diff --git a/content/article/adamsimmons.md b/content/article/adamsimmons.md index 708333e..7d2e8da 100644 --- a/content/article/adamsimmons.md +++ b/content/article/adamsimmons.md @@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ title: "A Short Note on Queen Gaua: A New Last Known Ruler of Dotawo (r. around 1520-6)?" authors: ["adamsimmons.md"] -abstract: -keywords: [] +abstract: This article +keywords: ["Gaua", "Portuguese" ,"Ethiopia"] --- The Nubian Christian kingdom of Dotawo, which was the product of the @@ -151,10 +151,11 @@ describing her as a Candace (*kandake*: "queen" or "queen-mother") of Meroë before leading on to a passage about Gaua inserted within the broader narrative. The section concerning Gaua relates: -> \[INSERT IMAGE\] -> -> João de Barros. *Terceira Década da Ásia*. Lisbon: Impressa per João -> Barreira, 1563, fo. 88, Mi,v. +![João de Barros. *Terceira Década da Ásia*. Lisbon: Impressa per João Barreira, 1563, fo. 88, Mi,v.](../static/images/simmons.jpg "João de Barros. *Terceira Década da Ásia*. Lisbon: Impressa per João Barreira, 1563, fo. 88, Mi,v.") + +**~~João de Barros. *Terceira Década da Ásia*. Lisbon: Impressa per João Barreira, 1563, fo. 88, Mi,v.~~** + + > > E ainda que nam seja com nome de Candaçe, sabemos que quásy naquelles > confiis que dissemos oje rey na huma molhęr, & nam de pequeno estádo: @@ -299,7 +300,7 @@ Bibliography Sources -ÁLVARES, Francisco. *Verdadeira informaçam das terras do Preste Joãm*. +Álvares, Francisco. *Verdadeira informaçam das terras do Preste Joãm*. Lisbon: Impressa per Luis Rodrigues, 1540. ---------. "Viaggio fatto nella Ethiopia per don Francesco Alvarez @@ -311,7 +312,7 @@ auttori, et le navigationi, et i viaggi piu particolarmente si mostrano nel foglio seguente*, edited by Giovanni Batista Ramusio. Venice: Appresso gli Heredi di Lucantonio Giunti, 1550. -DE BARROS, João. *Ásia de Joam de Barros, dos fectos que os Portugueses +De Barros, João. *Ásia de Joam de Barros, dos fectos que os Portugueses fizeram no descobrimento et conquista dos mares et terras do Oriente*. Lisbon: Impressa per Germão Galharde, 1552. @@ -324,90 +325,90 @@ Galharde, 1553. ---------. *Terceira* *Década da Ásia* (Lisbon: Impressa per João Barreira, 1563. -FAḌL ḤASAN, Yūsuf, *Kitāb al-tạbaqāt fī khusụ̄s ̣al-awliyāʼ wa-al-sạ̄lihị̄n +Faḍl Ḥasan, Yūsuf, *Kitāb al-tạbaqāt fī khusụ̄s ̣al-awliyāʼ wa-al-sạ̄lihị̄n wa-al-ʻulamāʼ wa-al-shuʻarāʼ fī al-Sūdān*. Khartoum: University of Khartoum Press, 1974). -STRABO. *Geography*, edited and translated by Horace L. Jones, 8 vols. +Strabo. *Geography*, edited and translated by Horace L. Jones, 8 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1917-1932. Studies -BOXER, Charles R. *João de Barros: Portuguese Humanist and Historian of +Boxer, Charles R. *João de Barros: Portuguese Humanist and Historian of Asia*. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, 1981. -CECCARELLI-MOROLLI, Danilo. "Un interessante brano di un manoscritto +Ceccarelli-Morolli, Danilo. "Un interessante brano di un manoscritto etiopico del XVI sec. concernente la Nubia." In *Actes de la VIIIe Conférence internationale des études nubiennes: Lille, 11-17 septembre 1994*, 3 vols. Villeneuve-d'Ascq: Université Charles de Gaulle--Lille -III, 1995-1998: pp. III:67-72. +III, 1995-1998: vol. III, pp. 67-72. -COELHO, Antonio B. *João de Barros: Vida e obra*. Lisbon: Grupo de +Coelho, Antonio B. *João de Barros: Vida e obra*. Lisbon: Grupo de Trabalho do Ministério da Educação para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portueses, 1997. -ELZEIN, Intisar. "Ottoman Archaeology of the Middle Nile Valley in the +Elzein, Intisar. "Ottoman Archaeology of the Middle Nile Valley in the Sudan', in *The Frontiers of the Ottoman World*, edited by Andrew C. S. -Peacock. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009: pp. 371-383. +Peacock, pp. 371-383. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. -GRIFFITH, Francis L. *The Nubian Texts of the Christian Period*. Berlin: -Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1913. - -ŁAJTAR, Adam. *A Late Christian Pilgrimage Centre in Nubia: The Evidence -of Wall Inscriptions in the Upper Church at Banganarti*. Leuven: -Peeters, 2020. - -ŁAJTAR, Adam and Giovanni RUFFINI. "Qasr Ibrim's Last Land Sale, AD 1463 -(EA 90225)." In *Nubian Voices: Studies in Nubian Christian -Civilization*, edited by Adam Łajtar and Jacques van der Vliet. Warsaw: -University of Warsaw/Raphael Taubenschlag Foundation, 2011: pp. 121-131. - -LEVI, Caroline A. *Yodit*. Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Oriental -and African Studies, 1992. - -OBŁUSKI, Artur and Dorota DZIERZBICKA, *Old Dongola: Development, -Heritage, Archaeology: Fieldwork in 2018-2019, vol. 1: Excavations*. -Leuven: Peeters, 2021. - -RUFFINI, Giovanni. "Newer Light on the Kingdom of Dotawo." In *Qasr -Ibrim, Between Egypt and Africa: Studies in Cultural Exchange (Nino -Symposium, Leiden, 11-12 December 2009)*, edited by Jacques van der -Vliet and Joost Hagen. Leuven: Peeters, 2013: pp. 179-191. - -SIMMONS, Adam. *Nubia, Ethiopia, and the Crusading World, 1095-1402*. -Abingdon: Routledge, 2022. - -SMALL, Margaret. *Framing the World: Classical Influences on -Sixteenth-Century Geographical Thought*. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, -2020. - -VAN GERVEN OEI, Vincent. *A Reference Grammar of Old Nubian*. Leuven: +Van Gerven Oei, Vincent. *A Reference Grammar of Old Nubian*. Leuven: Peeters, 2021. -VAN GERVEN OEI, Vincent and Alexandros TSAKOS. "Apostolic Memoirs in Old +Van Gerven Oei, Vincent and Alexandros Tsakos. "Apostolic Memoirs in Old Nubian." In *Parabiblica Coptica,* edited by Ivan Miroshnikov. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, forthcoming. -WERNER, Roland. *Das Christentum in Nubien: Geschichte und Gestalt einer +Griffith, Francis L. *The Nubian Texts of the Christian Period*. Berlin: +Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1913. + +Łajtar, Adam. *A Late Christian Pilgrimage Centre in Nubia: The Evidence +of Wall Inscriptions in the Upper Church at Banganarti*. Leuven: +Peeters, 2020. + +Łajtar, Adam and Giovanni Ruffini. "Qasr Ibrim's Last Land Sale, AD 1463 +(EA 90225)." In *Nubian Voices: Studies in Nubian Christian +Civilization*, edited by Adam Łajtar and Jacques van der Vliet, pp. 121-131. Warsaw: +University of Warsaw/Raphael Taubenschlag Foundation, 2011. + +Levi, Caroline A. *Yodit*. Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Oriental +and African Studies, 1992. + +Obłuski, Artur and Dorota Dzierzbicka, *Old Dongola: Development, +Heritage, Archaeology: Fieldwork in 2018-2019, vol. 1: Excavations*. +Leuven: Peeters, 2021. + +Ruffini, Giovanni. "Newer Light on the Kingdom of Dotawo." In *Qasr +Ibrim, Between Egypt and Africa: Studies in Cultural Exchange (Nino +Symposium, Leiden, 11-12 December 2009)*, edited by Jacques van der +Vliet and Joost Hagen, pp. 179-191. Leuven: Peeters, 2013. + +Simmons, Adam. *Nubia, Ethiopia, and the Crusading World, 1095-1402*. +Abingdon: Routledge, 2022. + +Small, Margaret. *Framing the World: Classical Influences on +Sixteenth-Century Geographical Thought*. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, +2020. + +Werner, Roland. *Das Christentum in Nubien: Geschichte und Gestalt einer afrikanischen Kirche*. Münster: LIT Verlag, 2013. [^1]: The circumstances of this unification are still unknown, though it would appear to be the result of a political union of both kingdoms via marriage, as there is no currently known evidence reflecting upheaval or a Makuritan conquest of Alwa. For a brief summary with - references, see: VAN GERVEN OEI, *Reference Grammar*, p. 1n2. On - Dotawo in the sources, see: RUFFINI, "Newer Light on the Kingdom of + references, see: Van Gerven Oei, *Reference Grammar*, p. 1n2. On + Dotawo in the sources, see: Ruffini, "Newer Light on the Kingdom of Dotawo." [^2]: He is the second Joel known in the corpus but there may have been others not yet known. The earlier Joel is recorded as ruling in 1322 in an as-yet-published new interpretation of an inscription by Adam - Łajtar: ŁAJTAR, *A Late Christian Pilgrimage Centre in Nubia*, p. - 388. On Joel \[II\], see: ŁAJTAR & RUFFINI, "Qasr Ibrim's Last Land + Łajtar: Łajtar, *A Late Christian Pilgrimage Centre in Nubia*, p. + 388. On Joel \[II\], see: Łajtar & Ruffini, "Qasr Ibrim's Last Land Sale." The 1483 document found at Gebel Adda is known and currently housed at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo but remains unpublished. -[^3]: FAḌL ḤASAN, *Kitāb al-tạbaqāt*, pp. 183, 275. +[^3]: Faḍl Ḥasan, *Kitāb al-tạbaqāt*, pp. 183, 275. [^4]: There are currently no other known female rulers of Dotawo or of the earlier kingdoms of Makuria, Alwa, or Nobadia to know for sure @@ -415,16 +416,16 @@ afrikanischen Kirche*. Münster: LIT Verlag, 2013. "queen" is employed here for familiarity and in keeping with the Portuguese text. -[^5]: For example: WERNER, *Das Christentum in Nubien*, pp. 149-50. +[^5]: For example: Werner, *Das Christentum in Nubien*, pp. 149-50. -[^6]: ÁLVARES, *Verdadeira informaçam*, p. 168. +[^6]: Álvares, *Verdadeira informaçam*, p. 168. -[^7]: ÁLVARES, "Viaggio fatto nella Ethiopia per don Francesco Alvarez +[^7]: Álvares, "Viaggio fatto nella Ethiopia per don Francesco Alvarez Portoghese", p. 269a. -[^8]: ÁLVARES, *Verdadeira informaçam*, p. 30. +[^8]: Álvares, *Verdadeira informaçam*, p. 30. -[^9]: On his life and works, see: BOXER, *João de Barros*; COELHO, *João +[^9]: On his life and works, see: Boxer, *João de Barros*; Coelho, *João de Barros*. [^10]: *Ásia de Joam de Barros,* *Segunda* *Década da Ásia*, and @@ -435,22 +436,22 @@ afrikanischen Kirche*. Münster: LIT Verlag, 2013. [^11]: It is unclear here whether this is a contemporary description or, given it follows a passage about Queen Candaces, was imitating Strabo's description of his Queen Candace as being a "masculine - woman" (ἀνδρική τις γυνὴ: STRABO, *Geography*, 17.1.54). Barros + woman" (ἀνδρική τις γυνὴ: Strabo, *Geography*, 17.1.54). Barros certainly knew the text of Strabo and makes reference to it elsewhere; see: SMALL, *Framing the World*, p. 68. -[^12]: DE BARROS, *Terceira Década da Ásia*, fo. 88ff. +[^12]: De Barros, *Terceira Década da Ásia*, fo. 88ff. -[^13]: On Bishop Tivoli, see: SIMMONS, *Nubia, Ethiopia, and the +[^13]: On Bishop Tivoli, see: Simmons, *Nubia, Ethiopia, and the Crusading World,* p. 132. -[^14]: CECCARELLI-MOROLLI, "Un interessante brano." +[^14]: Ceccarelli-Morolli, "Un interessante brano." -[^15]: GRIFFITH, *Nubian Texts of the Christian Period*, p. 47. On this - text, see: VAN GERVEN OEI & TSAKOS, "Apostolic Memoirs in Old +[^15]: Griffith, *Nubian Texts of the Christian Period*, p. 47. On this + text, see: Van Gerven Oei & Tsakos, "Apostolic Memoirs in Old Nubian." -[^16]: LEVI, *Yodit*, pp. 104-6. +[^16]: Levi, *Yodit*, pp. 104-6. [^17]: There are numerous examples of women who held the title of *ngonnen*, or "queen-mother", in the surviving corpus and these @@ -461,8 +462,8 @@ afrikanischen Kirche*. Münster: LIT Verlag, 2013. directly would, however, suggest that she wielded great power in any case. -[^18]: ELZEIN, "Ottoman Archaeology"; FAḌL ḤASAN, *Kitāb al-tạbaqāt*, p. +[^18]: Elzein, "Ottoman Archaeology"; Faḍl Ḥasan, *Kitāb al-tạbaqāt*, p. 61. -[^19]: For example, see the results in: OBŁUSKI & DZIERZBICKA, *Old +[^19]: For example, see the results in: Obłuski & Dzierzbicka, *Old Dongola 2018-2019 vol. 1.*