yvanez
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@ -249,9 +249,9 @@ analyses for more detailed identifications will be done at a later date.
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**~~Table 1. Plant species that were identified from the Samples.~~**
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**~~Figure 4. The figure presents the plant and animal remains that were identified: a. Triticum aestivum; b. Hordeum vulgare; c. Sorghum bicolor, d. Setaria italica; e. Adansonia digitata, f. Acacia nilotica; g. Cyperus rotundus; h. Animal dung; i. Insect remains (Photo: H.M. Hamdeen).~~**
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**~~Figure 4. The figure presents the plant and animal remains that were identified: a. Triticum aestivum; b. Hordeum vulgare; c. Sorghum bicolor, d. Setaria italica; e. Adansonia digitata, f. Acacia nilotica; g. Cyperus rotundus; h. Animal dung; i. Insect remains (Photos by the author).~~**
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## Mudbrick as source of the plant remains
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@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ keywords: ["osteoarchaeology", "skeletal", "Nubia", "Sudan", "Middle Nile"]
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# Introduction
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Everyday life in Nubia involves activities such as, cooking, cleaning,
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Everyday life in Nubia involves activities such as cooking, cleaning,
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planting seeds, harvesting crops, watching a football match, chatting
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with friends, monitoring children, eating delicious foods, and drinking
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tea. If we conjure up images of these quotidian actions from personal
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@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ estimated that it takes approximately 10 years for the skeleton to
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completely remodel.[^7] This process also facilitates a record of life
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events, embodied in the bones themselves. This is frequently referred to
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as embodiment theory in bioarchaeology and speaks to the biosocial
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nature of bioarchaeologyn[^8] The discipline goes beyond looking at
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nature of bioarchaeology.[^8] The discipline goes beyond looking at
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broken bones or diseases to assessing lived experience in the ancient
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past, how it changed during periods of political, economic, and social
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upheaval, and how these data can be used to inform our understanding of
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@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ possess squatting facets.[^14] Singh does state that the presence of
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squatting facets in fetuses is low in this sample, it is also variable
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between other samples published in previous works (22.6% Indian; 23%
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European; 3.1% Japanese). Barnett, however, provides an explanation for
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these findings. Barnett argues that these traits can indeed be
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these findings. He argues that these traits can indeed be
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inherited, however, if the activities that maintain this articulation
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(i.e., squatting) are not maintained throughout the lifecourse, they
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will become obliterated as bone turnover occurs.[^15] While this
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@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ Table 1. Demographic Distribution of Squatting Facets at Abu Fatima
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n/o=Not observable; Locality assessed via strontium isotope analysis
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(see Schrader et al., "Intraregional 87Sr/86Sr Variation in Nubia" for additional information)
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(see Schrader et al., "Intraregional 87Sr/86Sr Variation in Nubia" for additional information).
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<br/>
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@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ squatting facets (4E1) is a bit of an oddity. This was a probable male,
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dating to the Ancient Kerma period (2,500-2,050 BCE), who likely died
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between 35-50. The grave was looted in antiquity and was quite
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disturbed, with no skeletal elements remained *in situ*. Despite this,
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there is evidence to suggest that this individual may have been
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there is evidence to suggest that this individual may have
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originally been buried with numerous and varied grave goods. Three
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lithic blades forming a Nubian-style arrowhead, rawhide sandals, faience
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beads, and intricate leatherwork and basketry were all found in this
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@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ pottery statuette of a squatting man who appears to be naked and
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emaciated (Fig. 4). There is a similar figure, on display at the
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Egyptian Museum in Cairo, of an emaciated old squatting man grasping an
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ivory staff. There are also multiple examples of figures grinding grain,
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like this one, a statuette from the 5th Dynasty (*ca.* 2,465-2,323
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like a statuette from the 5th Dynasty (*ca.* 2,465-2,323
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BCE; Giza; Fig. 5). Figures such as these exhibit scenes from everyday
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life and were thought to provide resources for deceased in the
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afterlife. They can also provide some insight into the types of
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@ -375,12 +375,12 @@ spatial information was provided. Satinoff found that of the 300 male
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and female remains analyzed 96% did in fact have squatting facets. This
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is very much congruent with the findings presented here from Abu Fatima.
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It does beg the question about genetic predisposition to said facets,
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given the relatively genetic homogeneity between Egyptian and Nubians.
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given the relatively genetic homogeneity between Egyptians and Nubians.
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Skeletal analysis of additional samples, with well-documented
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chronologies and cemetery locations, would be useful to better
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understand if the majority of Egyptians and Nubians had squatting
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facets, or if the similar values between Abu Fatima and the results
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presented by Satinoff are coincidence. Additionally, additional skeletal
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presented by Satinoff are coincidence. Additionally, skeletal
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analysis of non-adult remains, particularly neonates and infants, could
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be used to address the genetic predisposition theory.
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@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ Eastern Turkey." *Collegium Antropologicum* 34, no. 4 (December 30,
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2010): pp. 1257--62.
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Boulle, Eve-Line. "Evolution of Two Human Skeletal Markers of the
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Squatting Positoin: A Diachronic Study from Antiquity to the Modern
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Squatting Position: A Diachronic Study from Antiquity to the Modern
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Age." *American Journal of Physical Anthropology* 115, no. 1 (2001a):
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pp. 50--6.
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@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ Morphology of the Lower Extremity of the Panjabi." *Journal of Anatomy
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and Physiology* 28 (1893): pp. 1--18.
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Dlamini, N., and A.G. Morris. "An Investigation of the Frequency of
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Suatting Facets in Later Stone Age Foragers from South Africa."
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Squatting Facets in Later Stone Age Foragers from South Africa."
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*International Journal of Osteoarchaeology* 15, no. 5 (2005): pp. 371--6.
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Giddens, A. *The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of
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@ -540,9 +540,9 @@ Simonetti. "Intraregional 87Sr/86Sr Variation in Nubia: New Insights
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from the Third Cataract." *Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports*
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24 (2019): pp. 373--9.
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Schrader, Sarah A, Tomomi Fushiya, Mohamed Saad, and El Hassan Ahmed
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Schrader, Sarah A., Tomomi Fushiya, Mohamed Saad, and El Hassan Ahmed
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Mohamed. "Decolonizing Bioarchaeology in Sudan." *Journal of African
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Archaeology*, 2024: pp- 1--17.
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Archaeology*, 2024: pp. 1--17.
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Schrader, Sarah, and Christina Torres-Rouff. "Embodying Bioarchaeology:
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Theory and Practice." In *Theoretical Approaches to Bioarchaeology*,
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@ -643,10 +643,10 @@ Wood, W.Q. "The Tibia of the Australian Aborigine." *Journal of Anatomy*
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[^16]: Trinkaus, "Squatting among the Neandertals."
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[^17]: Boulle, "Evolution of Two Human Skeletal Markers of the Squatting
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Positoin."
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Position."
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[^18]: Dlamini and Morris, "An Investigation of the Frequency of
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Suatting Facets in Later Stone Age Foragers from South Africa."
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Squatting Facets in Later Stone Age Foragers from South Africa."
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[^19]: Molleson, "Seed Preparation in the Mesolithic."
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@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ Wood, W.Q. "The Tibia of the Australian Aborigine." *Journal of Anatomy*
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[^25]: Schrader et al., "Intraregional 87Sr/86Sr Variation in Nubia."
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[^26]: Baykara et al., "Squatting Facet"; Dlamini and Morris, "An
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Investigation of the Frequency of Suatting Facets in Later Stone Age
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Investigation of the Frequency of Squatting Facets in Later Stone Age
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Foragers from South Africa"; Molleson, "Bones of Work at the Origins
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of Labour."
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@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ excavations in Sudan, especially in the Meroitic heartland, in a region
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encompassing the capital city of Meroe, the surrounding riverine areas,
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and the Butana hinterlands. Along the eastern bank of the Nile, the
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Meroitic urban landscape is now defined by a chain of cities regularly
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spaced every *c.*10 km, from Dangeil in the North to Wad ben Naga in the
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spaced every c. 10 km, from Dangeil in the North to Wad ben Naga in the
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South.[^2] Recent discoveries in Central Sudan and the Gebel Barkal
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region, as well as renewed studies of previous excavation results from
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Nubia and the city of Meroe, have noticeably increased our knowledge of
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@ -60,8 +60,9 @@ sources and their relations can be summarized in a diagram displaying
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the interdependence between textiles and their production context
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(Fig.1).
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**~~Figure 1. Textile production as interactions between resources, technology and society (adapted from Andersson Strand et al. 2010: 151).~~**
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![Textile production as interactions between resources, technology, and society (adapted from Andersson Strand et al., "Old Textiles, New Possibilities," p. 151).](../static/images/yvanez/fig1.jpg "Textile production as interactions between resources, technology, and society (adapted from Andersson Strand et al., "Old Textiles, New Possibilities," p. 151)")
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**~~Figure 1. Textile production as interactions between resources, technology, and society (adapted from Andersson Strand et al., "Old Textiles, New Possibilities," p. 151).~~**
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Despite the inherent limitations of such theoretical models, this
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diagram successfully illustrates the textile artefacts within their own
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@ -93,8 +94,9 @@ much greater number than other wooden or metallic spindle pieces. Found
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at Ballana in grave B58, a complete spindle[^14] provides a reliable
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example of this type of tools, its construction and use (Fig. 2).
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**~~Figure 2. Complete spindle, Ballana, tomb B58. (Reproduced from Williams 1991: vol. 1, 159, fig. 61e. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago).~~**
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**~~Figure 2. Complete spindle, Ballana, tomb B58. (Reproduced from Williams, *Meroitic Remains from Qustul and Ballana*, vol. 1, p. 159, fig. 61e. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago).~~**
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This simple tool is composed of a spindle shaft and a whorl, placed at the
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top and secured by the insertion of a metal hook that was used to attach
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@ -109,13 +111,16 @@ there is an interesting dichotomy between the artefacts recovered in
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Nubia, which favored turned wooden whorls, and those from Central Sudan,
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where decorated ceramic was clearly preferred (see Figs. 3, 5, 8).
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**~~Figure 3. Tila Island, House VI: map and location of textile tools (photographs and drawings E.Yvanez. from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries, map reproduced from Edwards 1996: 113, fig. 36).~~**
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![Tila Island, House VI: map and location of textile tools (photographs and drawings E.Yvanez. from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries, map reproduced from Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island," p. 113, fig. 36).](../static/images/yvanez/fig3.jpg "Complete spindle, Ballana, tomb B58. Tila Island, House VI: map and location of textile tools (photographs and drawings E.Yvanez. from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries, map reproduced from Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island," p. 113, fig. 36)")
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**~~Figure 3. Tila Island, House VI: map and location of textile tools (photographs and drawings E.Yvanez. from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries, map reproduced from Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island," p. 113, fig. 36).~~**
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**~~Figure 5. Tila Island, House II: bone points (drawings E. Yvanez from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries).~~**
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**~~Figure 8. Ceramic spindle whorl from Meroe-city with pattern of a sorgho plant, from oven area M260. SNM 604 (photograph E. Yvanez, courtesy of the Sudan National Museum).~~**
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Other types of implements -- used for weaving this time -- contribute
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@ -124,7 +129,7 @@ preservation of organic material on settlement sites, it has proved
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impossible to recognize with any certainty the wooden beams that made up
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ancient looms. However, frequent discoveries of pear-shaped weights
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indicate that, in Meroitic Sudan and Nubia, most weaving was done on a
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vertical loom called the "warp-weighted loom", in which the warp threads
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vertical loom called the "warp-weighted loom," in which the warp threads
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were drawn tight by a series of loom weights.[^16] Often found in sets,
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loom weights could be made of stone or more commonly unbaked clay (see
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Figs. 4, 7). Small picks or spatulas made of bone or wood (see Fig. 5)
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@ -166,7 +171,7 @@ According to estimations, Tila's population remained quite limited,
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totaling between 56 and 102 people at a time, divided into about 20
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households. Despite the small scale of Tila's settlement, an important
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number of textile implements were discovered scattered in the different
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buildings. The cross-study of excavation dairies, object inventories,
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buildings. The cross-study of excavation diaries, object inventories,
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and available drawings and plans, led to the localization of most of the
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tools and the reconstitution of their original context of use and
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discovery. This article will focus on four significant examples: houses
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@ -201,8 +206,9 @@ fulfilled similar functions.
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*House I* (Fig. 4)
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**~~Figure 4. Tila Island, House I: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez. from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries, map reproduced from Edwards 1996: 106, fig. 30).~~**
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![Tila Island, House I: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez. from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries, map reproduced from Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island," p. 106, fig. 30).](../static/images/yvanez/fig4.jpg "Tila Island, House I: map and location of textile tools [drawings E. Yvanez. from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries, map reproduced from Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island," p. 106, fig. 30)")
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**~~Figure 4. Tila Island, House I: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez. from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries, map reproduced from Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island," p. 106, fig. 30).~~**
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The first occupation level in House I was relatively well preserved
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under brick rubble.[^23] The structure consists of a roughly rectangular
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@ -227,7 +233,7 @@ Storage area (room 5): 1 set of 3 loom weights.
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weights" (excavation diaries, number unspecified).
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It is unfortunate not to have a precise number for the "large group of
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loom weights" found in the "loggia", as this information could have
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loom weights" found in the "loggia," as this information could have
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helped us determine the number and size of the looms that could have
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been working at the same time in this building. However, it is clear
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that the "loggia", with its protected but well-lit space, would have
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@ -239,9 +245,11 @@ House I.
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*House II* (Figs. 5-6-7)
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**~~Figure 6. Tila Island, House II: spindle whorls and bone point discarded in latrines (room 7) (photograph and drawings E. Yvanez from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries).~~**
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**~~Figure 7. Tila Island, “House II collection of loom weights” (excavation photograph ref. F/445: 6, A.J. Mills archives, courtesy of David Edwards).~~**
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House II is a building complex formed by at least nine different housing
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@ -253,10 +261,10 @@ illustration of the different kinds of storage and/or refuse contexts
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where textile implements can be found. In the case of House II, they
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appeared in the kitchen area, in a small, vaulted storage chamber, and
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in a storage area with jars. A group of two spindle whorls and one bone
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pick was also discovered discarded in a small cellar, which appears to
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pick were also discovered discarded in a small cellar, which appears to
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have been used as a latrine (Fig. 6).
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Beside the tools listed in the inventories, the archives also provided a
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Besides the tools listed in the inventories, the archives also provided a
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very useful excavation photograph that comes to complete the object list
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from House II. The image (Fig. 7) shows about 350 loom weights, all
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pear-shaped and made of unbaked clay, neatly arranged in small groups of
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@ -267,7 +275,7 @@ weights". In the present state of the documentation, it is difficult to
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be absolutely sure that all loom weights shown on the photograph were
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indeed found in House II, or if they correspond to different groups
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unearthed on the site since the previous year excavations (such as the
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"large group of loom weights found in House I?) and only collected
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"large group of loom weights found in House I") and only collected
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there. The caption seems however to point towards a sole discovery in
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House II. In any case, it seems that a very big group of loom weights
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was indeed found in this large complex, possibly spread around different
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@ -280,6 +288,7 @@ largest group of such implements ever discovered in Sudan and Nubia.
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**~~Table 1. Summary count of loom weights per structure at Tila Island.~~**
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@ -304,7 +313,7 @@ have been a primarily female activity[^25] and linked it to the basic
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sustenance strategy of the household.
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However, the number of textile implements at Tila, especially associated
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to weaving, seems to tell a rather different story. On one hand, Houses
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to weaving, seems to tell a rather different story. On the one hand, Houses
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V and VI, with their rather limited corpus, could point towards a
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domestic production with no specialization of space or person. There,
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the scale of the production seems to have been limited, the data clearly
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@ -340,12 +349,11 @@ during excavations, mainly along trenches and test pits:
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**~~Table 2. Summary of textile tools per context, Meroe.~~**
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The Meroe spindle whorls form a homogeneous group made of well-burnished
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ceramic in conical or biconical shapes, with the upper surface almost
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ceramics in conical or biconical shapes, with the upper surface almost
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always decorated by incised or impressed patterns (Fig. 8). The
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specimens from the oven area (M260) were likely found within their
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manufacturing context, as they were accompanied by several other small
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@ -380,8 +388,9 @@ surprising to find within their walls a great number of textile tools,
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accumulated by several generations. The context of textile production is
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still domestic, here distributed along a residential street of Meroe.
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**~~Figure 9. Meroe-city, trench TT6 between I and G 50/51: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez, reproduced from Shinnie & Bradley 1980: fig. 8, fig. 81-82, 216-217).~~**
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**~~Figure 9. Meroe-city, trench TT6 between I and G 50/51: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez, reproduced from Shinnie & Bradley, *The Capital of Kush I*, fig. 8, fig. 81-82, 216-217).~~**
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*North mound*
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@ -439,8 +448,9 @@ textile activities were an important aspect of the life of this
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building, and that they were inserted within a mixed domestic and
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industrial urban environment.
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**~~Figure 10. Meroe-city, north mount building I.A: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez reproduced from Shinnie & Bradley 1980: fig. 23, fig. 81-82, 216-217).~~**
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**~~Figure 10. Meroe-city, north mount building I.A: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez reproduced from Shinnie & Bradley, *The Capital of Kush I*, fig. 23, fig. 81-82, 216-217).~~**
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# Discussion
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@ -518,7 +528,7 @@ with a household-based workforce (either direct members of the family or
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associated retainers).
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How did textile activities affect the daily life of people living in
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these settlements? In the absence of written account, we need to rely on
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these settlements? In the absence of written accounts, we need to rely on
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our knowledge of the textile *chaîne opératoire* and Meroitic settlement
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organization to get a glimpse of the life experiences of textile craft
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people. The number of tools from places such as Tila, Meroe's North
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@ -528,7 +538,7 @@ whorls appear in varied contexts across settlements and because spinning
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is a portable and time-consuming activity, we can imagine that several
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individuals could be seen spinning in streets and other communal spaces
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on a very regular basis. During the harvest season, we can also picture
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a heighten activity involving more people and more time, as well as
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a heightened activity involving more people and more time, as well as
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installations to store the unprocessed fibres. Weaving on the other hand
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seems to have been attached more often to a specific domestic structure,
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especially to spaces open or semi-open to light and air. These
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@ -552,7 +562,7 @@ craft activities, and the Meroitic domestic and economic landscapes.
|
|||
|
||||
Adams, Nettie K. "Sacred Textiles from an Ancient Nubian Temple." In
|
||||
*Sacred and Ceremonial Textiles, Proceedings of the Textile Society of
|
||||
America Biennial Symposium*, pp. 259--68. Chicago: The Art Institute of
|
||||
America Biennial Symposium,* pp. 259--68. Chicago: The Art Institute of
|
||||
Chicago, 1996.
|
||||
|
||||
Adams, William Y., and Nettie K. Adams. *Qasr Ibrim: The Ballaña Phase*.
|
||||
|
|
@ -605,8 +615,8 @@ Choimet, Gabrielle. "The Meroitic Settlement
|
|||
at Damboya: Preliminary Results." *Sudan & Nubia* 24 (2020): pp. 190--7.
|
||||
|
||||
Edwards, David N. "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island."
|
||||
In *The Archaeology of the Meroitic State: new perspectives on its
|
||||
social and political organization*, edited by David N. Edwards, pp. 106-14. Cambridge Monographs in African
|
||||
In *The Archaeology of the Meroitic State: New Perspectives on Its
|
||||
Social and Political Organization*, edited by David N. Edwards, pp. 106-14. Cambridge Monographs in African
|
||||
Archaeology 38. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1996.
|
||||
|
||||
Flohr, Miko. "Working and Living under One Roof: Workshops in Pompeian
|
||||
|
|
@ -644,7 +654,7 @@ Forgotten Village." *Sudan & Nubia* 24 (2020): pp. 24--30.
|
|||
Millet, Marie. "Mouweis, une ville de l'Empire de Méroé." *Bulletin de
|
||||
la Société Française d'Egyptologie* 186/187 (2013): pp. 83--98.
|
||||
|
||||
Nosch, Marie-Louise, Henriette Koefoed, and Eva Andersson Strand (Eds.).
|
||||
Nosch, Marie-Louise, Henriette Koefoed, and Eva Andersson Strand (eds).
|
||||
*Textile Production and Consumption in the Ancient Near East:
|
||||
Archaeology, Epigraphy, Iconography.* Ancient Textiles Series 12.
|
||||
Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2013.
|
||||
|
|
@ -654,7 +664,7 @@ Settlement on the Middle Nile: The Pottery Assemblage from Late Meroitic
|
|||
Hamadab, Sudan (2nd to 4th Century A.D.)*. Archäologische Forschungen
|
||||
in Afrika 1. Berlin: Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, 2022.
|
||||
|
||||
Picton, John, and John Mack. *African textiles: Looms, Weaving and
|
||||
Picton, John, and John Mack. *African Textiles: Looms, Weaving and
|
||||
Design*. London: The British Museum Press, 1979.
|
||||
|
||||
Rondot, Vincent. "El-Hassa : un temple à Amon dans l'île de Méroé au
|
||||
|
|
@ -711,7 +721,7 @@ Oxford: Oxford Academic, 2021.
|
|||
Sept. 2024.
|
||||
|
||||
Wolf, Pawel, Ulrike Nowotnick, and David N.
|
||||
Edwards. \"Settlement in the Meroitic Kingdom\". In *Handbook of Ancient
|
||||
Edwards. "Settlement in the Meroitic Kingdom." In *Handbook of Ancient
|
||||
Nubia*, edited by Dietrich Raue, pp. 713--82. Berlin-Boston: De Gruyter,
|
||||
2019. <https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110420388-031>, accessed 3 Sept.
|
||||
2024.
|
||||
|
|
@ -750,31 +760,31 @@ Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 2019.
|
|||
and the present volume for their support.
|
||||
|
||||
[^2]: Baud, "Méroé, un monde urbain"; Wolf and Nowotnick, "The Meroitic
|
||||
Heartland"; Grzymski, "The city of Meroe."
|
||||
Heartland"; Grzymski, "The City of Meroe."
|
||||
|
||||
[^3]: Wolf, Nowotnick, and Edwards, "Settlement in the Meroitic
|
||||
Kingdom."
|
||||
|
||||
[^4]: Rondot, "El-Hassa: un temple à Amon dans l'île de Méroé."
|
||||
|
||||
[^5]: Maillot, "The archaeological site of Damboya"; Choimet, "The
|
||||
Meroitic settlement at Damboya."
|
||||
[^5]: Maillot, "The Archaeological Site of Damboya"; Choimet, "The
|
||||
Meroitic Settlement at Damboya."
|
||||
|
||||
[^6]: Wolf and Nowotnick, "Hamadab -- A Meroitic Urban Settlement";
|
||||
Nowotnick, *Ceramic Technology, Production and Use*,
|
||||
passim.
|
||||
|
||||
[^7]: Baud, "The Meroitic royal city of Muweis"; Millet, "Mouweis, une
|
||||
[^7]: Baud, "The Meroitic Royal City of Muweis"; Millet, "Mouweis, une
|
||||
ville de l'Empire de Méroé."
|
||||
|
||||
[^8]: This volume is a perfect incarnation of this renewed interest, as
|
||||
well as ongoing research projects such as the one on metallurgy led
|
||||
by Jane Humphris (UCL Qatar) or G. Choimet's doctoral work, see
|
||||
Choimet, "Habitat et urbanisme méroïtiques en Nubie et au Soudan
|
||||
central." Reappraisal of archival documentation from the Nubian
|
||||
central." Reappraisals of archival documentation from the Nubian
|
||||
campaign are also bringing new light on craft activities, notably
|
||||
textiles (see Mann and van den Bercken, "Shokan. Revival of a
|
||||
forgotten village." A similar dynamic was also at the root of the
|
||||
Forgotten Village." A similar dynamic was also at the root of the
|
||||
Meroe Archival Project, reexamining the excavation archives of Peter
|
||||
L. Shinnie from his work in settlement areas at Meroe.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -783,18 +793,17 @@ Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 2019.
|
|||
*Qasr Ibrim: The Ballana Phase*, pp. 97--8., Yvanez, "De fil en
|
||||
aiguille : aspects de l'artisanat textile méroïtique."
|
||||
|
||||
[^10]: Yvanez, "Clothing the elite? Patterns of textile production and
|
||||
consumption."
|
||||
[^10]: Yvanez, "Clothing the Elite? Patterns of Textile Production and
|
||||
Consumption."
|
||||
|
||||
[^11]: These sources are however well known for textile production in
|
||||
pharaonic Egypt (e.g. Vogelsang-Eastwood, "Textiles") or the Ancient
|
||||
Near East (Nosch, Koefoed and Andersson Strand.
|
||||
*Textile Production and consumption in the Ancient Near East*).
|
||||
Near East (Nosch, Koefoed, and Andersson Strand.
|
||||
*Textile Production and Consumption in the Ancient Near East*).
|
||||
|
||||
[^12]: The aims and methods of recent textile research are usefully
|
||||
exposed in Andersson Strand et al., "Old Textiles -- New
|
||||
Possibilities" and Harlow and Nosch, "Weaving the Threads:
|
||||
methodologies in textile and dress research."
|
||||
Possibilities" and Harlow and Nosch, "Weaving the Threads."
|
||||
|
||||
[^13]: Kemp and Vogelsand-Eastwood. *The Ancient Textile Industry in
|
||||
Amarna*. Studies developing a similar scope are however blossoming,
|
||||
|
|
@ -805,7 +814,7 @@ Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 2019.
|
|||
sites continue to bring evidence of an extensive textile production,
|
||||
contemporary with the Meroitic period in Sudan. See for example the
|
||||
cases of Karanis (Thomas, *Textiles from Karanis*), Kellis (Bowen,
|
||||
"A study of the textile industry at ancient Kellis"), or the
|
||||
"A Study of the Textile Industry at Ancient Kellis"), or the
|
||||
Roman-period forts of the Eastern desert (for a comprehensive
|
||||
bibliography, see Bender Jørgensen, "Textiles from Mons Claudianus,
|
||||
'Abu Sha'ar and other Roman sites").
|
||||
|
|
@ -813,18 +822,18 @@ Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 2019.
|
|||
[^14]: Williams, *Meroitic Remains from Qustul and Ballana*, vol. 1, p.
|
||||
159, fig. 61e.
|
||||
|
||||
[^15]: Yvanez, "Spinning in Meroitic Sudan".
|
||||
[^15]: Yvanez, "Spinning in Meroitic Sudan."
|
||||
|
||||
[^16]: For a description of the warp-weighted loom and its use, see
|
||||
Barber, *Prehistoric Textiles*, pp. 91--113.
|
||||
|
||||
[^17]: [Kemp]{.smallcaps} and Vogelsand-Eastwood. *The Ancient Textile
|
||||
[^17]: Kemp and Vogelsand-Eastwood. *The Ancient Textile
|
||||
Industry in Amarna*, pp. 358-73. See also Spinazzi-Lucchesi, *The
|
||||
Unwound Thread*, pp. 91--3.
|
||||
|
||||
[^18]: Adams and Adams, *Qasr Ibrim: The Ballaña Phase*, p. 98.
|
||||
|
||||
[^19]: Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island".
|
||||
[^19]: Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island."
|
||||
|
||||
[^20]: Full publication of the archives forthcoming. I would like to
|
||||
express all my gratitude to David N. Edwards who accepted to share
|
||||
|
|
@ -832,24 +841,23 @@ Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 2019.
|
|||
the site, and to dissect the archives to understand the exact
|
||||
conditions of the tools' discovery.
|
||||
|
||||
[^21]: Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island",
|
||||
[^21]: Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island,"
|
||||
pp. 112--3.
|
||||
|
||||
[^22]: Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island", p.
|
||||
[^22]: Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island," p.
|
||||
112, fig. 35.
|
||||
|
||||
[^23]: Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island", p.
|
||||
[^23]: Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island," p.
|
||||
106, fig. 30.
|
||||
|
||||
[^24]: Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island", p.
|
||||
[^24]: Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island," pp.
|
||||
108-11, figs. 31, 32.
|
||||
|
||||
[^25]: Gender studies have always been an important part of ancient
|
||||
textiles research (see for example "Women's Work", *in*
|
||||
Barber[,]{.smallcaps} *Prehistoric Textiles*, pp. 283--98.). For a
|
||||
Barber, *Prehistoric Textiles*, pp. 283--98). For a
|
||||
modern scholarly perspective and references, see Harlow and Nosch
|
||||
"Weaving the Threads: methodologies in textile and
|
||||
dress research", pp. 10--11. If the link with the
|
||||
"Weaving the Threads," pp. 10--11. If the link with the
|
||||
household is clearly established in ancient Sudanese contexts, no
|
||||
data pertaining to gender and a gendered differentiation of labor
|
||||
has come to light.
|
||||
|
|
@ -857,7 +865,7 @@ Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 2019.
|
|||
[^26]: Shinnie and Bradley, *The Capital of Kush I*, and Shinnie and
|
||||
Anderson, *The Capital of Kush II.*
|
||||
|
||||
[^27]: Török, *Meroe City, an ancient African capital*.
|
||||
[^27]: Török, *Meroe City*.
|
||||
|
||||
[^28]: More spindle whorls have been discovered during Jane Humphris's
|
||||
excavations at Meroe for the UCL Qatar Sudan archaeological project.
|
||||
|
|
@ -876,7 +884,7 @@ Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 2019.
|
|||
[^31]: Focused on test pits and trenches, the methodology followed by
|
||||
P.L. Shinnie didn't allow for the excavation of complete building
|
||||
structures. The objects are therefore attached to numbered
|
||||
"squares", making their attribution to specific houses difficult and
|
||||
"squares," making their attribution to specific houses difficult and
|
||||
hypothetical. For a description of excavation techniques and maps,
|
||||
see Shinnie and Bradley, *The Capital of Kush I*.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -888,7 +896,7 @@ Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 2019.
|
|||
|
||||
[^35]: Even in much better documented contexts, such as Pompeii,
|
||||
relating traces of crafts to a greater economic organization remains
|
||||
difficult, see Flohr, "The textile economy of Pompeii."
|
||||
difficult, see Flohr, "The Textile Economy of Pompeii."
|
||||
|
||||
[^36]: Yvanez, "Precious textiles"; "Clothing the elite"; and Yvanez and
|
||||
Wozniak, "Cotton in ancient Sudan and Nubia."
|
||||
|
|
@ -896,18 +904,18 @@ Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 2019.
|
|||
[^37]: Adams, "Sacred Textiles"; Adams and Adams, *Qasr Ibrim, The
|
||||
Ballana Phase*, pp. 60--1, 129--37.
|
||||
|
||||
[^38]: Spinazzi-Lucchesi and Yvanez, "Textile workshops in the Nile
|
||||
valley?".
|
||||
[^38]: Spinazzi-Lucchesi and Yvanez, "Textile Workshops in the Nile
|
||||
Valley?".
|
||||
|
||||
[^39]: For a comprehensive view of Meroitic textile technics and
|
||||
clothing, see Adams, "Sacred Textiles"; Wild, "Fringes
|
||||
and Aprons"; Yvanez, "De fil en aiguille : aspects de l'artisanat
|
||||
textile méroïtique" and "Clothing the elite? Patterns of Textile
|
||||
textile méroïtique" and "Clothing the Elite? Patterns of Textile
|
||||
Production and Consumption."
|
||||
|
||||
[^40]: Yvanez, "Spinning in Meroitic Sudan."
|
||||
|
||||
[^41]: Barber, *Women's work*. Textile crafts (especially
|
||||
[^41]: Barber, *Women's Work*. Textile crafts (especially
|
||||
weaving) are frequently associated to mixed activities in domestic
|
||||
settings, from contexts and production scales as different as Roman
|
||||
Pompeii or Viking Age long houses, see Flohr, "Working
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
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Add table
Reference in a new issue