in total and in per cent in A-Group cemeteries dating to the proto-phase. Data from Appendices 2-6.") **~~Table 2. Violent deaths, violent injuries antemortem, missing skulls, and broken skulls in total and in per cent in A-Group cemeteries dating to the proto-phase. Data from Appendices 2-6.~~** diff --git a/content/article/roksana.md b/content/article/roksana.md index c32e497..c195972 100644 --- a/content/article/roksana.md +++ b/content/article/roksana.md @@ -1038,34 +1038,37 @@ Program. https://noria-research.com/the-third-sudanese-revolution-reinstates-women/. Africa News. "Sudan Protest Hub: Anti-Bashir Protesters Tear Gassed in -Omdurman," *Africanews*, January 2, 2019. +Omdurman." *Africanews*, January 2, 2019. https://www.africanews.com/2019/02/01/police-clashes-with-sudanese-protesting-a-state-of-emergency-in-atbara/. Akwei, Ismail. "Sudan's Protests Through Cartoons, the Daring Work of -Boushra Cartoonist," *Face2FaceAfrica*, March 4, 2019. +Boushra Cartoonist." *Face2FaceAfrica*, March 4, 2019. https://face2faceafrica.com/article/documenting-sudans-protests-through-cartoons-the-daring-work-of-boushra-cartoonist. Anonymous. "We Are Fed up! The Power of a New Generation of Sudanese -Youth Activists," *Open Democracy*, August 31, 2012. +Youth Activists." *Open Democracy*, August 31, 2012. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/we-are-fed-up-power-of-new-generation-of-sudanese-youth-activists/. +Anonymous. "They Were Shouting 'Kill Them.'" *Human Rights Watch*, November 17, 2019.. +https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/11/18/they-were-shouting-kill-them/sudans-violent-crackdown-protesters-khartoum. + Berridge, W. J. *Civil Uprisings in Modern Sudan: The 'Khartoum Springs' of 1964 and 1985. A modern history of politics and violence*. London: Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2015. Bior, Ayen. "Sudan's Social Media Deemed Major Player in Bashir's -Ouster," *VOA*, April 18, 2019. +Ouster." *VOA*, April 18, 2019. https://www.voaafrica.com/a/sudan-s-social-media-deemed-major-player-in-bashir-s-ouster-/4882059.html. Bishai, Linda, and Azaz Elshami. "'We Are All Darfur!' -- Sudan's Unity -Protests Stand a Real Chance. Time for the West to Step up," *Just Security*, January 29, 2019. +Protests Stand a Real Chance. Time for the West to Step up." *Just Security*, January 29, 2019. https://www.justsecurity.org/62404/we-darfur-sudans-unity-protests-stand-real-chance-time-west-step-up/. -Bolatito, Aina-Obe Shamsuddin, "Sudan Revolution: An Exploration Causes and Consequences for Power Struggle and Regime Change," *SSRN*, September 28, 2019. +Bolatito, Aina-Obe Shamsuddin, "Sudan Revolution: An Exploration Causes and Consequences for Power Struggle and Regime Change." *SSRN*, September 28, 2019. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3502891 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3502891 Brown, Marie Grace. "History Stands Alongside the Woman in the White -Tobe," *Stanford University Press blog*, May 14, 2019. +Tobe." *Stanford University Press blog*, May 14, 2019. https://stanfordpress.typepad.com/blog/2019/05/history-stands-alongside-the-woman-in-the-white-tobe.html. Capron, Alexandre. "In Sudan, Empty Tear Gas Canisters from Protests @@ -1077,35 +1080,31 @@ Backfired." *BBC News*, April 25, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-47899076. Casciarri, Barbara, and Stefano Manfredi. *Freedom, Peace and Justice - a -Glossary of the Third Sudanese Revolution:* حرية سلام وعدالة  - -Collaboration on International ICT Policy for East and Southern -Africa (CIPESA). *Sudan's Bad Laws, Internet Censorship and Repressed Civil -Liberities*. https//cipesa.org +Glossary of the Third Sudanese Revolution*. 2020. Copnall, James. *A Poisonous Thorn in Our Hearts: Sudan and South Sudan's Bitter and Incomplete Divorce*. London: Hurst & Company, 2014. -Dabanga, Radio. *Prosecution Denounces Call to Revive Sudan's Repealed -Public Order Law.* +Dabanga, Radio. "Prosecution Denounces Call to Revive Sudan's Repealed +Public Order Law." *Dabanga*, 2021. https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/public-prosecution-denounces-call-to-revive-sudan-s-repealed-public-order-law. Dahir, Abdi Latif. "Sudan's Protests Inspire Art, Graffiti Revolution." *Quartz*, December 7, 2019. https://qz.com/africa/1664733/sudans-protests-inspire-art-graffiti-revolution/. -Deshayes, Clément, Margaux Etienne, and Khadidja Medani. *Reflection on -the Sudanese Revolutionary Dynamics*. *Sudan, "Down with the Government of Thieves!"* Noria Research: Middle East & North Africa +Deshayes, Clément, Margaux Etienne, and Khadidja Medani. "Reflection on +the Sudanese Revolutionary Dynamics." *Sudan, "Down with the Government of Thieves!"* Noria Research: Middle East & North Africa Program. https://noria-research.com/special-issue-on-sudan-down-with-the-government-of-thieves/. -Diab, Ola. *Everything You Need to Know About the Sudan Revolution.* +Diab, Ola. "Everything You Need to Know About the Sudan Revolution." *500 Words Magazine*, June 16, 2019. http://500wordsmag.com/sudan-news/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-sudan-revolution/. -Editors. *Cartooning for Peace* +Editors. "Sudan: The Iconic Women's Revolution." *Cartooning for Peace*, April 12, 2019. https://www.cartooningforpeace.org/en/editos/sudan-the-iconic-womens-revolution/. -Elamin, Nisrin Tahani Ismail. "The Many Mothers of Sudan's +Elamin, Nisrin, and Tahani Ismail. "The Many Mothers of Sudan's Revolution." *Al Jazeera*, April 5, 2019. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/5/4/the-many-mothers-of-sudans-revolution/. @@ -1121,15 +1120,15 @@ https://www.okayafrica.com/sudans-revolution-isnt-a-fluke-its-tradition/. *OkayAfrica*, June 21, 2019. https://www.okayafrica.com/inside-sudans-viral-revolution-what-you-need-to-know/. -Fuhrmann, Larissa-Diana. *#sudanrevolts: Contesting Power & Violence -Through Art*. +Fuhrmann, Larissa-Diana. "#sudanrevolts: Contesting Power & Violence +Through Art." *Shado*, February 27, 2019. https://shado-mag.com/opinion/sudanrevolts-contesting-power-violence-through-art/. Gaafar, Reem and Omnia Shakwat. "Sudanese Women at the Heart of the Revolution." *African Feminism*, February 12, 2019. https://africanfeminism.com/sudanese-women-at-the-heart-the-revolution/. -Goldstein, Ned. "Exploiting Darfur Genocide for Propaganda," *Sudan Tribune*, October 1, 2006. +Goldstein, Ned. "Exploiting Darfur Genocide for Propaganda." *Sudan Tribune*, October 1, 2006. https://sudantribune.com/article18420/ Häggström, Issraa Elkogali. "Art for the Revolution: How Artists Have @@ -1139,19 +1138,16 @@ https://kultwatch.se/art-for-the-revolution-how-artists-have-become-key-for-the- Hashim, Mohanad. "In Pictures: The Art Fuelling Sudan's Revolution." *BBC News*, May 5, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48126363. -Hassab, Afnan. *Sudan Uprising: On an Artistic Note*. +Hassab, Afnan. "Sudan Uprising: On an Artistic Note." *500 Words Magazine*, January 31, 2019. https://500wordsmag.com/art-and-culture/sudan-uprising-on-an-artistic-note/. -Hassan, Mai and Ahmed Kodouda. *Sudan's Uprising: The Fall of a Dictator* -http://journalofdemocracy.org/articles/sudan-uprising-the-fall-of-a-dicator/ +Hassan, Mai, and Ahmed Kodouda. "Sudan's Uprising: The Fall of a Dictator," *Journal of Democracy* 30/4 (2019): pp. 89-103. +http://journalofdemocracy.org/articles/sudans-uprising-the-fall-of-a-dictator/ Hendawi, Hamza. "Sudan: An Artist's Tribute to Women Leaders of the Pro-Democracy Movement." *The National*, January 19, 2020. https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/africa/sudan-an-artist-s-tribute-to-women-leaders-of-the-pro-democracy-movement-1.966191. -Human Rights Watch. *They Were Shouting 'Kill Them'*. -https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/11/18/they-were-shouting-kill-them/sudans-violent-crackdown-protesters-khartoum. - Idris, Amir H. *Conflict and Politics of Identity in Sudan*. Boston Mass.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. @@ -1163,35 +1159,42 @@ Kamabressi, Farouck. "To save its economy, Sudan needs civilian rule." *Al Jazeera*, October 25, 2022. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/10/25/to-save-its-economy-sudan-needs-civilian-rule -Karar, Haytham. *Protesters Dismantling Modus Operandi of Sudan's -Oppressor*. https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article67038. +Karar, Haytham. "Protesters Dismantling Modus Operandi of Sudan's +Oppressor." *Sudan Tribune*, n.d. +https://sudantribune.com/article65177/ -Kordofani, Mohamed. *\"Kejer\'s Prison\" - Short Film* ‏سجن الكجر - فلم -قصير‎." https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Enyax1Dzj_g. +Khattab, Hamad, and CIPESA (Collaboration on International ICT Policy for East and Southern +Africa) writer. "Sudan's Bad Laws, Internet Censorship and Repressed Civil +Liberities", *CIPESA*, December 23, 2021. +https://cipesa.org/2021/12/sudans-bad-laws-internet-censorship-and-repressed-civil-liberties/ + +Kordofani, Mohamed. "Kejer\'s Prison." A Short Film: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Enyax1Dzj_g. Kuwait Times. "Bashir's Overthrow Inspires Sudan Graffiti Artists." *Kuwait Times*, April 25, 2019. https://news.kuwaittimes.net/website/bashirs-overthrow-inspires-sudan-graffiti-artists/. -Lamensch, Marie. *Sudan's Artists of the Revolution: An Interview with -Alaa Satir*. Revolution. +Lamensch, Marie. "Sudan's Artists of the Revolution: An Interview with +Alaa Satir." https://www.themantle.com/arts-and-culture/sudans-artists-revolution-1. ----------. *Sudan's Artists of the Revolution: An Interview with Assil -Diab*. +---------. "Sudan's Artists of the Revolution: An Interview with Assil +Diab." ----------. *Sudan's Artists of the Revolution: An Interview with Mounir -Khalil.* +---------. "Sudan's Artists of the Revolution: An Interview with Mounir +Khalil." https://www.themantle.com/arts-and-culture/sudans-artists-revolution-2. -Latif, Dena. *'You Arrogant Racist, We Are All Darfur': Human Rights -Protests as Nation-Building in Sudan.* Human Rights Studies Master of +Latif, Dena. "'You Arrogant Racist, We Are All Darfur': Human Rights +Protests as Nation-Building in Sudan." Human Rights Studies Master of Arts Program, Columbia University 2020. Lichtenstein, Amanda. "The Scent of Revolution: The Story Behind Sudan's Legendary Perfume Label Remix." *GlobalVoices*, April 15, 2019. https://www.scribd.com/article/406480542/The-Scent-Of-Revolution-The-Story-Behind-Sudan-s-Legendary-Perfume-Label-Remix. +Mondesire, Zachary. *Race after Revolution: Imagining Blackness and Africanity in the "New Sudan,"* Middle East Political Science, 2020 + Murray, Elizabeth. "How Art Helped Propel Sudan's Revolution." *United States Institute of Peace*, November 12 ,2020. https://www.usip.org/blog/2020/11/how-art-helped-propel-sudans-revolution. @@ -1204,20 +1207,26 @@ Division for Decades. Now Sudan Is United Against Him." *The Washington Post*, January 19, 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/omar-al-bashir-exploited-sudans-ethnic-division-for-decades-now-sudan-is-united-against-him/2019/01/19/a7b5d0a0-1851-11e9-b8e6-567190c2fd08_story.html?noredirect=on. +Physicians for Human Rights, "Chaos and Fire": An Analysis of Sudan\'s June 3, 2019, Khartoum Massacre." *Relief Web*, March 5, 2020. +https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/chaos-and-fire-analysis-sudan-s-june-3-2019-khartoum-massacre + Powell, Brian. *Sudan Constitutional Declaration: Draft Constitutional Charter for the 2019 Transitional Period*. -Reeves, Benjamin. "Online fake news and hate speech are fuelling tribal 'genocide' in South Sudan," *The World*, April 25, 2017. +Reeves, Benjamin. "Online fake news and hate speech are fuelling tribal 'genocide' in South Sudan." *The World*, April 25, 2017. https://theworld.org/stories/2017-04-25/online-fake-news-and-hate-speech-are-fueling-tribal-genocide-south-sudan -Reeves, Eric. "On the Brutal Murder of Ahmed al-Khair of Kashm al-Qirba," *Sudan: Research, Analysis, and Advocacy*, February 2, 2019. +Reeves, Eric. "On the Brutal Murder of Ahmed al-Khair of Kashm al-Qirba." *Sudan: Research, Analysis, and Advocacy*, February 2, 2019. https://sudanreeves.org/2019/02/02/on-the-brutal-murder-of-ahmed-al-khair-of-khashm-al-qirba-february-2-2019/. Reilly, Katie. "The Iconic Photo of Her Helped Fuel Sudan's Revolution. Now, She and Other Women Are Being Sidelined." *Time*, October 30, 2019. https://time.com/5712952/alaa-salah-sudan-women-protest/. -Robathan, Hannah and Isabella Pearce. "The Satir Sisters: Two Artists +Reporters without Borders. "Sudan: Press freedom still in transition a year after Omar al-Bashir's removal," 2020 +https://rsf.org/en/sudan-press-freedom-still-transition-year-after-omar-al-bashir-s-removal + +Robathan, Hannah, and Isabella Pearce. "The Satir Sisters: Two Artists Inspiring Change Through Illustration." *Shado*, April 5, 2019. https://shado-mag.com/do/the-satir-sisters-two-artists-inspiring-change-through-illustration/. @@ -1225,7 +1234,10 @@ Roychoudhury, Supriya. "The Art of Resistance: When Imagination Meets Technology at Protests from India to Chile." *Scroll.in*, March 14, 2020. https://scroll.in/article/954091/the-art-of-resistance-when-imagination-meets-technology-at-protests-from-india-to-chile. -Salih, Zeinab Mohammed and Tom Wilson. "Sudanese Women Take Lead in +Salih, Zeinab Mohammed, "'I was raised to love our home': Sudan's singing protester speaks up." *The Guardian*, April 10, 2019. +https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/apr/10/alaa-salah-sudanese-woman-talks-about-protest-photo-that-went-viral + +Salih, Zeinab Mohammed, and Tom Wilson. "Sudanese Women Take Lead in Protests Against Bashir." *Financial Times*,* March 28, 2019. https://www.ft.com/content/8e185568-4976-11e9-bbc9-6917dce3dc62 @@ -1255,8 +1267,7 @@ https://roape.net/2019/09/05/the-revolution-has-emerged-sudans-acute-contradicti [^2]: Deshayes, Etienne, and Medani, "Reflection on the Sudanese Revolutionary Dynamics." -[^3]: Bolatito, *Sudan Revolution: An Exploration Causes and - Consequences for Power Struggle and Regime Change.* +[^3]: Bolatito, "Sudan Revolution." [^4]: In 1964, the so-called \'Southern Problem\' became the cause of the conflict. The increasing discrimination against the Christian @@ -1271,57 +1282,51 @@ https://roape.net/2019/09/05/the-revolution-has-emerged-sudans-acute-contradicti [^5]: Any newspaper under this law could be suspended without any court order and its employees arrested. -[^6]: CIPESA, *Sudan's Bad Laws, Internet Censorship and Repressed Civil - Liberties.* +[^6]: CIPESA, "Sudan's Bad Laws." -[^7]: For more information see: *Sudan: Press freedom still in - transition a year after Omar al-Bashir's removal*, Reporters Without - Borders, 2020. +[^7]: For more information see: Reporters without Borders, "Sudan: Press freedom still in + transition a year after Omar al-Bashir's removal." -[^8]: Wilde Botta, *The Revolution Has Emerged: Sudan's Acute - Contradictions*. +[^8]: Wilde Botta, "The Revolution Has Emerged." -[^9]: Copnall, *A Poisonous Thorn in Our Hearts: Sudan and South - Sudan\'s Bitter and Incomplete Divorce.* +[^9]: Copnall, *A Poisonous Thorn in Our Hearts*. [^10]: https://www.instagram.com/p/BtBLM5cFNG-/ [^11]: Karar, *Protesters Dismantling Modus Operandi of Sudan\'s - Oppressor*: *"...the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the + Oppressor*: *...the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the government adopted austerity measures that resulted in cutting fuel and bread subsidies. However, the adjustment plan has immensely hit the extremely poor, estimated to be around 36.1 per cent of the population. In December 2018, the inflation rate has risen to 72.94 - per cent, the second worst rate worldwide after Venezuela*." + per cent, the second worst rate worldwide after Venezuela*. -[^12]: Elhassan, How Sudanese Art Is Fueling the Revolution. +[^12]: Elhassan, "How Sudanese Art Is Fueling the Revolution." [^13]: Berridge, *Civil Uprising in Modern Sudan*. -[^14]: Elhassan, Sudan's Revolution Isn\'t a Fluke, It\'s Tradition. +[^14]: Elhassan, "Sudan's Revolution Isn\'t a Fluke, It\'s Tradition." [^15]: Ibid. -[^16]: Lamensch, Sudan\'s Artists of the Revolution: An Interview with - Mounir Khalil. +[^16]: Lamensch, "Sudan\'s Artists of the Revolution: An Interview with + Mounir Khalil." -[^17]: Murray, How Art Helped Propel Sudan's Revolution. +[^17]: Murray, "How Art Helped Propel Sudan's Revolution." -[^18]: Africa News, Sudan Protest Hub: Anti-Bashir Protesters Tear - Gassed in Omdurman. +[^18]: Africa News, "Anti-Bashir Protesters Tear + Gassed in Omdurman." -[^19]: Hassan and Kodouda, *Sudan's Uprising: The Fall of a Dictator,* - pp.97-100. +[^19]: Hassan and Kodouda, "Sudan's Uprising: The Fall of a Dictator," + pp. 97-100. -[^20]: Häggström, Art for the - Revolution: How Artists Have Changed the Protests in Sudan (https://www.kasperhaggstrom.com/). +[^20]: Häggström, "Art for the Revolution." -[^21]: Norbrook, *Sudan: Who Is Hemeti, the Butcher of the Revolution?* +[^21]: Norbrook, "Sudan: Who Is Hemeti." -[^22]: Wilde Botta, *The Revolution has Emerged: Sudan's Acute - Contradictions*. +[^22]: Wilde Botta, *The Revolution has Emerged*. -[^23]: Human Rights Watch, *"They Were Shouting 'Kill Them'"*. +[^23]: Human Rights Watch, "'They Were Shouting 'Kill Them.'" [^24]: Powell, *Sudan Constitutional Declaration: Draft Constitutional Charter for the 2019 Transitional Period*. @@ -1329,9 +1334,8 @@ https://roape.net/2019/09/05/the-revolution-has-emerged-sudans-acute-contradicti [^25]: Policy and military attacked sleeping protesters and destroy the site of the sit-in. People were shot and wounded by machetes and their bodies were thrown into the River Nile. For more information - see: \"*Chaos and Fire": An Analysis of Sudan\'s June 3, 2019, - Khartoum Massacre*, Physician for Human Rights. - + see: Physicians for Human Rights, "Chaos and Fire": An Analysis of Sudan\'s June 3, 2019, + Khartoum Massacre." Videos made by protesters during the massacre (contains disturbing scenes): htpp://bbc.com/news/av/worls-africa-48956133 @@ -1342,179 +1346,166 @@ https://roape.net/2019/09/05/the-revolution-has-emerged-sudans-acute-contradicti against women and limits their social activities. For more information see: http://democracyfirstgroup.org -[^27]: Dabanga, *Prosecution Denounces Call to Revive Sudan's Repealed - Public Order Law*. +[^27]: Dabanga, "Prosecution Denounces Call to Revive Sudan's Repealed + Public Order Law." -[^28]: Staff writer, *Sudan Just Criminalised Female Genital Mutilation - in a Landmark Victory for Women*. Cartoon by Alaa Satir condemning +[^28]: Staff writer, "Sudan Just Criminalised Female Genital Mutilation + in a Landmark Victory for Women." Cartoon by Alaa Satir condemning FGM with a sign: female body cannot be edited, available: https://www.instagram.com/p/BjHpwZjFxD9/ -[^29]: Botta, *The Revolution.* +[^29]: Wilde Botta, *The Revolution Has Emerged*. [^30]: Propaganda is not in the scope of this article, for more - information on this matter see: Goldstein, *Exploiting Darfur - Genocide for Propaganda*, Sudan Tribune, 2006. + information on this matter see: Goldstein, "Exploiting Darfur + Genocide for Propaganda." -[^31]: Osman and Bearak, *Omar Al-Bashir Exploited Sudan's Ethnic Division - for Decades. Now Sudan Is United Against Him*. +[^31]: Osman and Bearak, "Omar Al-Bashir Exploited Sudan's Ethnic Division + for Decades. Now Sudan Is United Against Him." -[^32]: Botalito, *Sudan Revolution.* +[^32]: Bolatito, *Sudan Revolution*. [^33]: Latif, *You Arrogant Racist, We are All Darfur'; Human Rights Protests as Nation-Building in Sudan,* pp. 54 - 67. -[^34]: Idris, *Conflict and Politics of Identity in Sudan.* +[^34]: Idris, *Conflict and Politics of Identity in Sudan*. -[^35]: Carmichael and Pinnell, *How Fake News from Sudan's Regime - Backfired*. +[^35]: Carmichael and Pinnell, "How Fake News from Sudan's Regime + Backfired." -[^36]: Bishai and Elshami, *"We Are All Darfur!" -- Sudan's Unity Protests - Stand a Real Chance. Time for the West to Step up*. +[^36]: Bishai and Elshami, "'We Are All Darfur!" -- Sudan's Unity Protests + Stand a Real Chance." -[^37]: Hashim, *In Pictures: The Art Fuelling Sudan\'s Revolution*. +[^37]: Hashim, "In Pictures: The Art Fuelling Sudan\'s Revolution." [^38]: For more information see: Reeves, "Online fake news and hate speech are fuelling tribal 'genocide' in South Sudan." [^39]: For more information see: Global Gender Gap Report. -[^40]: Siha Network, *Criminalisation of women in Sudan. A need for - Fundamental Reform,* pp. 8-13, 41-43. +[^40]: SIHA, "Criminalisation of women in Sudan. A need for + Fundamental Reform," pp. 8-13, 41-43. -[^41]: Salih and Wilson, *Sudanese Women Take Lead in Protests Against - Bashir*. +[^41]: Salih and Wilson, "Sudanese Women Take Lead in Protests Against + Bashir." -[^42]: Hendawi, *Sudan: An Artist's Tribute to Women Leaders of the - Pro-Democracy Movement*. +[^42]: Hendawi, "Sudan: An Artist's Tribute to Women Leaders of the + Pro-Democracy Movement." -[^43]: For more information see: Salih, Zeinab Mohammed, '*I was raised - to love our home': Sudan's singing protester speaks up*, The - Guardian, April 10, 20919; Reilly, Katie, *The Iconic Photo of Her - Helped Fuel Sudan's Revolution. Now, She and Other Women Are Being - Sidelined*, The Times, October 30, 2019. +[^43]: For more information see: Salih, "'I was raised + to love our home'"; Reilly, "The Iconic Photo of Her + Helped Fuel Sudan's Revolution." -[^44]: Jaafari, *Here\'s the Story Behind the Iconic Image of the - Sudanese Woman in White*. +[^44]: Jaafari, "Here\'s the Story Behind the Iconic Image of the + Sudanese Woman in White." -[^45]: Brown, *History Stands Alongside the Woman in the White Tobe*. +[^45]: Brown, "History Stands Alongside the Woman in the White Tobe." -[^46]: Elamin and Ismail, *The Many Mothers of Sudan's Revolution*. +[^46]: Elamin and Ismail, "The Many Mothers of Sudan's Revolution." -[^47]: Reilly, *The Iconic Photo of Her Helped Fuel Sudan\'s Revolution. - Now, She and Other Women Are Being Sidelined.* +[^47]: Reilly, "The Iconic Photo of Her Helped Fuel Sudan\'s Revolution." -[^48]: LICHTENSTEIN, *Read the Scent of Revolution: The Story Behind Sudan\'s Legendary Perfume Label Remi .* The information about the Amado Alfadni project is available here: https://amadoalfadni.com/project/bint-el-sudan/ +[^48]: Lichtenstein, "Read the Scent of Revolution: The Story Behind Sudan\'s Legendary Perfume Label Remi .* The information about the Amado Alfadni project is available here: https://amadoalfadni.com/project/bint-el-sudan/ -[^49]: Abdel Aziz, *The Third Sudanese Revolution Reinstates Women from - All Walks of Life onto the Map of Sudanese Public Life*. +[^49]: Abdel Aziz, "The Third Sudanese Revolution Reinstates Women from + All Walks of Life onto the Map of Sudanese Public Life." -[^50]: Kuwait Times, *Bashir\'s Overthrow Inspires Sudan Graffiti - Artists*. +[^50]: Kuwait Times, "Bashir\'s Overthrow Inspires Sudan Graffiti + Artists." [^51]: https://www.instagram.com/p/Bqm6Ne1lxrP/ -[^52]: Häggström, *Art for the Revolution.* +[^52]: Häggström, "Art for the Revolution." -[^53]: Dahir, *Sudan's Protests Inspire Art, Graffiti Revolution*. +[^53]: Dahir, "Sudan's Protests Inspire Art, Graffiti Revolution." -[^54]: For more information see: Mondesire, Zachary. *Race after - Revolution: Imagining Blackness and Africanity in the "New Sudan"*, - Middle East Political Science, 2020. +[^54]: For more information see: Mondesire, *Race after + Revolution*. -[^55]: Lamensch, Sudan\'s Artists. +[^55]: Lamensch, "Sudan\'s Artists." -[^56]: Häggström, *Art for the Revolution.* +[^56]: Häggström, "Art for the Revolution." -[^57]: The Observateurs, *Brothers Create Mosaic Portraits of Protesters - Killed in Sudan's Revolution*. +[^57]: The Observateurs, "Brothers Create Mosaic Portraits of Protesters + Killed in Sudan's Revolution." -[^58]: Anonymous, *We Are Fed up! The Power of a New Generation of - Sudanese Youth Activists*. +[^58]: Anonymous, "We Are Fed up! The Power of a New Generation of + Sudanese Youth Activists." -[^59]: UK Home Office, *Sudan Opposition to the Government, Including - Sur Place Activity: (November 2018).* +[^59]: UK Home Office, "Sudan Opposition to the Government." [^60]: For more information about the structure and evolution of the Sudanese professionals Association see: https://www.arab-reform.net/publication/sudanese-professionals-association-structure-evolutioroles-and-coalitions-changes-and-future-prospects/ -[^61]: Bior, *Sudan\'s Social Media Deemed Major Player in Bashir\'s - Ouster*. +[^61]: Bior, "Sudan\'s Social Media Deemed Major Player in Bashir\'s + Ouster." -[^62]: Hassab, *Sudan Uprising: On an Artistic Note*. +[^62]: Hassab, "Sudan Uprising: On an Artistic Note." [^63]: https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-48956133 -[^64]: Robathan and Pearce, *The Satir Sisters: Two Artists Inspiring - Change Through Illustration*. +[^64]: Robathan and Pearce, "The Satir Sisters." -[^65]: Elhassan, *Inside Sudan\'s Viral Revolution: What You Need to - Know*. +[^65]: Elhassan, "Inside Sudan\'s Viral Revolution." -[^66]: Gaafar and Shakwat, *Sudanese Women at the Heart of the Revolution: - African Feminism (AF)*. +[^66]: Gaafar and Shakwat, "Sudanese Women at the Heart of the Revolution." [^67]: https://www.worldpressphoto.org/collection/photo/2020/39605/1/Yasuyoshi-Chiba -[^68]: Fuhrmann, *#sudanrevolts: Contesting Power & Violence Through - Art*. +[^68]: Fuhrmann, "#sudanrevolts." [^69]: https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/public-anger-in-sudan-capital-as-children-crushed-by-niss-driver -[^70]: Fuhrmann, *#sudanrevolts.* +[^70]: Fuhrmann, "#sudanrevolts." -[^71]: Hassab, *Sudan Uprising.* +[^71]: Hassab, "Sudan Uprising." -[^72]: Casciarri and Manfredi, *Freedom, Peace and Justice - a Glossary of - the Third Sudanese Revolution, p.18.* +[^72]: Casciarri and Manfredi, "Freedom, Peace and Justice," p.18. -[^73]: Diab, *Everything You Need to Know About the Sudan Revolution*. +[^73]: Diab, "Everything You Need to Know About the Sudan Revolution." -[^74]: Editors, *Cartooning for Peace*. +[^74]: Editors, "Cartooning for Peace." -[^75]: Akwei, *Sudan's Protests Through Cartoons, the Daring Work of - Boushra Cartoonist.* +[^75]: Akwei, "Sudan's Protests Through Cartoons." -[^76]: Fuhrmann, *#sudanrevolts.* +[^76]: Fuhrmann, "#sudanrevolts." [^77]: https://twitter.com/Merg_Salih/status/1401508418708545540 -[^78]: Casciarri and Manfredi, *Freedom, pp. 15-17*. +[^78]: Casciarri and Manfredi, "Freedom, Peace and Justice," pp. 15-17*. -[^79]: Deshayes, Etienne and Medani, *Reflection.* +[^79]: Deshayes, Etienne, and Medani, "Reflection." -[^80]: Hashim, *In pictures: The art fuelling Sudan\'s revolution*. +[^80]: Hashim, "In pictures: The art fuelling Sudan\'s revolution." -[^81]: Fuhrmann, *#sudanrevolts*. +[^81]: Fuhrmann, "#sudanrevolts." -[^82]: Roychoudhury, *The Art of Resistance: When Imagination Meets - Technology at Protests from India to Chile*. +[^82]: Roychoudhury, "The Art of Resistance." -[^83]: Lamensch, *Sudan\'s Artists of the Revolution: An Interview with - Assil Diab*. +[^83]: Lamensch, "Sudan\'s Artists of the Revolution: An Interview with + Assil Diab." [^84]: For more information see: Reeves, "On the Brutal Murder of Ahmed al-Khair of Kashm al-Qirba." Authors note: Some readers may find the description of events distressing. -[^85]: Carmichael and Pinnell, *How fake news from Sudan's regime - backfired.* +[^85]: Carmichael and Pinnell, "How fake news from Sudan's regime + backfired." -[^86]: Murray, *How Art Helped Propel Sudan's Revolution*. +[^86]: Murray, "How Art Helped Propel Sudan's Revolution." -[^87]: Roychoudhury, *The Art of Resistance.* +[^87]: Roychoudhury, "The Art of Resistance." -[^88]: Capron, *In Sudan, Empty Tear Gas Canisters from Protests Turned - into Art*. +[^88]: Capron, "In Sudan, Empty Tear Gas Canisters from Protests Turned + into Art." [^89]: The art of the Sudanese revolution was exhibited at the University of London and Khartoum [^90]: http://sudanrevolutionart.org -[^91]: Kordofani, *"Kejer\'s Prison - Short Film* ‏سجن الكجر - فلم قصير‎," - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Enyax1Dzj_g. +[^91]: Kordofani, "Kejer\'s Prison." -[^92]: Kamabressi, *To save its economy, Sudan needs civilian rule.* +[^92]: Kamabressi, "To save its economy, Sudan needs civilian rule."