From face589aa74a0f7b514a8afd58bc4cb12fc4b14d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Alexandros Tsakos Date: Mon, 16 Dec 2024 17:34:22 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] hamdeen --- content/article/hamdeen.md | 122 ++++++++++++++++++------------------- content/issue/dotawo9.md | 8 +-- 2 files changed, 65 insertions(+), 65 deletions(-) diff --git a/content/article/hamdeen.md b/content/article/hamdeen.md index 806368e..9789ce4 100644 --- a/content/article/hamdeen.md +++ b/content/article/hamdeen.md @@ -26,9 +26,7 @@ Earth was used as the building material in all ancient cultures, not only for homes but for religious buildings as well.[^4] In Sudan, the study of earthen construction materials is very rare, mudbricks were considered common building materials that were used in Sudan from 2500 -BCE, during - -the Kerma period, and are still widely used as building materials in +BCE, during the Kerma period, and are still widely used as building materials in many regions of Sudan. The materials used to make these bricks include Nile mud, sand, chopped straw, and animal dung. Makers mixed these materials in varying quantities to produce bricks with different @@ -67,10 +65,10 @@ trees also play an essential role in the building of animal pens. As for the elements of the interior homescape, wood, palm and doum fronds are used as a basic element in the manufacture of home furniture, such as beds, wooden chairs, and *brooches* that are used -as rugs for sitting, in addition to the use of palm and doum palm -leaves in the manufacture of ropes, shoes, also were used as hangers +as rugs for sitting. In addition palm and doum palm +leaves were used in the manufacture of ropes, shoes, as well as hangers called locally "*mashlaib*" which are used to place food utensils in -high areas of the ground and *Tabag* which used for the covering food. +high areas of the ground and *Tabag* which are used for the covering food. In the internal homescape of Sudanese houses wood is also used to manufacture what is called "Sahara" which is used to store clothes, decorative items, and other items inside homes. In addition, human @@ -109,7 +107,7 @@ Dosha (west bank) and Wawa (east bank), in the north. Its northern boundary is most visibly marked by the cliff-face known as Jebel Dosha which overlooks the west bank of the river some five kilometers downstream of Soleb, the end of a long ridge that runs approximately -three kilometers into the desert to the west-north- west, forming a +three kilometers into the desert to the west-north-west, forming a prominent natural feature, the region extends over a distance of approximately 141 kilometers (ca. 88 miles) from Hannik to Wawa. Within this area, the landscape is highly varied, including some very @@ -121,6 +119,12 @@ three main areas (north, middle, and south) of the El Mahas region in April 2019. I chose these four sites to serve as case studies for the study of mudbrick inclusions in Christian Sudan. + +![The area of study.](../static/images/hamdeen/Fig1.jpg "The area of study.") + +**~~Figure 1. The area of study.~~** + + These four sites can be described in brief as follows: **Site (1) TMB016** (19°42.935/30°22.72)**:** This site was located @@ -156,7 +160,7 @@ is Hambujneen Kisse (Osman and Edwards 2012) (Fig.2b). a rocky hillock, with modern buildings on lower ground below the hill. It is a well-preserved medieval settlement known by local people as Tinutti. At least five substantial mudbrick structures can be -identified. It is well-preserved. Several rooms still retain their +identified. Several rooms still retain their barrel vaulting and parts of the central structure stand nearly 5 meters high. @@ -183,10 +187,6 @@ survived appears to be 'Late' and 'Terminal Christian' ceramic types. Outside this structure are traces of less substantial structures surviving as a few courses of rough stone walling (Fig.2d).[^9] -![The area of study.](../static/images/hamdeen/Fig1.jpg "The area of study.") - -**~~Figure 1. The area of study.~~** - ![The four sites discussed in the chapter: a) TMB016. b) MAS021. c) DFF008. d) DFF009 (photos by Eng. Omer).](../static/images/hamdeen/Fig2.jpg "The four sites discussed in the chapter: a) TMB016. b) MAS021. c) DFF008. d) DFF009 (photos by Eng. Omer).") **~~Figure 2. The four sites discussed in the chapter: a) TMB016. b) MAS021. c) DFF008. d) DFF009 (photos by Eng. Omer).~~** @@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ and sand. Two metal sieves with a mesh size of 0.5 and 1 millimetres were used for the wet sieving to separate the plant remains. The separated material was dried and examined under binoculars in the Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, University of Al Neelain -(Sudan), and Institute of Archaeology, University of Nicolas Copernicus, +(Sudan), and Institute of Archaeology, University of Nicolas Copernicus (Poland). To aid with identification, we used fresh seeds as a reference collection alongside determination literature. Some animal dung and insect remains were separated during the sorting processing of the plant @@ -215,23 +215,23 @@ macro-remains. ## Results of extracted plant remains from the Homescape -Seven plant species were encountered as seeds\\fruits were extracted and +Seven plant species were encountered as seeds, while fruits were extracted and identified from the mudbrick samples. The assemblage of seeds and fruits were preserved by desiccation. Table (1) shows the Latin names of the determined species and their distribution in the sites. The cereal appeared clearly and can be identified from the seeds of the *Triticum -aestivum* (Fig.3a)*, Hordeum vulgare* (Fig.3b) added to some parts of -spikelets, chaffs, and glume fragments for those two cereals. *Sorghum +aestivum* (Fig.3a)* and Hordeum vulgare* (Fig.3b). These two cereals were added to some parts of +spikelets, chaffs, and glume fragments. *Sorghum bicolor* was presented from spikelet with grain inside (Fig.4c) and -*Setaria italica* was also represented from their seeds. (Fig.3d) +*Setaria italica* was also represented from their seeds (Fig.3d). *Adansonia digitate* appeared from small fragments of the fruit pulp -shell (Fig.3e) *Acacia nilotica* was identified from the seed remains -(Fig.3f) the *Cyperus rotundus* which appeared in the materials from the +shell (Fig.3e). *Acacia nilotica* was identified from the seed remains +(Fig.3f) and the *Cyperus rotundus* appeared in the materials from the complete purple nutsedge roots (Fig.3g). Some animal remains, animal -dung (Fig. 3h) and insect remains (Fig.3i) appeared in the samples. More -analysis for identification will be done at a later date. +dung (Fig. 3h), and insect remains (Fig.3i) appeared in the samples. More +analysis for further identifications will be done at a later date. -![A table showing plant species that were identified from the Samples.](../static/images/hafsaas/Table1.jpg "A table showing plant species that were identified from the Samples.") +![A table showing plant species that were identified from the Samples.](../static/images/hamdeen/Table1.jpg "A table showing plant species that were identified from the Samples.") **~~Table 1. Plant species that were identified from the Samples.~~** @@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ others (namely rice, wheat, barley, maize).[^17] Sorghum is especially important in the semiarid tropics of Africa and South Asia, with significant production also in China, Southeast Asia, and the Americas.[^18] There is clear evidence for the use of wild sorghum in -the eastern Sahara as early 6000 BCE and by Neolithic populations in +the eastern Sahara as early as 6000 BCE and by Neolithic populations in central Sudan by the fourth millennium BCE.[^19] Evidence for the transition from wild sorghum to domesticated sorghum can be sequenced in the stratigraphy of Qasr Ibrim. It suggests that domestication may @@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ of which have medical and ethnographic value. These plants were probably collected or available for this purpose by people living in the Christian settlements in the Third Cataract region. One of these riverine wild floras is *Cyperus rotundus,* a type of grass that -appear from the complete purple nutsedge roots from site TMB016, +appeared from the complete purple nutsedge roots from site TMB016, DFF008 and DFF009. This species has been in association with humans from remote pre-history to the present. It was consumed as a food for thousands of years in prehistoric times, but is viewed as a @@ -406,8 +406,8 @@ tuber, thought to have been collected as food, were found at the later sites at Al Khiday, 25 kilometers south of Omdurman.[^30] The complex of burial sites has yielded dental calculus samples from pre-Mesolithic, Neolithic, Late Meroitic, and Mesolithic ages, -covering more than 7000 years, Cyperaceae tuber was recoded from the -Kushite site at Kawa dating back to Napatan period 750-400 BCE.[^31] +covering more than 7000 years. Cyperaceae tuber was recorded from the +Kushite site at Kawa dating back to Napatan period (750-400 BCE).[^31] Ecologically, *Cyperus rotundus* is commonly found in cultivated areas, disturbed areas, roadsides, lawns, parks, and wastelands, and @@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ period for water storage, medical needs, and shelter as well. Today Sudanese women employ *Cyperus rotundus* for cosmetic and perfumery purposes, and it may have been used during the Christian period also. -There are three flora landscape in the area of study based on our +There are three flora landscapes in the area of study based on our plant remains, cultivated flora which include the four cereals: *Triticum aestivum*, *Hordeum vulgare, Sorghum bicolor,* and *Setaria italica*. Riverine wild flora which can noted clearly form the remains @@ -574,10 +574,10 @@ International Symposium on Archaeometry*, edited by Isabella Turbanti-Memmi, Andrews, F.W. *The Flowering Plants of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (Volume II Sterculiacea-Dipsacaceae)*. Arbroath: T. Buncle & co. Ltd, 1952. -Arpin, T. and P. Goldberg. "Using Optical Microscopy to Evaluate +Arpin, T., and P. Goldberg. "Using Optical Microscopy to Evaluate Human History." *Microscopy and Analysis* 18 (2004): pp. 13--15. -Auld, B. A. and R.W. Medd. *Weeds: an illustrated botanical guide to the weeds of Australia*. Melbourne: Inkata Press, 1987. +Auld, B. A., and R.W. Medd. *Weeds: an illustrated botanical guide to the weeds of Australia*. Melbourne: Inkata Press, 1987. Auwal, M.S., Shuaibu, A., Ibrahim, A., and M. Mustapha. "Antibacterial Properties of Crude Pod Extract of *Acacia nilotica* @@ -593,16 +593,16 @@ Third International Conference on the Archaeology of the Fourth Nile Cataract, University of Cologne, 13--14 July 2006*, edited by Hans-Peter Wotzka, pp. 77--81. Africa Praehistorica 22. Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut, 2012. Beldados, A. "Millets in Eastern Sudan: an Archaeobotanical Study." -*Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa* 54:4 (2019): pp. 501-515. +*Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa* 54:4 (2019): pp. 501--15. DOI: 10.1080/0067270X.2019.1691844. Bekele-Tesemma A. *Useful Trees and Shrubs of Ethiopia: Identification, Propagation and Management for 17 Agroclimatic Zones*. Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre, 2007. -Bendixen, L.E. Nandihalli, U.B. 1987. "Worldwide Distribution of Purple +Bendixen, L.E., and U.B. Nandihalli. "Worldwide Distribution of Purple and Yellow Nutsedge (*Cyperus rotundus* and C. *esculentus*)." *Weed Technology* -1 (1987): pp. 61--65. +1 (1987): pp. 61--5. Buckley, S., Usai, D., Jakob, T., Radini, A. and K. Hardy. "Dental Calculus Reveals Unique Insights into Food Items, Cooking, and Plant @@ -620,7 +620,7 @@ Doggett, Hugh. *Sorghum*. Harlow, UK: Longman, 1970. De Caluwe, Emy. *Market Chain Analysis of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) and Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) Products in Mali and Benin*. Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of -Doctor (PhD) in Applied Biological Sciences: Agronomy, University Press, +Doctor (PhD) in Applied Biological Sciences: Agronomy. University Press, Belgium, 2011. Ebrahim, A.M., Eltayeb, M.H., Khalid, H., Mohamed, H., Abdalla, W., @@ -640,7 +640,7 @@ Fuller, D. "The Economic Basis of the Qustul Splinter State: Cash Crops, Subsistence Shifts, and Labour Demands in the Post-Meroitic Transition." In *The Kushite World: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference for Meroitic Studies, Vienna 1--4 -September 2008*, edited by Michael H. Zach, pp. 33--60 Vienna: Verein der Förderer der Sudanforschung, 2015. +September 2008*, edited by Michael H. Zach, pp. 33--60. Vienna: Verein der Förderer der Sudanforschung, 2015. Fuller, D., T. Denham, M. Arroyo-Kalin, L. Lucas, C.J. Stevens, L. Qin. R. Allaby, and M.D. Purugganan. "Convergent evolution and parallelism in plant domestication revealed by an expanding archaeological record." *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* 111/17 (2014): pp. 6147--52. doi:10.1073/pnas.1308937110. @@ -649,7 +649,7 @@ Fuller, D., and D. Edwards. "Medieval Plant Economy in Middle Nubia: Preliminary Archaeobotanical Evidence from Nauri." *Sudan & Nubia* 5 (2001): pp. 97--103. -Gebauer J. and G. Ebert. "Tropische Wildobstarten. Ein Potenzial fur +Gebauer, J., and G. Ebert. "Tropische Wildobstarten. Ein Potenzial fur die Zukunft?" *Humboldt-Spektrum* 2/3 (2002): pp. 96--100 Geus, F. "Two Seasons in Sai Island (1996-1997)." *Kush* 18 (2003): @@ -659,11 +659,11 @@ Hulse, Joseph H., Evangeline M. Laing, and Odette E. Pearson. *Sorghum and Millets: Their Composition and Nutritive Value*. London: Academic Press, 1980. -Gunasekera, T.G. and D.N.S. Fernando. "Agricultural Importance, +Gunasekera, T.G., and D.N.S. Fernando. "Agricultural Importance, Biology, Control and Utilization Cyperus rotundus." *Planter* 70 (1994): pp. 537--44. -Hamdeen, H.M. and P. Pokorny. "Plant Impressions from the Surfaces of +Hamdeen, H.M., and P. Pokorny. "Plant Impressions from the Surfaces of Christian Pottery at Banganarti." In *Banganarti Studies II*, edited by Bogdan Żurawski, pp. 199-213. Nubia VIII. Warsaw: Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures. Polish Academy of Sciences, 2022. @@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ and Barley on the Fire-Mud Basin from the Christian Site MRB-05-001 at El Mirebiet Oasis in El Ga'ab Depression, Western Dongola, Sudan." *Sudan & Nubia* 22 (2018): pp. 167--71. -Hardy, K. and L. Kubiak-Martens (eds). *Wild Harvest: Plants in +Hardy, K., and L. Kubiak-Martens (eds). *Wild Harvest: Plants in the Hominin and Pre-agrarian Worlds*. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2016. Henn, T., S. Jacomet, D. U. Nagy, and R. W. Pál. "Desiccated @@ -695,12 +695,12 @@ Sumerian Agriculture* 1 (1984): pp. 114--52. Homsher, R.S. "Mudbricks and the Process of Construction in the Middle Bronze Age Southern Levant." *Near Eastern Archaeology* 75/4 (2912): pp. 1-27. -Houben, H. and H. Guillard. *Earth Construction: A Comprehensive +Houben, H., and H. Guillard. *Earth Construction: A Comprehensive Guide*. London: Intermediate Technology Publications, 1994. Iwu, M.M. *Handbook of African Medicinal Plants*. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2014. -Kabore, D, Sawadogo-Lingani H, Diawara B, Compaore, C.S., Dicko M.H., and M. +Kabore, D., Sawadogo-Lingani H., Diawara B., Compaore, C.S., Dicko M.H., and M. Jakobsen. "A Review of Baobab (*Adansonia digitata*) Products: Effect of Processing Techniques, Medicinal Properties and Uses." *African Journal of Food Science* 5 (2011): pp. 833--44. @@ -709,7 +709,7 @@ Ahmed Fortress in Lower Wadi Howar, Northern Sudan. The Fruit and Seed Remains." *Sudan & Nubia* 17 (2013), pp. 33--41. Kamatou, G.P., Vermaak I., and A.M. Viljoen "An Updated Review of -Adansonia Digitata: a Commercially Important African Tree". *South African Journal of Botany* +Adansonia Digitata: a Commercially Important African Tree." *South African Journal of Botany* 77 (2011): pp. 908--19. Lim T.K. *Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 1, @@ -743,19 +743,19 @@ Sedimentological Composition: A Case Study from Tell El- Muqdam, Egyptian Delta." *Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt* 35 (1998): pp. 129--46. -Mueller, M.S. and E. Mechler. *Medicinal Plants in Tropical Countries. +Mueller, M.S., and E. Mechler. *Medicinal Plants in Tropical Countries. Traditional Use--Experience--Facts*. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag, 2005. -Nussinovitch A. *Plant Gum Exudates of the World: Sources, +Nussinovitch, A. *Plant Gum Exudates of the World: Sources, Distribution, Properties, and Application*. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2010. O'Rourke, M. K. "Pollen from Adobe Brick." *Journal of Ethnobiology* 3/1 (1983): pp. 39--48. -Osman, A. and D.N. Edwards. *The Archaeology of a Nubian +Osman, A., and D.N. Edwards. *The Archaeology of a Nubian Frontier: Survey on the Nile Third Cataract, Sudan*. Leicester: Mauhaus Publishing, 2011. -Osman M.A. "Chemical and Nutrient Analysis of Baobab (*Adansonia +Osman, M.A. "Chemical and Nutrient Analysis of Baobab (*Adansonia Digitata*) Fruit and Seed Protein Solubility." *Plant Foods for Human Nutrition* 59 (2004): pp. 29--33. @@ -764,13 +764,13 @@ M. Madella. "Plant Exploitation in Neolithic Sudan: A Review in the Light of New Data from the Cemeteries R12 and Ghaba." *Quaternary International* 412 (2016): pp. 36--53. -Parsons, W. T. and E.G. Cuthbertson. *Noxious Weeds of Australia*. Second Edition. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing, 2001. +Parsons, W. T., and E.G. Cuthbertson. *Noxious Weeds of Australia*. Second Edition. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing, 2001. Pock Tsy, J.-M.L., Lumaret R., Mayne D., Vall A.O.M., Abutaba Y.I.M., and M. Sangna. "Chloroplast DNA Phylogeography Suggests a West African Centre of Origin for the Baobab, *Adansonia digitata* L. (Bombacoideae, Malvaceae)". *Molecular Ecology* 18/8 (2009): pp. 1707--15. -Pokorna A. and J. Beneš. "Plant Macroremains from the Old Kingdom +Pokorna, A., and J. Beneš. "Plant Macroremains from the Old Kingdom Mudbrick Construction of the Werkaure Tomb. Results of Carpological and Xylotomical Analyses." In *Mastaba of Werkaure. Vol. I (Old Kingdom Strata)*, edited by J. Krejí, pp. 283--93. Prague: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of @@ -800,7 +800,7 @@ Ryan, Philippa. "Plant Exploitation from Household and Landscape Perspectives: T Reports from the 2000--2008 Seasons*, edited by I. Hodder, pp. 163--90. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, 2013. -Schütt, P. and H. Wolf. "Adansonia Digitata." In *Bäume der Tropen*, edited by Peter Schütt, +Schütt, P., and H. Wolf. "Adansonia Digitata." In *Bäume der Tropen*, edited by Peter Schütt, Weisgerber, H., Schuck H.J., Lang U., Stimm B., and A. Roloff, pp. 312--18. Hamburg: Nicol Verlagsgesellschaft, 2014. Sergeev A. Yu., Lebedeva E. Yu., and M.A. Lebedev. "Mudbricks from @@ -808,11 +808,11 @@ Giza and Abu Erteila: Archaeobotanical, Technological, and Historical Aspects of Study." *Vostok (=Oriens)* 5 (2019): pp. 6--29. DOI: 10.31857/S086919080006891-7. -Shinnie, P. L. and J. R. Anderson. *The Capital of Kush 2. Meroë +Shinnie, P. L., and J. R. Anderson. *The Capital of Kush 2. Meroë Excavations 1973-1984*. Meroitica 20. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2004. Singh, B.N., Singh, B.R., Singh, R.L., Prakash, D., Sarma, B.K., and H.B. Singh. "Antioxidant and Anti-Quorum Sensing Activities of Green Pod -of *Acacia Nilotica* L". *Food and Chemical Toxicology*. 47/4 (2009): pp. 778--86. +of *Acacia Nilotica* L." *Food and Chemical Toxicology*. 47/4 (2009): pp. 778--86. Snowden, Joseph D. *The Cultivated Races of Sorghum*. London: Adlard & Sons, 1936. @@ -821,13 +821,13 @@ Stemler, Ann B. L. "A Scanning Electron Microscopic Analysis of Plant Impressions in Pottery from the Sites of Kadero, El Zakiab, Um Direiwa and El Kadada." *Archéologie du Nil Moyen* 4 (1990): pp. 87--105. -Teel Wayne and Terry Hirst. *A pocket directory of trees and seeds in Kenya*. +Teel, Wayne, and Terry Hirst. *A pocket directory of trees and seeds in Kenya*. Nairobi: Kengo, 1990. Trigger, B. G.. *History and Settlement in Lower Nubia*. Yale University Publication in Anthropology 69. New Haven, CT: Yale University, 1965. -Van Beek, G. W. and O. Van Beek. *Glorious Mud! Ancient and +Van Beek, G. W., and O. Van Beek. *Glorious Mud! Ancient and Contemporary Earthen Design and Construction in North Africa, Western Europe, the Near East, and Southwest Asia*. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institute Scholarly, 2008. @@ -839,23 +839,23 @@ London: British Institute in Eastern Africa, 1991. Vantini, G. *Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia*. Warsaw and Heidelberg: Polish Academy of Sciences and Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1975. -Van Wyk B.E. *Food Plants of the World: an Illustrated Guide*. +Van Wyk, B.E. *Food Plants of the World: an Illustrated Guide*. Portland: Timber Press, 2006. -Venter F. and J.A. Venter. *Making the Most of Indigenous Trees*. +Venter, F., and J.A. Venter. *Making the Most of Indigenous Trees*. Pretoria: Briza Publications, 1996. -Wasylikowa, Krystyna and Jeff Dahlberg. "Sorghum in the Economy +Wasylikowa, Krystyna, and Jeff Dahlberg. "Sorghum in the Economy of the Early Neolithic Nomadic Tribes at Nabta Playa, Southern Egypt." -In *The exploitation of plant resources in -ancient Africa*, edited by M. van der Veen, pp. 11--32. New York: Kluwer, 1999. +In *The Exploitation of Plant Resources in +Ancient Africa*, edited by M. van der Veen, pp. 11--32. New York: Kluwer, 1999. Walsh, R.P.D. "Climate, Hydrology, and Water Resources." In *The agriculture of the Sudan*, edited by G.M. Craig, pp. 19--53. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. Wenkel, A. *Im Schatten des Baobabs*. Berlin: Jaja Verlag, 2014. -Wilcox, G. and S. Fornite. 1999. "Impressions of Wild Cereal Chaff in +Wilcox, G., and S. Fornite. 1999. "Impressions of Wild Cereal Chaff in Pise from the 10th Millennium Uncal B.P. at Jerf Ahmar and Mureybet: Northern Syria." *Vegetation History and Archaeobotany* 8 (1999): pp. 21--24. @@ -864,7 +864,7 @@ A. Beldados. "Evidence for Sorghum Domestication in Fourth Millennium BC Eastern Sudan: Spikelet Morphology from Ceramic Impressions of the Butana Group". *Current Anthropology* 58 (2017): pp. 673--83. -Zohary, D. and M. Hopf. *Domestications of Plants in the Old +Zohary, D., and M. Hopf. *Domestications of Plants in the Old World, the Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe and the Nile Valley*. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. @@ -884,7 +884,7 @@ Agricultural Information"; O' Rourke, "Pollen from Adobe Brick." [^4]: Minke *Building with Earth Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture*, pp. 11--12. -[^5]: Van Beek and Van Beek *Glorious Mud!*, p. 135. +[^5]: Van Beek and Van Beek, *Glorious Mud!*, p. 135. [^6]: Hillman, "Traditional Husbandry and Processing of Archaic Cereals in Recent Times," pp. 127--8. @@ -914,7 +914,7 @@ Middle Bronze Age Southern Levant"; Houben and Guillaud, *Earth Construction*, p [^16]: On the Napatan site HP736 in the Wadi Umm Rahau at the Fourth Nile Cataract, see Badura, "Plant Remains from the Napatan Settlement in Wadi Umm-Rahau." On the Egyptian and Napatan site in - Kawa, see Fuller, "Early Kushite Agriculture." On Gala Abu Ahmad, see Kahlheber, "Archaeobotanical Investigations at the Gala Abu + Kawa, see Fuller, "Early Kushite Agriculture." On Gala Abu Ahmed, see Kahlheber, "Archaeobotanical Investigations at the Gala Abu Ahmed Fortress in Lower Wadi Howar, Northern Sudan." On Meroe, see Shinnie and Anderson, *The Capital of Kush 2*, p. 366. diff --git a/content/issue/dotawo9.md b/content/issue/dotawo9.md index aac0772..6b64c04 100644 --- a/content/issue/dotawo9.md +++ b/content/issue/dotawo9.md @@ -384,21 +384,21 @@ than ever. **References** Ingold, Tim. \"The Temporality of the Landscape.\" *Conceptions of Time -and Ancient Society/World Archaeology* 25, no. 2 (1993): 152-74. +and Ancient Society/World Archaeology* 25, no. 2 (1993): pp. 152--74. Janmyr, Maja. \"The Nubians of Egypt: A Displaced Population.\" In *An Atlas of Contemporary Egypt*, edited by Hala Bayoumi and Karine Benafla, -96-7. Paris: CNRS Éditions 2023. +pp. 96-7. Paris: CNRS Éditions 2023. Yao, Alice. \"The Great Wall as Destination? Archaeology of Migration and Settlers under the Han Empire.\" In *Archaeologies of Empire: Local Participants and Imperial Trajectories*, edited by Anna Lucille Boozer, -B.S. Düring and Bradley J Parker, 57-88. Albuquerque, NM: SAR & UNM +B.S. Düring, and Bradley J Parker, pp. 57-88. Albuquerque, NM: SAR & UNM Press, 2020. Youssef, Maaï, and Mayada Madbouly. \"Displaced People and Migrants in Cairo.\" In *An Atlas of Contemporary Egypt*, edited by Hala Bayoumi and -Karine Benafla, 32-3. Paris: CNRS Editions, 2023. +Karine Benafla, pp. 32-3. Paris: CNRS Editions, 2023. [^1]: For a basic geographic and temporal introduction to Nubia, see Janmyr, \"The Nubians of Egypt: a displaced population.\"