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--- ---
title: "The Art of the Revolution: The Online and Offline Perception of title: "The Art of Revolution: The Online and Offline Perception of Communication during the Uprisings in Sudan in 2018 and 2019"
Communication­­ during the Uprisings in Sudan in 2018 and 2019"
authors: ["roksanahajduga.md"] authors: ["roksanahajduga.md"]
abstract: The article deals with art from the Sudanese revolution in 2018 and 2019 abstract: The article deals with art from the Sudanese revolution in 2018 and 2019 (the December Revolution). The focus is on the most recognizable and widespread images from the uprising and their presence on the streets of Sudanese cities and social media. The article shows how freedom of expression exploded on the Sudanese streets after years of censorship, suppression, and violations of freedom of speech, media, and civil rights. Art and social media had significant roles in covering the uprising. Issues related to the importance and value of art in transmitting social discourse and dissent in a tightly controlled society are raised. These issues should be the subject of wider research on conflict and social media in Sudan. This article focuses only on a small part of this vast and important topic.
(the December Revolution). The focus is on the most recognizable and
widespread images from the uprising and their presence on the streets of
Sudanese cities and social media. The article shows how freedom of
expression exploded on the Sudanese streets after years of censorship,
suppression, and violations of freedom of speech, media, and civil
rights. Art and social media had significant roles in covering the
uprising. Issues related to the importance and value of art in
transmitting social discourse and dissent in a tightly controlled
society are raised. These issues should be the subject of wider research
on conflict and social media in Sudan. This article focuses only on a
small part of this vast and important topic.
keywords: ["Sudan", "revolution", "uprising", "street art", "social media", keywords: ["Sudan", "revolution", "uprising", "street art", "social media",
"protests", "murals", "graffiti", "images", "iconic"] "protests", "murals", "graffiti", "images", "iconic"]
--- ---
@ -36,7 +24,7 @@ how it provided new tools to overcome the repression imposed by the
regime and allowed quick, safe, and anonymous going out from hiding as regime and allowed quick, safe, and anonymous going out from hiding as
public opposition. public opposition.
**Methodology** # Methodology
In this study, I will use an analytical approach to examine articles and In this study, I will use an analytical approach to examine articles and
social media concerning the 2018/2019 December Revolution in Sudan. social media concerning the 2018/2019 December Revolution in Sudan.
@ -66,7 +54,7 @@ cartoons, etc. I have chosen the most frequently reproduced artworks and
the creations that had the longest impact on public opinion, because the creations that had the longest impact on public opinion, because
over time these have become symbols of the revolution. over time these have become symbols of the revolution.
**Politics and Social-Economic Context** # Politics and Social-Economic Context
The concept of revolution and the struggle to gain freedom is not a new The concept of revolution and the struggle to gain freedom is not a new
phenomenon in Sudan. In 1964, the first president of Sudan, Ibrahim phenomenon in Sudan. In 1964, the first president of Sudan, Ibrahim
@ -290,7 +278,7 @@ leadership and calls for the dissolution of the government. Meanwhile,
citizens continue to demand a civilian government with full executive citizens continue to demand a civilian government with full executive
powers. powers.
**Art beyond Divisions and Prejudices** # Art beyond Divisions and Prejudices
The core of the uprising and the source of its strength was the equality The core of the uprising and the source of its strength was the equality
of all Sudanese people. No protests in Sudan had previously included of all Sudanese people. No protests in Sudan had previously included
@ -509,7 +497,7 @@ Lisa', but her face is that of a Sudanese woman with a scarf on her head
and a rocket launcher in her hands (Figure 20). This simple image has a and a rocket launcher in her hands (Figure 20). This simple image has a
powerful and direct message: beware of women's power. powerful and direct message: beware of women's power.
**Online Art** # Online Art
A new generation of young activists looks back to the Girifna movement, A new generation of young activists looks back to the Girifna movement,
founded by students in Khartoum in 2009, for inspiration. Their fight founded by students in Khartoum in 2009, for inspiration. Their fight
@ -731,7 +719,7 @@ capture the icons of the Sudan Revolution. One of these 3D models,
posted on Merghani's Twitter account, commemorated the courage of Rifka posted on Merghani's Twitter account, commemorated the courage of Rifka
\'Bumban Catcher'.[^77] \'Bumban Catcher'.[^77]
**Street Art** # Street Art
During the uprising, alongside regular verbal and written communication, During the uprising, alongside regular verbal and written communication,
a flood of sketches, murals, graffiti, and cartoons spread the word a flood of sketches, murals, graffiti, and cartoons spread the word
@ -882,7 +870,7 @@ and hashtags spread the message of the revolution (Figure 46). Street
art became popular and functioned as a reference to political ideas and art became popular and functioned as a reference to political ideas and
the current situation in the country. the current situation in the country.
**Summary** # Summary
The 2018/2019 revolution in Sudan was one of the most significant and The 2018/2019 revolution in Sudan was one of the most significant and
best-organized revolts in the Arab world in recent years. There were best-organized revolts in the Arab world in recent years. There were
@ -983,7 +971,7 @@ have already been noticed in August 2021, when the inflation decreased
by 35 points. International media were talking about stabilization in by 35 points. International media were talking about stabilization in
the country. the country.
**2022 update. The conflict in Sudan is not over.** # 2022 update. The conflict in Sudan is not over.
In October 2021 the Sudanese army carried out a coup against the In October 2021 the Sudanese army carried out a coup against the
civilian leadership. Prime Minister Adballa Hamdook and his cabinet were civilian leadership. Prime Minister Adballa Hamdook and his cabinet were
@ -1003,45 +991,45 @@ local activism in Sudan is a phenomenon that continues to grow and reach
even larger circles. Protests re-emerged and Sudanese people demand a even larger circles. Protests re-emerged and Sudanese people demand a
constitution and a democratically elected government. constitution and a democratically elected government.
**Bibliography** # Bibliography
ABDEL AZIZ, Azza Ahmed. *The Third Sudanese Revolution Reinstates Women Abdel Aziz, Azza Ahmed. *The Third Sudanese Revolution Reinstates Women
from All Walks of Life onto the Map of Sudanese Public Life.* from All Walks of Life onto the Map of Sudanese Public Life.*
https://noria-research.com/the-third-sudanese-revolution-reinstates-women/. https://noria-research.com/the-third-sudanese-revolution-reinstates-women/.
AFRICA NEWS. *Sudan Protest Hub: Anti-Bashir Protesters Tear Gassed in Africa News. *Sudan Protest Hub: Anti-Bashir Protesters Tear Gassed in
Omdurman*, Africanews, January 2, 2019. Omdurman*, Africanews, January 2, 2019.
https://www.africanews.com/2019/02/01/police-clashes-with-sudanese-protesting-a-state-of-emergency-in-atbara/. https://www.africanews.com/2019/02/01/police-clashes-with-sudanese-protesting-a-state-of-emergency-in-atbara/.
ANONYMOUS. *We Are Fed up! The Power of a New Generation of Sudanese Anonymous. *We Are Fed up! The Power of a New Generation of Sudanese
Youth Activists.* Youth Activists.*
https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/we-are-fed-up-power-of-new-generation-of-sudanese-youth-activists/. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/we-are-fed-up-power-of-new-generation-of-sudanese-youth-activists/.
BERRIDGE, W. J. *Civil Uprisings in Modern Sudan: The 'Khartoum Springs' Berridge, W. J. *Civil Uprisings in Modern Sudan: The 'Khartoum Springs'
of 1964 and 1985.* A modern history of politics and violence. London: of 1964 and 1985.* A modern history of politics and violence. London:
Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2015. Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2015.
BIOR, Ayen. *Sudan's Social Media Deemed Major Player in Bashir's Bior, Ayen. *Sudan's Social Media Deemed Major Player in Bashir's
Ouster.* Ouster.*
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BISHAI, Linda & ELSHAMI, Azaz. *"We Are All Darfur!" -- Sudan's Unity Bishai, Linda & ELSHAMI, Azaz. *"We Are All Darfur!" -- Sudan's Unity
Protests Stand a Real Chance. Time for the West to Step up*. Protests Stand a Real Chance. Time for the West to Step up*.
https://www.justsecurity.org/62404/we-darfur-sudans-unity-protests-stand-real-chance-time-west-step-up/. https://www.justsecurity.org/62404/we-darfur-sudans-unity-protests-stand-real-chance-time-west-step-up/.
BOLATITO, Aina-Obe Shamsuddin. *Sudan Revolution: An Exploration Causes Bolatito, Aina-Obe Shamsuddin. *Sudan Revolution: An Exploration Causes
and Consequences for Power Struggle and Regime Change*, 2019. and Consequences for Power Struggle and Regime Change*, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3502891. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3502891.
BROWN, Marie Grace. *History Stands Alongside the Woman in the White Brown, Marie Grace. *History Stands Alongside the Woman in the White
Tobe*. Tobe*.
https://stanfordpress.typepad.com/blog/2019/05/history-stands-alongside-the-woman-in-the-white-tobe.html. https://stanfordpress.typepad.com/blog/2019/05/history-stands-alongside-the-woman-in-the-white-tobe.html.
CAPRON, Alexandre. *In Sudan, Empty Tear Gas Canisters from Protests Capron, Alexandre. *In Sudan, Empty Tear Gas Canisters from Protests
Turned into Art*. The Observers - France 24, January 17, 2019. Turned into Art*. The Observers - France 24, January 17, 2019.
https://observers.france24.com/en/20190117-sudan-tear-gas-protests-art. https://observers.france24.com/en/20190117-sudan-tear-gas-protests-art.
CARMICHAEL, Flora & PINNELL, Owen. *How Fake News from Sudan's Regime Carmichael, Flora & PINNELL, Owen. *How Fake News from Sudan's Regime
Backfired*. *BBC News*, April 25, 2019. Backfired*. *BBC News*, April 25, 2019.
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