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Valeria Graziano 2022-09-26 12:55:40 -07:00
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content/factor/Noxiousness.md
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![](static/images/modernissimo.png)
Italy was the second country in Western capitalist Europe (after the UK, 1948) to achieve the right to a public healthcare system in 1978. To these days, the Italian national healthcare system remains an odd story of success despite many counter-reforms. As Chiara Giorgi noted,
> According to the 2017 OECD data, life expectancy at birth in Italy is 83.1 years, compared to the 80.9 years of the European Union average: but the total health expenditure per inhabitant is 2,483 euros, against 2,884 of the average EU (a 15% gap). It is a paradox worth probing that the European country with the longest life expectancy has achieved this result with reduced spending.
>
For context, it should be mentioned that in Italy in the ‘60s, the national average was of one death in the workplace per hour, and one accident per minute (by comparison, today we have 3 deaths per day and 800.000 accidents per year - source: http://salus.adapt.it/infortuni-e-morti-sul-lavoro-i-dati-dal-1951-al-1970/). So in the ‘60s, as the country is undergoing massive industrialization, the death toll for the workers was extremely heavy, the idea of a “class war” in this case really drives the point home here. And these were only numbers linked to direct deaths at work, without taking into consideration the indirect effects of environmental degradation and chronic conditions that begun to flare up at the time.
[Chiara Giorgi, Rediscovering the roots of public health services. Lessons from Italy, OpenDemocracy, 24 March 2020](https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/rediscovering-roots-public-health-services-lessons-italy/)
However, in the ‘60s, the national health conditions were dire. Italy had an average was of one death in the workplace per hour and one accident per minute (source: http://salus.adapt.it/infortuni-e-morti-sul-lavoro-i-dati-dal-1951-al-1970/. By comparison, today there are 3 deaths per day and 800.000 accidents per year). So in the ‘60s, as the country was undergoing massive industrialization, the idea of a “class war” was really a reality that workers could witness every day. And these were only numbers linked to direct deaths at work, without taking into consideration the indirect effects of environmental degradation and chronic conditions that begun to flare up at the time.
To address this scenario, political movements begun to focus on the key term *nocività* – translatable as 'noxiousness' in English. This choice of term is crucial: the struggles for health begun as the political questioning of its opposite – which these movements identified not in sickness nor in fitness, or the capacity to optimally perform work.