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@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
title: "A Short Note on Queen Gaua: A New Last Known Ruler of Dotawo (r. around title: "A Short Note on Queen Gaua: A New Last Known Ruler of Dotawo (r. around
1520-6)?" 1520-6)?"
authors: ["adamsimmons.md"] authors: ["adamsimmons.md"]
abstract: abstract: This article
keywords: [] keywords: ["Gaua", "Portuguese" ,"Ethiopia"]
--- ---
The Nubian Christian kingdom of Dotawo, which was the product of the The Nubian Christian kingdom of Dotawo, which was the product of the
@ -151,10 +151,11 @@ describing her as a Candace (*kandake*: "queen" or "queen-mother") of
Meroë before leading on to a passage about Gaua inserted within the Meroë before leading on to a passage about Gaua inserted within the
broader narrative. The section concerning Gaua relates: broader narrative. The section concerning Gaua relates:
> \[INSERT IMAGE\] ![João de Barros. *Terceira Década da Ásia*. Lisbon: Impressa per João Barreira, 1563, fo. 88, Mi,v.](../static/images/simmons.jpg "João de Barros. *Terceira Década da Ásia*. Lisbon: Impressa per João Barreira, 1563, fo. 88, Mi,v.")
>
> João de Barros. *Terceira Década da Ásia*. Lisbon: Impressa per João **~~João de Barros. *Terceira Década da Ásia*. Lisbon: Impressa per João Barreira, 1563, fo. 88, Mi,v.~~**
> Barreira, 1563, fo. 88, Mi,v.
> >
> E ainda que nam seja com nome de Candaçe, sabemos que quásy naquelles > E ainda que nam seja com nome de Candaçe, sabemos que quásy naquelles
> confiis que dissemos oje rey na huma molhęr, & nam de pequeno estádo: > confiis que dissemos oje rey na huma molhęr, & nam de pequeno estádo:
@ -299,7 +300,7 @@ Bibliography
Sources Sources
ÁLVARES, Francisco. *Verdadeira informaçam das terras do Preste Joãm*. Álvares, Francisco. *Verdadeira informaçam das terras do Preste Joãm*.
Lisbon: Impressa per Luis Rodrigues, 1540. Lisbon: Impressa per Luis Rodrigues, 1540.
---------. "Viaggio fatto nella Ethiopia per don Francesco Alvarez ---------. "Viaggio fatto nella Ethiopia per don Francesco Alvarez
@ -311,7 +312,7 @@ auttori, et le navigationi, et i viaggi piu particolarmente si mostrano
nel foglio seguente*, edited by Giovanni Batista Ramusio. Venice: nel foglio seguente*, edited by Giovanni Batista Ramusio. Venice:
Appresso gli Heredi di Lucantonio Giunti, 1550. Appresso gli Heredi di Lucantonio Giunti, 1550.
DE BARROS, João. *Ásia de Joam de Barros, dos fectos que os Portugueses De Barros, João. *Ásia de Joam de Barros, dos fectos que os Portugueses
fizeram no descobrimento et conquista dos mares et terras do Oriente*. fizeram no descobrimento et conquista dos mares et terras do Oriente*.
Lisbon: Impressa per Germão Galharde, 1552. Lisbon: Impressa per Germão Galharde, 1552.
@ -324,90 +325,90 @@ Galharde, 1553.
---------. *Terceira* *Década da Ásia* (Lisbon: Impressa per João ---------. *Terceira* *Década da Ásia* (Lisbon: Impressa per João
Barreira, 1563. Barreira, 1563.
FAḌL ḤASAN, Yūsuf, *Kitāb al-tạbaqāt fī khusụ̄s ̣al-awliyāʼ wa-al-sạ̄lihị̄n Faḍl Ḥasan, Yūsuf, *Kitāb al-tạbaqāt fī khusụ̄s ̣al-awliyāʼ wa-al-sạ̄lihị̄n
wa-al-ʻulamāʼ wa-al-shuʻarāʼ fī al-Sūdān*. Khartoum: University of wa-al-ʻulamāʼ wa-al-shuʻarāʼ fī al-Sūdān*. Khartoum: University of
Khartoum Press, 1974). Khartoum Press, 1974).
STRABO. *Geography*, edited and translated by Horace L. Jones, 8 vols. Strabo. *Geography*, edited and translated by Horace L. Jones, 8 vols.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1917-1932. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1917-1932.
Studies Studies
BOXER, Charles R. *João de Barros: Portuguese Humanist and Historian of Boxer, Charles R. *João de Barros: Portuguese Humanist and Historian of
Asia*. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, 1981. Asia*. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, 1981.
CECCARELLI-MOROLLI, Danilo. "Un interessante brano di un manoscritto Ceccarelli-Morolli, Danilo. "Un interessante brano di un manoscritto
etiopico del XVI sec. concernente la Nubia." In *Actes de la VIIIe etiopico del XVI sec. concernente la Nubia." In *Actes de la VIIIe
Conférence internationale des études nubiennes: Lille, 11-17 septembre Conférence internationale des études nubiennes: Lille, 11-17 septembre
1994*, 3 vols. Villeneuve-d'Ascq: Université Charles de Gaulle--Lille 1994*, 3 vols. Villeneuve-d'Ascq: Université Charles de Gaulle--Lille
III, 1995-1998: pp. III:67-72. III, 1995-1998: vol. III, pp. 67-72.
COELHO, Antonio B. *João de Barros: Vida e obra*. Lisbon: Grupo de Coelho, Antonio B. *João de Barros: Vida e obra*. Lisbon: Grupo de
Trabalho do Ministério da Educação para as Comemorações dos Trabalho do Ministério da Educação para as Comemorações dos
Descobrimentos Portueses, 1997. Descobrimentos Portueses, 1997.
ELZEIN, Intisar. "Ottoman Archaeology of the Middle Nile Valley in the Elzein, Intisar. "Ottoman Archaeology of the Middle Nile Valley in the
Sudan', in *The Frontiers of the Ottoman World*, edited by Andrew C. S. Sudan', in *The Frontiers of the Ottoman World*, edited by Andrew C. S.
Peacock. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009: pp. 371-383. Peacock, pp. 371-383. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
GRIFFITH, Francis L. *The Nubian Texts of the Christian Period*. Berlin: Van Gerven Oei, Vincent. *A Reference Grammar of Old Nubian*. Leuven:
Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1913.
ŁAJTAR, Adam. *A Late Christian Pilgrimage Centre in Nubia: The Evidence
of Wall Inscriptions in the Upper Church at Banganarti*. Leuven:
Peeters, 2020.
ŁAJTAR, Adam and Giovanni RUFFINI. "Qasr Ibrim's Last Land Sale, AD 1463
(EA 90225)." In *Nubian Voices: Studies in Nubian Christian
Civilization*, edited by Adam Łajtar and Jacques van der Vliet. Warsaw:
University of Warsaw/Raphael Taubenschlag Foundation, 2011: pp. 121-131.
LEVI, Caroline A. *Yodit*. Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Oriental
and African Studies, 1992.
OBŁUSKI, Artur and Dorota DZIERZBICKA, *Old Dongola: Development,
Heritage, Archaeology: Fieldwork in 2018-2019, vol. 1: Excavations*.
Leuven: Peeters, 2021.
RUFFINI, Giovanni. "Newer Light on the Kingdom of Dotawo." In *Qasr
Ibrim, Between Egypt and Africa: Studies in Cultural Exchange (Nino
Symposium, Leiden, 11-12 December 2009)*, edited by Jacques van der
Vliet and Joost Hagen. Leuven: Peeters, 2013: pp. 179-191.
SIMMONS, Adam. *Nubia, Ethiopia, and the Crusading World, 1095-1402*.
Abingdon: Routledge, 2022.
SMALL, Margaret. *Framing the World: Classical Influences on
Sixteenth-Century Geographical Thought*. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer,
2020.
VAN GERVEN OEI, Vincent. *A Reference Grammar of Old Nubian*. Leuven:
Peeters, 2021. Peeters, 2021.
VAN GERVEN OEI, Vincent and Alexandros TSAKOS. "Apostolic Memoirs in Old Van Gerven Oei, Vincent and Alexandros Tsakos. "Apostolic Memoirs in Old
Nubian." In *Parabiblica Coptica,* edited by Ivan Miroshnikov. Tübingen: Nubian." In *Parabiblica Coptica,* edited by Ivan Miroshnikov. Tübingen:
Mohr Siebeck, forthcoming. Mohr Siebeck, forthcoming.
WERNER, Roland. *Das Christentum in Nubien: Geschichte und Gestalt einer Griffith, Francis L. *The Nubian Texts of the Christian Period*. Berlin:
Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1913.
Łajtar, Adam. *A Late Christian Pilgrimage Centre in Nubia: The Evidence
of Wall Inscriptions in the Upper Church at Banganarti*. Leuven:
Peeters, 2020.
Łajtar, Adam and Giovanni Ruffini. "Qasr Ibrim's Last Land Sale, AD 1463
(EA 90225)." In *Nubian Voices: Studies in Nubian Christian
Civilization*, edited by Adam Łajtar and Jacques van der Vliet, pp. 121-131. Warsaw:
University of Warsaw/Raphael Taubenschlag Foundation, 2011.
Levi, Caroline A. *Yodit*. Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Oriental
and African Studies, 1992.
Obłuski, Artur and Dorota Dzierzbicka, *Old Dongola: Development,
Heritage, Archaeology: Fieldwork in 2018-2019, vol. 1: Excavations*.
Leuven: Peeters, 2021.
Ruffini, Giovanni. "Newer Light on the Kingdom of Dotawo." In *Qasr
Ibrim, Between Egypt and Africa: Studies in Cultural Exchange (Nino
Symposium, Leiden, 11-12 December 2009)*, edited by Jacques van der
Vliet and Joost Hagen, pp. 179-191. Leuven: Peeters, 2013.
Simmons, Adam. *Nubia, Ethiopia, and the Crusading World, 1095-1402*.
Abingdon: Routledge, 2022.
Small, Margaret. *Framing the World: Classical Influences on
Sixteenth-Century Geographical Thought*. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer,
2020.
Werner, Roland. *Das Christentum in Nubien: Geschichte und Gestalt einer
afrikanischen Kirche*. Münster: LIT Verlag, 2013. afrikanischen Kirche*. Münster: LIT Verlag, 2013.
[^1]: The circumstances of this unification are still unknown, though it [^1]: The circumstances of this unification are still unknown, though it
would appear to be the result of a political union of both kingdoms would appear to be the result of a political union of both kingdoms
via marriage, as there is no currently known evidence reflecting via marriage, as there is no currently known evidence reflecting
upheaval or a Makuritan conquest of Alwa. For a brief summary with upheaval or a Makuritan conquest of Alwa. For a brief summary with
references, see: VAN GERVEN OEI, *Reference Grammar*, p. 1n2. On references, see: Van Gerven Oei, *Reference Grammar*, p. 1n2. On
Dotawo in the sources, see: RUFFINI, "Newer Light on the Kingdom of Dotawo in the sources, see: Ruffini, "Newer Light on the Kingdom of
Dotawo." Dotawo."
[^2]: He is the second Joel known in the corpus but there may have been [^2]: He is the second Joel known in the corpus but there may have been
others not yet known. The earlier Joel is recorded as ruling in 1322 others not yet known. The earlier Joel is recorded as ruling in 1322
in an as-yet-published new interpretation of an inscription by Adam in an as-yet-published new interpretation of an inscription by Adam
Łajtar: ŁAJTAR, *A Late Christian Pilgrimage Centre in Nubia*, p. Łajtar: Łajtar, *A Late Christian Pilgrimage Centre in Nubia*, p.
388. On Joel \[II\], see: ŁAJTAR & RUFFINI, "Qasr Ibrim's Last Land 388. On Joel \[II\], see: Łajtar & Ruffini, "Qasr Ibrim's Last Land
Sale." The 1483 document found at Gebel Adda is known and currently Sale." The 1483 document found at Gebel Adda is known and currently
housed at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo but remains unpublished. housed at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo but remains unpublished.
[^3]: FAḌL ḤASAN, *Kitāb al-tạbaqāt*, pp. 183, 275. [^3]: Faḍl Ḥasan, *Kitāb al-tạbaqāt*, pp. 183, 275.
[^4]: There are currently no other known female rulers of Dotawo or of [^4]: There are currently no other known female rulers of Dotawo or of
the earlier kingdoms of Makuria, Alwa, or Nobadia to know for sure the earlier kingdoms of Makuria, Alwa, or Nobadia to know for sure
@ -415,16 +416,16 @@ afrikanischen Kirche*. Münster: LIT Verlag, 2013.
"queen" is employed here for familiarity and in keeping with the "queen" is employed here for familiarity and in keeping with the
Portuguese text. Portuguese text.
[^5]: For example: WERNER, *Das Christentum in Nubien*, pp. 149-50. [^5]: For example: Werner, *Das Christentum in Nubien*, pp. 149-50.
[^6]: ÁLVARES, *Verdadeira informaçam*, p. 168. [^6]: Álvares, *Verdadeira informaçam*, p. 168.
[^7]: ÁLVARES, "Viaggio fatto nella Ethiopia per don Francesco Alvarez [^7]: Álvares, "Viaggio fatto nella Ethiopia per don Francesco Alvarez
Portoghese", p. 269a. Portoghese", p. 269a.
[^8]: ÁLVARES, *Verdadeira informaçam*, p. 30. [^8]: Álvares, *Verdadeira informaçam*, p. 30.
[^9]: On his life and works, see: BOXER, *João de Barros*; COELHO, *João [^9]: On his life and works, see: Boxer, *João de Barros*; Coelho, *João
de Barros*. de Barros*.
[^10]: *Ásia de Joam de Barros,* *Segunda* *Década da Ásia*, and [^10]: *Ásia de Joam de Barros,* *Segunda* *Década da Ásia*, and
@ -435,22 +436,22 @@ afrikanischen Kirche*. Münster: LIT Verlag, 2013.
[^11]: It is unclear here whether this is a contemporary description or, [^11]: It is unclear here whether this is a contemporary description or,
given it follows a passage about Queen Candaces, was imitating given it follows a passage about Queen Candaces, was imitating
Strabo's description of his Queen Candace as being a "masculine Strabo's description of his Queen Candace as being a "masculine
woman" (ἀνδρική τις γυνὴ: STRABO, *Geography*, 17.1.54). Barros woman" (ἀνδρική τις γυνὴ: Strabo, *Geography*, 17.1.54). Barros
certainly knew the text of Strabo and makes reference to it certainly knew the text of Strabo and makes reference to it
elsewhere; see: SMALL, *Framing the World*, p. 68. elsewhere; see: SMALL, *Framing the World*, p. 68.
[^12]: DE BARROS, *Terceira Década da Ásia*, fo. 88ff. [^12]: De Barros, *Terceira Década da Ásia*, fo. 88ff.
[^13]: On Bishop Tivoli, see: SIMMONS, *Nubia, Ethiopia, and the [^13]: On Bishop Tivoli, see: Simmons, *Nubia, Ethiopia, and the
Crusading World,* p. 132. Crusading World,* p. 132.
[^14]: CECCARELLI-MOROLLI, "Un interessante brano." [^14]: Ceccarelli-Morolli, "Un interessante brano."
[^15]: GRIFFITH, *Nubian Texts of the Christian Period*, p. 47. On this [^15]: Griffith, *Nubian Texts of the Christian Period*, p. 47. On this
text, see: VAN GERVEN OEI & TSAKOS, "Apostolic Memoirs in Old text, see: Van Gerven Oei & Tsakos, "Apostolic Memoirs in Old
Nubian." Nubian."
[^16]: LEVI, *Yodit*, pp. 104-6. [^16]: Levi, *Yodit*, pp. 104-6.
[^17]: There are numerous examples of women who held the title of [^17]: There are numerous examples of women who held the title of
*ngonnen*, or "queen-mother", in the surviving corpus and these *ngonnen*, or "queen-mother", in the surviving corpus and these
@ -461,8 +462,8 @@ afrikanischen Kirche*. Münster: LIT Verlag, 2013.
directly would, however, suggest that she wielded great power in any directly would, however, suggest that she wielded great power in any
case. case.
[^18]: ELZEIN, "Ottoman Archaeology"; FAḌL ḤASAN, *Kitāb al-tạbaqāt*, p. [^18]: Elzein, "Ottoman Archaeology"; Faḍl Ḥasan, *Kitāb al-tạbaqāt*, p.
61. 61.
[^19]: For example, see the results in: OBŁUSKI & DZIERZBICKA, *Old [^19]: For example, see the results in: Obłuski & Dzierzbicka, *Old
Dongola 2018-2019 vol. 1.* Dongola 2018-2019 vol. 1.*