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content/factor/MTMItaly.md

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+title="MTM in Italy"
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+#MTM in ITaly
+
+Italy was the second country in Western capitalist Europe (after the UK, 1948) to achieve the right to a public healthcare system in 1978. To these days, the Italian national healthcare system remains an odd story of success despite many counter-reforms. As Chiara Giorgi noted,
+ 
+> According to the 2017 OECD data, life expectancy at birth in Italy is 83.1 years, compared to the 80.9 years of the European Union average: but the total health expenditure per inhabitant is 2,483 euros, against 2,884 of the average EU (a 15% gap). It is a paradox worth probing that the European country with the longest life expectancy has achieved this result with reduced spending.
+>
+ 
+ 
+[Chiara Giorgi, Rediscovering the roots of public health services. Lessons from Italy, OpenDemocracy, 24 March 2020](https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/rediscovering-roots-public-health-services-lessons-italy/)
+ 
+However, in the ‘60s, the national health conditions were dire. Italy had an average was of one death in the workplace per hour and one accident per minute (by comparison, today there are 3 deaths per day and 800.000 accidents per year). So in the ‘60s, as the country was undergoing massive industrialization, the idea of a “class war” was really a reality that workers could witness every day. And these were only numbers linked to direct deaths at work, without taking into consideration the indirect effects of environmental degradation and chronic conditions that begun to flare up at the time.
+
+In Italy, the first experiments with MTM methods are introduced by a company called BEDAUX CONSULTANTS. In the early 1970s, Luigi Firrao authored a long exposè for the newspaper *Il Manifesto*, in which he retraced the companies’ early moves: 
+
+> The reorganization of work based on the methods and systems of the MTM constitutes the only real response of the Italian patronage to the results achieved with the struggle of the working class. All the talk about plant automation and improving productivity by investing in machines that yield more without increasing the worker's effort is just smoke and theory compared to the reality of the factory as it is today.
+ 
+> The most important consultancy firm on work organisation operating in Italy today is Bedaux Consultants, which applies all the systems we have listed above in its interventions for the reorganisation of production.[...] Bedaux’s parent company, of course, is in the United States. In 1927 the Italian Bedaux was founded, whose presidency was assumed by the elder Giovanni Agnelli (the founder of FIAT) and the first work organisation interventions took place precisely at FIAT and Pirelli.
+ 
+> Since 1966, Bedaux Consultants has been headed by engineer Roberto Amadi, who trained at Alfa Romeo and Magneti Marelli. Bedaux's most recent publication lists one by one the companies in which it has intervened to rationalise exploitation systems.
+ 
+> The companies for which Bedaux has worked include: BUITONI, BARILLA, LAZZARONI, PERNIGOTTI, PERUGINA, SPERLARI, SUPERGA footwear, ITALCANTIERI (IRI) paper mills BINDA, STERZI and DONIZELLI; pottery POZZI and SBORDONI, engineering companies such as MAGNETI MARELLI, FIVRE, MAGRINI, AERFER, ALFA ROMEO, ANSALDO, BREDA, CMF, CMI, FMI, SALMOIRAGHI, S.GIORGIO PRA, LAGOMARSINO, CEMFOND, SANT'EUSTACCHIO, SPICA, SUNBEECAMICA ; steel companies including DALMINE and SCI; among textiles COTONIFICIO CANTONI, DE ANGELI FRUA, LANEROSSI, MCM
+ 
+> In addition to this, Bedaux organises a large number of courses to train timekeepers, time and method officials, etc. Bedaux is not alone. More than thirty other companies in Italy organise workers’ exploitation as external consultants, while many companies are frantically trying to hire their own specialists for the same purpose.
+ 
+
+!(Luigi Firrao, “L’organizzazione capitalistica del lavoro, parte II, Lo sfruttamento organizzato nelle fabbriche italiane e le soluzioni riformistiche”, Il Manifesto.)[]
+
+
+#THE “AMERICAN DEPARTMENT” : MTM at LEBOLE 
+
+
+
+

content/factor/factor2.md

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-title="Factor Two"
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-# About Factor Two
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-Some text here.