hamdeen15

content/article/hamdeen.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ---
 title: "From Homescape to Flora Landscape: Preliminary Observation on Plant Remains from the Christian Mud-Buildings in the Third Cataract Region"
 authors: ["hamadhamdeen.md"]
-abstract: There is a problem with this abstract that I cannot figure out.
+abstract: In Sudan, the study of earthen construction materials is very rare, mudbricks were and still are widely used as building materials in many regions. This paper gives a new perspective for applying the technique of extorted plant remains from mudbrick in Sudan. The material was collected during the fieldwork of Mahas Archaeological project in April 2019 from four Christian mudbrick sites, were approximately four kilograms (one kilogram from each site). The material was soaked in water for six hours to dissolve the hard mud and sand. Two metal sieves with a mesh size of 0.5 and 1 mm were used. The separated material was dried and examined under binoculars and for identification fresh seed was used as a reference collection and determination literature. Seven plant species were encountered as seeds’ fruits were extracted and identified include: Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, Sorghum bicolor, Setaria italica, Adansonia digitate, Acacia nilotica and Cyperus rotundus. In addition, some large unidentified deposits of glumes of wild grasses (family: Poaceae) were presented in the samples from the four sites. Some animal dung and insect remains were separated during the sorting processing of the plant macro-remains. The archaeobotanical evidence from these four Christian mudbrick sites in El Mahas region provided evidence of the economy and flora landscape in this area. This flora can be divided into three types: riverine wild flora, cultivated flora, and wild trees.
 keywords: ["Archaeobotany", "Plant remains", "Mudbrick", "Third Cataract", "Sudan"]
 ---
 
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ were preserved by desiccation. Table (1) shows the Latin names of the
 determined species and their distribution in the sites. The cereal
 appeared clearly and can be identified from the seeds of the *Triticum
 aestivum* (Fig.3a)*, Hordeum vulgare* (Fig.3b) added to some parts of
-spikelets, chaffs, and glume fragments for those two cereals*. Sorghum
+spikelets, chaffs, and glume fragments for those two cereals. *Sorghum
 bicolor* was presented from spikelet with grain inside (Fig.4c) and
 *Setaria italica* was also represented from their seeds. (Fig.3d)
 *Adansonia digitate* appeared from small fragments of the fruit pulp
@@ -537,7 +537,7 @@ There are three flora landscape in the area of study based on our
 plant remains, cultivated flora which include the four cereals:
 *Triticum aestivum*, *Hordeum vulgare, Sorghum bicolor,* and *Setaria
 italica*. Riverine wild flora which can noted clearly form the remains
-of *Cyperus rotundus* and some wild grasses*,* and lastly *Acacia
+of *Cyperus rotundus* and some wild grasses, and lastly *Acacia
 nilotica and Adansonia digitata*, which can be considered as two
 models representing wild trees in the Third Cataract region during the
 Christian period.
@@ -742,7 +742,7 @@ Mueller, M.S. and E. Mechler. *Medicinal Plants in Tropical Countries.
 Traditional Use--Experience--Facts*. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag, 2005.
 
 Nussinovitch A. *Plant Gum Exudates of the World: Sources,
-Distribution, Properties, and Application". Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2010.
+Distribution, Properties, and Application*. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2010.
 
 O'Rourke, M. K. "Pollen from Adobe Brick." *Journal of
 Ethnobiology* 3/1 (1983): pp. 39--48.
@@ -859,7 +859,7 @@ Impressions of the Butana Group". *Current Anthropology* 58 (2017): pp. 673--83.
 
 Zohary, D. and M. Hopf. *Domestications of Plants in the Old
 World, the Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe
-and the Nile Valley". Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
+and the Nile Valley*. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
 
 
 [^1]: Alvaro et al., "The Study of the Fourth Millennium Mudbricks at Arslantepe"; Arpin and Goldberg, "Using Optical Microscopy to Evaluate
@@ -959,7 +959,7 @@ Biology, Control and Utilization Cyperus rotundus."
     Mabberley, *A Portable Dictionary of Plants*. On importation by pastorialists, see Pock Tsy et al., "Chloroplast DNA Phylogeography."
 
 [^37]: On foodstuffs to local communities, see Van Wyk, *Food Plants of the World*; Kabore et
-    al., "A Review of Baobab (*Adansonia digitata*) Products." On fodder, see Venter and Venter, *Making the Most of Indigenous Trees; De Caluwe, *Market Chain Analysis of Baobab*;
+    al., "A Review of Baobab (*Adansonia digitata*) Products." On fodder, see Venter and Venter, *Making the Most of Indigenous Trees*; De Caluwe, *Market Chain Analysis of Baobab*;
     Bekele-Tesemma, *Useful Trees and Shrubs of Ethiopia*. On fibers for weaving and rope-making, see
     Teel and Hirst, *A pocket directory of trees and seeds in Kenya*. On gum, see Roberts, *Indigenous healing plants*; Nussinovitch, *Plant Gum Exudates of the World*. On
     seed oil, see Osman,  "Chemical and Nutrient Analysis of Baobab"; Kamatou et al., "An Updated Review of Adansonia Digitata." On natural medicine,