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@ -5,14 +5,15 @@ has_items=["donatatravascio.md", "rubinimartinelli.md", "shakecatena.md"]
# Factor 1: Scientific management # Factor 1: Scientific management
This section collects fragments on the history of managerial techniques known as 'scientific management' and the circumstances that lead to the introduction of MTM (Methods-Time Measurement) in Italy. This section collects documents, fragments and insights on the history of managerial techniques known as 'scientific management' and the circumstances that lead to the introduction of MTM (Methods-Time Measurement) in Italy.
# The story from which we start: the “American department” at Lebole
# The story from which we start: The “American department”
![](static/images/Debole_Operaie_Robot.jpg) ![](static/images/Debole_Operaie_Robot.jpg)
Lebole became famous in the 1960s for a TV slogan advertising its men’s suits that recited “Ho un debole per l’uomo in Lebole”, translatable in English, albeit losing the rhyming of the original, with “I have a soft spot for men wearing Lebole”. Lebole became famous in the 1960s for a TV slogan advertising its men’s suits that recited “Ho un debole per l’uomo in Lebole”, translatable in English, albeit losing the rhyming of the original, with “I have a soft spot for men wearing Lebole”.
Aside from its successful promotional campaigns, the Arezzo plant, opened in 1962 in a 75.000 square meters pavilion, is also famous within the history of Italian labour struggles for being amongs the first to introduce MTM (Methods-Time Measurement) methodologies imported from the US. Aside from its successful promotional campaigns, the Arezzo plant, opened in 1962 in a 75.000 square meters pavilion, is also famous within the history of Italian labour struggles for being amongs the first to introduce MTM (Methods-Time Measurement) methodologies imported from the US.
@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ The Scientific Organization of Work is a book published in 1911 by Frederick Win
The word "Taylorism" refers to Taylor's approach to managing industrial plants and it also has a pejorative meaning given that this method appropriates workers' knowledge and skills in order to use these against them. The word "Taylorism" refers to Taylor's approach to managing industrial plants and it also has a pejorative meaning given that this method appropriates workers' knowledge and skills in order to use these against them.
## The Gilbreths: productivity in the household # The Gilbreths: productivity in the household
Amongst the new breed of "scientific managers" were a couple of American engineers, Frank Bunker Gilbreth and Lillian Moller Gilbreth, who became influential efficiency experts by pioneering the Motion Study method. The Gilbreths created a research methodology based on the examination of "work movements," which included filming a worker's actions and body position while keeping track of the time. They called the units of work they measured the therbligs (an anagram of their last name), each one a mere one-thousandth of a second. Amongst the new breed of "scientific managers" were a couple of American engineers, Frank Bunker Gilbreth and Lillian Moller Gilbreth, who became influential efficiency experts by pioneering the Motion Study method. The Gilbreths created a research methodology based on the examination of "work movements," which included filming a worker's actions and body position while keeping track of the time. They called the units of work they measured the therbligs (an anagram of their last name), each one a mere one-thousandth of a second.
@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ While most of the early Taylorist enthusiasts and and time method managers were
!(Nelson, Daniel, ed. A mental revolution: Scientific management since Taylor. Ohio State University Press, 1992, p.18)[] !(Nelson, Daniel, ed. A mental revolution: Scientific management since Taylor. Ohio State University Press, 1992, p.18)[]
## Henry Ford: a total transformation of society # Henry Ford: a total transformation of society
During the late 1910s and 1920s, Henry Ford expanded on Taylor’s concepts using them for the first time in the auto industry and introducing the modern "assembly line”. It is estimated that through the Ford Motor Company, Ford earned an estimated $199 billion in capital, which would make him the ninth richest person in history. Ford incorporated some welfare measures in his management style, apparently keen to lessen the high turnover rate that required several of his departments to hire 300 men each year to fill 100 openings. Thus in 1914 Ford begun paying his workers $5 per day, more than doubling the average pay of the time. In 1926, he also instituted a new 40-hour workweek consisting of five 8-hour days. Real profit-sharing was offered to employees who had worked at the company for six months or more, and who behaved according to Ford’s liking. During the late 1910s and 1920s, Henry Ford expanded on Taylor’s concepts using them for the first time in the auto industry and introducing the modern "assembly line”. It is estimated that through the Ford Motor Company, Ford earned an estimated $199 billion in capital, which would make him the ninth richest person in history. Ford incorporated some welfare measures in his management style, apparently keen to lessen the high turnover rate that required several of his departments to hire 300 men each year to fill 100 openings. Thus in 1914 Ford begun paying his workers $5 per day, more than doubling the average pay of the time. In 1926, he also instituted a new 40-hour workweek consisting of five 8-hour days. Real profit-sharing was offered to employees who had worked at the company for six months or more, and who behaved according to Ford’s liking.
@ -90,7 +91,7 @@ Since the 1930s, manufacturing methods centered primarily on the utilization of
[Antonio Gramsci, Americanism and Fordism, from Prison Notebooks, p.303] () [Antonio Gramsci, Americanism and Fordism, from Prison Notebooks, p.303] ()
## Methods-Time Measurement (MTM) # Methods-Time Measurement (MTM)
Methods-Time Measurement (MTM) is a copyrighted technique utilized in industrial production processes study the way each manual operation or job is performed and, based on the analysis, to establish a standard time for workers to finish each task. This system takes into account four variables separately: Methods-Time Measurement (MTM) is a copyrighted technique utilized in industrial production processes study the way each manual operation or job is performed and, based on the analysis, to establish a standard time for workers to finish each task. This system takes into account four variables separately: