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content/article/hamdeen.md
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@ -249,9 +249,9 @@ analyses for more detailed identifications will be done at a later date.
**~~Table 1. Plant species that were identified from the Samples.~~** **~~Table 1. Plant species that were identified from the Samples.~~**
![The figure presents the plant and animal remains that were identified: a. Triticum aestivum; b. Hordeum vulgare; c. Sorghum bicolor, d. Setaria italica; e. Adansonia digitata, f. Acacia nilotica; g. Cyperus rotundus; h. Animal dung; i. Insect remains (Photo: H.M. Hamdeen).](../static/images/hamdeen/Fig4.jpg "The figure presents the plant and animal remains that were identified: a. Triticum aestivum; b. Hordeum vulgare; c. Sorghum bicolor, d. Setaria italica; e. Adansonia digitata, f. Acacia nilotica; g. Cyperus rotundus; h. Animal dung; i. Insect remains (Photo: H.M. Hamdeen).") ![The figure presents the plant and animal remains that were identified: a. Triticum aestivum; b. Hordeum vulgare; c. Sorghum bicolor, d. Setaria italica; e. Adansonia digitata, f. Acacia nilotica; g. Cyperus rotundus; h. Animal dung; i. Insect remains (Photos by the author).](../static/images/hamdeen/Fig4.jpg "The figure presents the plant and animal remains that were identified: a. Triticum aestivum; b. Hordeum vulgare; c. Sorghum bicolor, d. Setaria italica; e. Adansonia digitata, f. Acacia nilotica; g. Cyperus rotundus; h. Animal dung; i. Insect remains (Photos by the author).")
**~~Figure 4. The figure presents the plant and animal remains that were identified: a. Triticum aestivum; b. Hordeum vulgare; c. Sorghum bicolor, d. Setaria italica; e. Adansonia digitata, f. Acacia nilotica; g. Cyperus rotundus; h. Animal dung; i. Insect remains (Photo: H.M. Hamdeen).~~** **~~Figure 4. The figure presents the plant and animal remains that were identified: a. Triticum aestivum; b. Hordeum vulgare; c. Sorghum bicolor, d. Setaria italica; e. Adansonia digitata, f. Acacia nilotica; g. Cyperus rotundus; h. Animal dung; i. Insect remains (Photos by the author).~~**
## Mudbrick as source of the plant remains ## Mudbrick as source of the plant remains

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content/article/schrader.md
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@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ keywords: ["osteoarchaeology", "skeletal", "Nubia", "Sudan", "Middle Nile"]
# Introduction # Introduction
Everyday life in Nubia involves activities such as, cooking, cleaning, Everyday life in Nubia involves activities such as cooking, cleaning,
planting seeds, harvesting crops, watching a football match, chatting planting seeds, harvesting crops, watching a football match, chatting
with friends, monitoring children, eating delicious foods, and drinking with friends, monitoring children, eating delicious foods, and drinking
tea. If we conjure up images of these quotidian actions from personal tea. If we conjure up images of these quotidian actions from personal
@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ estimated that it takes approximately 10 years for the skeleton to
completely remodel.[^7] This process also facilitates a record of life completely remodel.[^7] This process also facilitates a record of life
events, embodied in the bones themselves. This is frequently referred to events, embodied in the bones themselves. This is frequently referred to
as embodiment theory in bioarchaeology and speaks to the biosocial as embodiment theory in bioarchaeology and speaks to the biosocial
nature of bioarchaeologyn[^8] The discipline goes beyond looking at nature of bioarchaeology.[^8] The discipline goes beyond looking at
broken bones or diseases to assessing lived experience in the ancient broken bones or diseases to assessing lived experience in the ancient
past, how it changed during periods of political, economic, and social past, how it changed during periods of political, economic, and social
upheaval, and how these data can be used to inform our understanding of upheaval, and how these data can be used to inform our understanding of
@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ possess squatting facets.[^14] Singh does state that the presence of
squatting facets in fetuses is low in this sample, it is also variable squatting facets in fetuses is low in this sample, it is also variable
between other samples published in previous works (22.6% Indian; 23% between other samples published in previous works (22.6% Indian; 23%
European; 3.1% Japanese). Barnett, however, provides an explanation for European; 3.1% Japanese). Barnett, however, provides an explanation for
these findings. Barnett argues that these traits can indeed be these findings. He argues that these traits can indeed be
inherited, however, if the activities that maintain this articulation inherited, however, if the activities that maintain this articulation
(i.e., squatting) are not maintained throughout the lifecourse, they (i.e., squatting) are not maintained throughout the lifecourse, they
will become obliterated as bone turnover occurs.[^15] While this will become obliterated as bone turnover occurs.[^15] While this
@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ Table 1. Demographic Distribution of Squatting Facets at Abu Fatima
||||||| |||||||
n/o=Not observable; Locality assessed via strontium isotope analysis n/o=Not observable; Locality assessed via strontium isotope analysis
(see Schrader et al., "Intraregional 87Sr/86Sr Variation in Nubia" for additional information) (see Schrader et al., "Intraregional 87Sr/86Sr Variation in Nubia" for additional information).
<br/> <br/>
@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ squatting facets (4E1) is a bit of an oddity. This was a probable male,
dating to the Ancient Kerma period (2,500-2,050 BCE), who likely died dating to the Ancient Kerma period (2,500-2,050 BCE), who likely died
between 35-50. The grave was looted in antiquity and was quite between 35-50. The grave was looted in antiquity and was quite
disturbed, with no skeletal elements remained *in situ*. Despite this, disturbed, with no skeletal elements remained *in situ*. Despite this,
there is evidence to suggest that this individual may have been there is evidence to suggest that this individual may have
originally been buried with numerous and varied grave goods. Three originally been buried with numerous and varied grave goods. Three
lithic blades forming a Nubian-style arrowhead, rawhide sandals, faience lithic blades forming a Nubian-style arrowhead, rawhide sandals, faience
beads, and intricate leatherwork and basketry were all found in this beads, and intricate leatherwork and basketry were all found in this
@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ pottery statuette of a squatting man who appears to be naked and
emaciated (Fig. 4). There is a similar figure, on display at the emaciated (Fig. 4). There is a similar figure, on display at the
Egyptian Museum in Cairo, of an emaciated old squatting man grasping an Egyptian Museum in Cairo, of an emaciated old squatting man grasping an
ivory staff. There are also multiple examples of figures grinding grain, ivory staff. There are also multiple examples of figures grinding grain,
like this one, a statuette from the 5th Dynasty (*ca.* 2,465-2,323 like a statuette from the 5th Dynasty (*ca.* 2,465-2,323
BCE; Giza; Fig. 5). Figures such as these exhibit scenes from everyday BCE; Giza; Fig. 5). Figures such as these exhibit scenes from everyday
life and were thought to provide resources for deceased in the life and were thought to provide resources for deceased in the
afterlife. They can also provide some insight into the types of afterlife. They can also provide some insight into the types of
@ -375,12 +375,12 @@ spatial information was provided. Satinoff found that of the 300 male
and female remains analyzed 96% did in fact have squatting facets. This and female remains analyzed 96% did in fact have squatting facets. This
is very much congruent with the findings presented here from Abu Fatima. is very much congruent with the findings presented here from Abu Fatima.
It does beg the question about genetic predisposition to said facets, It does beg the question about genetic predisposition to said facets,
given the relatively genetic homogeneity between Egyptian and Nubians. given the relatively genetic homogeneity between Egyptians and Nubians.
Skeletal analysis of additional samples, with well-documented Skeletal analysis of additional samples, with well-documented
chronologies and cemetery locations, would be useful to better chronologies and cemetery locations, would be useful to better
understand if the majority of Egyptians and Nubians had squatting understand if the majority of Egyptians and Nubians had squatting
facets, or if the similar values between Abu Fatima and the results facets, or if the similar values between Abu Fatima and the results
presented by Satinoff are coincidence. Additionally, additional skeletal presented by Satinoff are coincidence. Additionally, skeletal
analysis of non-adult remains, particularly neonates and infants, could analysis of non-adult remains, particularly neonates and infants, could
be used to address the genetic predisposition theory. be used to address the genetic predisposition theory.
@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ Eastern Turkey." *Collegium Antropologicum* 34, no. 4 (December 30,
2010): pp. 1257--62. 2010): pp. 1257--62.
Boulle, Eve-Line. "Evolution of Two Human Skeletal Markers of the Boulle, Eve-Line. "Evolution of Two Human Skeletal Markers of the
Squatting Positoin: A Diachronic Study from Antiquity to the Modern Squatting Position: A Diachronic Study from Antiquity to the Modern
Age." *American Journal of Physical Anthropology* 115, no. 1 (2001a): Age." *American Journal of Physical Anthropology* 115, no. 1 (2001a):
pp. 50--6. pp. 50--6.
@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ Morphology of the Lower Extremity of the Panjabi." *Journal of Anatomy
and Physiology* 28 (1893): pp. 1--18. and Physiology* 28 (1893): pp. 1--18.
Dlamini, N., and A.G. Morris. "An Investigation of the Frequency of Dlamini, N., and A.G. Morris. "An Investigation of the Frequency of
Suatting Facets in Later Stone Age Foragers from South Africa." Squatting Facets in Later Stone Age Foragers from South Africa."
*International Journal of Osteoarchaeology* 15, no. 5 (2005): pp. 371--6. *International Journal of Osteoarchaeology* 15, no. 5 (2005): pp. 371--6.
Giddens, A. *The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Giddens, A. *The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of
@ -540,9 +540,9 @@ Simonetti. "Intraregional 87Sr/86Sr Variation in Nubia: New Insights
from the Third Cataract." *Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports* from the Third Cataract." *Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports*
24 (2019): pp. 373--9. 24 (2019): pp. 373--9.
Schrader, Sarah A, Tomomi Fushiya, Mohamed Saad, and El Hassan Ahmed Schrader, Sarah A., Tomomi Fushiya, Mohamed Saad, and El Hassan Ahmed
Mohamed. "Decolonizing Bioarchaeology in Sudan." *Journal of African Mohamed. "Decolonizing Bioarchaeology in Sudan." *Journal of African
Archaeology*, 2024: pp- 1--17. Archaeology*, 2024: pp. 1--17.
Schrader, Sarah, and Christina Torres-Rouff. "Embodying Bioarchaeology: Schrader, Sarah, and Christina Torres-Rouff. "Embodying Bioarchaeology:
Theory and Practice." In *Theoretical Approaches to Bioarchaeology*, Theory and Practice." In *Theoretical Approaches to Bioarchaeology*,
@ -643,10 +643,10 @@ Wood, W.Q. "The Tibia of the Australian Aborigine." *Journal of Anatomy*
[^16]: Trinkaus, "Squatting among the Neandertals." [^16]: Trinkaus, "Squatting among the Neandertals."
[^17]: Boulle, "Evolution of Two Human Skeletal Markers of the Squatting [^17]: Boulle, "Evolution of Two Human Skeletal Markers of the Squatting
Positoin." Position."
[^18]: Dlamini and Morris, "An Investigation of the Frequency of [^18]: Dlamini and Morris, "An Investigation of the Frequency of
Suatting Facets in Later Stone Age Foragers from South Africa." Squatting Facets in Later Stone Age Foragers from South Africa."
[^19]: Molleson, "Seed Preparation in the Mesolithic." [^19]: Molleson, "Seed Preparation in the Mesolithic."
@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ Wood, W.Q. "The Tibia of the Australian Aborigine." *Journal of Anatomy*
[^25]: Schrader et al., "Intraregional 87Sr/86Sr Variation in Nubia." [^25]: Schrader et al., "Intraregional 87Sr/86Sr Variation in Nubia."
[^26]: Baykara et al., "Squatting Facet"; Dlamini and Morris, "An [^26]: Baykara et al., "Squatting Facet"; Dlamini and Morris, "An
Investigation of the Frequency of Suatting Facets in Later Stone Age Investigation of the Frequency of Squatting Facets in Later Stone Age
Foragers from South Africa"; Molleson, "Bones of Work at the Origins Foragers from South Africa"; Molleson, "Bones of Work at the Origins
of Labour." of Labour."

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content/article/yvanez.md
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@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ excavations in Sudan, especially in the Meroitic heartland, in a region
encompassing the capital city of Meroe, the surrounding riverine areas, encompassing the capital city of Meroe, the surrounding riverine areas,
and the Butana hinterlands. Along the eastern bank of the Nile, the and the Butana hinterlands. Along the eastern bank of the Nile, the
Meroitic urban landscape is now defined by a chain of cities regularly Meroitic urban landscape is now defined by a chain of cities regularly
spaced every *c.*10 km, from Dangeil in the North to Wad ben Naga in the spaced every c. 10 km, from Dangeil in the North to Wad ben Naga in the
South.[^2] Recent discoveries in Central Sudan and the Gebel Barkal South.[^2] Recent discoveries in Central Sudan and the Gebel Barkal
region, as well as renewed studies of previous excavation results from region, as well as renewed studies of previous excavation results from
Nubia and the city of Meroe, have noticeably increased our knowledge of Nubia and the city of Meroe, have noticeably increased our knowledge of
@ -60,8 +60,9 @@ sources and their relations can be summarized in a diagram displaying
the interdependence between textiles and their production context the interdependence between textiles and their production context
(Fig.1). (Fig.1).
![Textile production as interactions between resources, technology and society (adapted from Andersson Strand et al. 2010: 151).](../static/images/yvanez/fig1.jpg "Textile production as interactions between resources, technology and society (adapted from Andersson Strand et al. 2010: 151)") ![Textile production as interactions between resources, technology, and society (adapted from Andersson Strand et al., "Old Textiles, New Possibilities," p. 151).](../static/images/yvanez/fig1.jpg "Textile production as interactions between resources, technology, and society (adapted from Andersson Strand et al., "Old Textiles, New Possibilities," p. 151)")
**~~Figure 1. Textile production as interactions between resources, technology and society (adapted from Andersson Strand et al. 2010: 151).~~**
**~~Figure 1. Textile production as interactions between resources, technology, and society (adapted from Andersson Strand et al., "Old Textiles, New Possibilities," p. 151).~~**
Despite the inherent limitations of such theoretical models, this Despite the inherent limitations of such theoretical models, this
diagram successfully illustrates the textile artefacts within their own diagram successfully illustrates the textile artefacts within their own
@ -93,8 +94,9 @@ much greater number than other wooden or metallic spindle pieces. Found
at Ballana in grave B58, a complete spindle[^14] provides a reliable at Ballana in grave B58, a complete spindle[^14] provides a reliable
example of this type of tools, its construction and use (Fig. 2). example of this type of tools, its construction and use (Fig. 2).
![Complete spindle, Ballana, tomb B58. (Reproduced from Williams 1991: vol. 1, 159, fig. 61e. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago).](../static/images/yvanez/fig2.jpg "Complete spindle, Ballana, tomb B58. (Reproduced from Williams 1991: vol. 1, 159, fig. 61e. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago)") ![Complete spindle, Ballana, tomb B58. (Reproduced from Williams, *Meroitic Remains from Qustul and Ballana*, vol. 1, 159, fig. 61e. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago).](../static/images/yvanez/fig2.jpg "Complete spindle, Ballana, tomb B58. (Reproduced from Williams, *Meroitic Remains from Qustul and Ballana*, vol. 1, 159, fig. 61e. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago)")
**~~Figure 2. Complete spindle, Ballana, tomb B58. (Reproduced from Williams 1991: vol. 1, 159, fig. 61e. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago).~~**
**~~Figure 2. Complete spindle, Ballana, tomb B58. (Reproduced from Williams, *Meroitic Remains from Qustul and Ballana*, vol. 1, p. 159, fig. 61e. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago).~~**
This simple tool is composed of a spindle shaft and a whorl, placed at the This simple tool is composed of a spindle shaft and a whorl, placed at the
top and secured by the insertion of a metal hook that was used to attach top and secured by the insertion of a metal hook that was used to attach
@ -109,13 +111,16 @@ there is an interesting dichotomy between the artefacts recovered in
Nubia, which favored turned wooden whorls, and those from Central Sudan, Nubia, which favored turned wooden whorls, and those from Central Sudan,
where decorated ceramic was clearly preferred (see Figs. 3, 5, 8). where decorated ceramic was clearly preferred (see Figs. 3, 5, 8).
![Tila Island, House VI: map and location of textile tools (photographs and drawings E.Yvanez. from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries, map reproduced from Edwards 1996: 113, fig. 36).](../static/images/yvanez/fig3.jpg "Complete spindle, Ballana, tomb B58. Tila Island, House VI: map and location of textile tools (photographs and drawings E.Yvanez. from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries, map reproduced from Edwards 1996: 113, fig. 36)") ![Tila Island, House VI: map and location of textile tools (photographs and drawings E.Yvanez. from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries, map reproduced from Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island," p. 113, fig. 36).](../static/images/yvanez/fig3.jpg "Complete spindle, Ballana, tomb B58. Tila Island, House VI: map and location of textile tools (photographs and drawings E.Yvanez. from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries, map reproduced from Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island," p. 113, fig. 36)")
**~~Figure 3. Tila Island, House VI: map and location of textile tools (photographs and drawings E.Yvanez. from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries, map reproduced from Edwards 1996: 113, fig. 36).~~**
**~~Figure 3. Tila Island, House VI: map and location of textile tools (photographs and drawings E.Yvanez. from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries, map reproduced from Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island," p. 113, fig. 36).~~**
![Tila Island, House II: bone points (drawings E. Yvanez from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries).](../static/images/yvanez/fig5.jpg "Tila Island, House II: bone points (drawings E. Yvanez from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries)") ![Tila Island, House II: bone points (drawings E. Yvanez from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries).](../static/images/yvanez/fig5.jpg "Tila Island, House II: bone points (drawings E. Yvanez from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries)")
**~~Figure 5. Tila Island, House II: bone points (drawings E. Yvanez from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries).~~** **~~Figure 5. Tila Island, House II: bone points (drawings E. Yvanez from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries).~~**
![Ceramic spindle whorl from Meroe-city with pattern of a sorgho plant, from oven area M260. SNM 604 (photograph E. Yvanez, courtesy of the Sudan National Museum).](../static/images/yvanez/fig8.jpg "Ceramic spindle whorl from Meroe-city with pattern of a sorgho plant, from oven area M260. SNM 604 (photograph E. Yvanez, courtesy of the Sudan National Museum)") ![Ceramic spindle whorl from Meroe-city with pattern of a sorgho plant, from oven area M260. SNM 604 (photograph E. Yvanez, courtesy of the Sudan National Museum).](../static/images/yvanez/fig8.jpg "Ceramic spindle whorl from Meroe-city with pattern of a sorgho plant, from oven area M260. SNM 604 (photograph E. Yvanez, courtesy of the Sudan National Museum)")
**~~Figure 8. Ceramic spindle whorl from Meroe-city with pattern of a sorgho plant, from oven area M260. SNM 604 (photograph E. Yvanez, courtesy of the Sudan National Museum).~~** **~~Figure 8. Ceramic spindle whorl from Meroe-city with pattern of a sorgho plant, from oven area M260. SNM 604 (photograph E. Yvanez, courtesy of the Sudan National Museum).~~**
Other types of implements -- used for weaving this time -- contribute Other types of implements -- used for weaving this time -- contribute
@ -124,7 +129,7 @@ preservation of organic material on settlement sites, it has proved
impossible to recognize with any certainty the wooden beams that made up impossible to recognize with any certainty the wooden beams that made up
ancient looms. However, frequent discoveries of pear-shaped weights ancient looms. However, frequent discoveries of pear-shaped weights
indicate that, in Meroitic Sudan and Nubia, most weaving was done on a indicate that, in Meroitic Sudan and Nubia, most weaving was done on a
vertical loom called the "warp-weighted loom", in which the warp threads vertical loom called the "warp-weighted loom," in which the warp threads
were drawn tight by a series of loom weights.[^16] Often found in sets, were drawn tight by a series of loom weights.[^16] Often found in sets,
loom weights could be made of stone or more commonly unbaked clay (see loom weights could be made of stone or more commonly unbaked clay (see
Figs. 4, 7). Small picks or spatulas made of bone or wood (see Fig. 5) Figs. 4, 7). Small picks or spatulas made of bone or wood (see Fig. 5)
@ -166,7 +171,7 @@ According to estimations, Tila's population remained quite limited,
totaling between 56 and 102 people at a time, divided into about 20 totaling between 56 and 102 people at a time, divided into about 20
households. Despite the small scale of Tila's settlement, an important households. Despite the small scale of Tila's settlement, an important
number of textile implements were discovered scattered in the different number of textile implements were discovered scattered in the different
buildings. The cross-study of excavation dairies, object inventories, buildings. The cross-study of excavation diaries, object inventories,
and available drawings and plans, led to the localization of most of the and available drawings and plans, led to the localization of most of the
tools and the reconstitution of their original context of use and tools and the reconstitution of their original context of use and
discovery. This article will focus on four significant examples: houses discovery. This article will focus on four significant examples: houses
@ -201,8 +206,9 @@ fulfilled similar functions.
*House I* (Fig. 4) *House I* (Fig. 4)
![Tila Island, House I: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez. from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries, map reproduced from Edwards 1996: 106, fig. 30).](../static/images/yvanez/fig4.jpg "Tila Island, House I: map and location of textile tools [drawings E. Yvanez. from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries, map reproduced from Edwards 1996: 106, fig. 30)") ![Tila Island, House I: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez. from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries, map reproduced from Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island," p. 106, fig. 30).](../static/images/yvanez/fig4.jpg "Tila Island, House I: map and location of textile tools [drawings E. Yvanez. from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries, map reproduced from Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island," p. 106, fig. 30)")
**~~Figure 4. Tila Island, House I: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez. from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries, map reproduced from Edwards 1996: 106, fig. 30).~~**
**~~Figure 4. Tila Island, House I: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez. from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries, map reproduced from Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island," p. 106, fig. 30).~~**
The first occupation level in House I was relatively well preserved The first occupation level in House I was relatively well preserved
under brick rubble.[^23] The structure consists of a roughly rectangular under brick rubble.[^23] The structure consists of a roughly rectangular
@ -227,7 +233,7 @@ Storage area (room 5): 1 set of 3 loom weights.
weights" (excavation diaries, number unspecified). weights" (excavation diaries, number unspecified).
It is unfortunate not to have a precise number for the "large group of It is unfortunate not to have a precise number for the "large group of
loom weights" found in the "loggia", as this information could have loom weights" found in the "loggia," as this information could have
helped us determine the number and size of the looms that could have helped us determine the number and size of the looms that could have
been working at the same time in this building. However, it is clear been working at the same time in this building. However, it is clear
that the "loggia", with its protected but well-lit space, would have that the "loggia", with its protected but well-lit space, would have
@ -239,9 +245,11 @@ House I.
*House II* (Figs. 5-6-7) *House II* (Figs. 5-6-7)
![Tila Island, House II: spindle whorls and bone point discarded in latrines (room 7) (photograph and drawings E. Yvanez from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries).](../static/images/yvanez/fig6.jpg "Tila Island, House II: spindle whorls and bone point discarded in latrines (room 7) (photograph and drawings E. Yvanez from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries)") ![Tila Island, House II: spindle whorls and bone point discarded in latrines (room 7) (photograph and drawings E. Yvanez from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries).](../static/images/yvanez/fig6.jpg "Tila Island, House II: spindle whorls and bone point discarded in latrines (room 7) (photograph and drawings E. Yvanez from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries)")
**~~Figure 6. Tila Island, House II: spindle whorls and bone point discarded in latrines (room 7) (photograph and drawings E. Yvanez from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries).~~** **~~Figure 6. Tila Island, House II: spindle whorls and bone point discarded in latrines (room 7) (photograph and drawings E. Yvanez from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries).~~**
![Tila Island, “House II collection of loom weights” (excavation photograph ref. F/445: 6, A.J. Mills archives, courtesy of David Edwards).](../static/images/yvanez/fig7.jpg "Tila Island, “House II collection of loom weights” (excavation photograph ref. F/445: 6, A.J. Mills archives, courtesy of David Edwards)") ![Tila Island, “House II collection of loom weights” (excavation photograph ref. F/445: 6, A.J. Mills archives, courtesy of David Edwards).](../static/images/yvanez/fig7.jpg "Tila Island, “House II collection of loom weights” (excavation photograph ref. F/445: 6, A.J. Mills archives, courtesy of David Edwards)")
**~~Figure 7. Tila Island, “House II collection of loom weights” (excavation photograph ref. F/445: 6, A.J. Mills archives, courtesy of David Edwards).~~** **~~Figure 7. Tila Island, “House II collection of loom weights” (excavation photograph ref. F/445: 6, A.J. Mills archives, courtesy of David Edwards).~~**
House II is a building complex formed by at least nine different housing House II is a building complex formed by at least nine different housing
@ -253,10 +261,10 @@ illustration of the different kinds of storage and/or refuse contexts
where textile implements can be found. In the case of House II, they where textile implements can be found. In the case of House II, they
appeared in the kitchen area, in a small, vaulted storage chamber, and appeared in the kitchen area, in a small, vaulted storage chamber, and
in a storage area with jars. A group of two spindle whorls and one bone in a storage area with jars. A group of two spindle whorls and one bone
pick was also discovered discarded in a small cellar, which appears to pick were also discovered discarded in a small cellar, which appears to
have been used as a latrine (Fig. 6). have been used as a latrine (Fig. 6).
Beside the tools listed in the inventories, the archives also provided a Besides the tools listed in the inventories, the archives also provided a
very useful excavation photograph that comes to complete the object list very useful excavation photograph that comes to complete the object list
from House II. The image (Fig. 7) shows about 350 loom weights, all from House II. The image (Fig. 7) shows about 350 loom weights, all
pear-shaped and made of unbaked clay, neatly arranged in small groups of pear-shaped and made of unbaked clay, neatly arranged in small groups of
@ -267,7 +275,7 @@ weights". In the present state of the documentation, it is difficult to
be absolutely sure that all loom weights shown on the photograph were be absolutely sure that all loom weights shown on the photograph were
indeed found in House II, or if they correspond to different groups indeed found in House II, or if they correspond to different groups
unearthed on the site since the previous year excavations (such as the unearthed on the site since the previous year excavations (such as the
"large group of loom weights found in House I?) and only collected "large group of loom weights found in House I") and only collected
there. The caption seems however to point towards a sole discovery in there. The caption seems however to point towards a sole discovery in
House II. In any case, it seems that a very big group of loom weights House II. In any case, it seems that a very big group of loom weights
was indeed found in this large complex, possibly spread around different was indeed found in this large complex, possibly spread around different
@ -280,6 +288,7 @@ largest group of such implements ever discovered in Sudan and Nubia.
![Summary count of loom weights per structure at Tila Island.](../static/images/yvanez/table1.jpg "Summary count of loom weights per structure at Tila Island.") ![Summary count of loom weights per structure at Tila Island.](../static/images/yvanez/table1.jpg "Summary count of loom weights per structure at Tila Island.")
**~~Table 1. Summary count of loom weights per structure at Tila Island.~~** **~~Table 1. Summary count of loom weights per structure at Tila Island.~~**
@ -304,7 +313,7 @@ have been a primarily female activity[^25] and linked it to the basic
sustenance strategy of the household. sustenance strategy of the household.
However, the number of textile implements at Tila, especially associated However, the number of textile implements at Tila, especially associated
to weaving, seems to tell a rather different story. On one hand, Houses to weaving, seems to tell a rather different story. On the one hand, Houses
V and VI, with their rather limited corpus, could point towards a V and VI, with their rather limited corpus, could point towards a
domestic production with no specialization of space or person. There, domestic production with no specialization of space or person. There,
the scale of the production seems to have been limited, the data clearly the scale of the production seems to have been limited, the data clearly
@ -340,12 +349,11 @@ during excavations, mainly along trenches and test pits:
![Summary of textile tools per context, Meroe.](../static/images/yvanez/table2.jpg "Summary of textile tools per context, Meroe.") ![Summary of textile tools per context, Meroe.](../static/images/yvanez/table2.jpg "Summary of textile tools per context, Meroe.")
**~~Table 2. Summary of textile tools per context, Meroe.~~** **~~Table 2. Summary of textile tools per context, Meroe.~~**
The Meroe spindle whorls form a homogeneous group made of well-burnished The Meroe spindle whorls form a homogeneous group made of well-burnished
ceramic in conical or biconical shapes, with the upper surface almost ceramics in conical or biconical shapes, with the upper surface almost
always decorated by incised or impressed patterns (Fig. 8). The always decorated by incised or impressed patterns (Fig. 8). The
specimens from the oven area (M260) were likely found within their specimens from the oven area (M260) were likely found within their
manufacturing context, as they were accompanied by several other small manufacturing context, as they were accompanied by several other small
@ -380,8 +388,9 @@ surprising to find within their walls a great number of textile tools,
accumulated by several generations. The context of textile production is accumulated by several generations. The context of textile production is
still domestic, here distributed along a residential street of Meroe. still domestic, here distributed along a residential street of Meroe.
![Meroe-city, trench TT6 between I and G 50/51: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez, reproduced from Shinnie & Bradley 1980: fig. 8, fig. 81-82, 216-217).](../static/images/yvanez/fig9.jpg "Meroe-city, trench TT6 between I and G 50/51: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez, reproduced from Shinnie & Bradley 1980: fig. 8, fig. 81-82, 216-217)") ![Meroe-city, trench TT6 between I and G 50/51: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez, reproduced from Shinnie & Bradley, *The Capital of Kush I*, fig. 8, fig. 81-82, 216-217).](../static/images/yvanez/fig9.jpg "Meroe-city, trench TT6 between I and G 50/51: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez, reproduced from Shinnie & Bradley, *The Capital of Kush I*, fig. 8, fig. 81-82, 216-217)")
**~~Figure 9. Meroe-city, trench TT6 between I and G 50/51: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez, reproduced from Shinnie & Bradley 1980: fig. 8, fig. 81-82, 216-217).~~**
**~~Figure 9. Meroe-city, trench TT6 between I and G 50/51: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez, reproduced from Shinnie & Bradley, *The Capital of Kush I*, fig. 8, fig. 81-82, 216-217).~~**
*North mound* *North mound*
@ -439,8 +448,9 @@ textile activities were an important aspect of the life of this
building, and that they were inserted within a mixed domestic and building, and that they were inserted within a mixed domestic and
industrial urban environment. industrial urban environment.
![Meroe-city, north mount building I.A: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez reproduced from Shinnie & Bradley 1980: fig. 23, fig. 81-82, 216-217).](../static/images/yvanez/fig10.jpg "Meroe-city, north mount building I.A: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez reproduced from Shinnie & Bradley 1980: fig. 23, fig. 81-82, 216-217)") ![Meroe-city, north mount building I.A: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez reproduced from Shinnie & Bradley, *The Capital of Kush I*, fig. 23, fig. 81-82, 216-217).](../static/images/yvanez/fig10.jpg "Meroe-city, north mount building I.A: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez reproduced from Shinnie & Bradley, *The Capital of Kush I*, fig. 23, fig. 81-82, 216-217)")
**~~Figure 10. Meroe-city, north mount building I.A: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez reproduced from Shinnie & Bradley 1980: fig. 23, fig. 81-82, 216-217).~~**
**~~Figure 10. Meroe-city, north mount building I.A: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez reproduced from Shinnie & Bradley, *The Capital of Kush I*, fig. 23, fig. 81-82, 216-217).~~**
# Discussion # Discussion
@ -518,7 +528,7 @@ with a household-based workforce (either direct members of the family or
associated retainers). associated retainers).
How did textile activities affect the daily life of people living in How did textile activities affect the daily life of people living in
these settlements? In the absence of written account, we need to rely on these settlements? In the absence of written accounts, we need to rely on
our knowledge of the textile *chaîne opératoire* and Meroitic settlement our knowledge of the textile *chaîne opératoire* and Meroitic settlement
organization to get a glimpse of the life experiences of textile craft organization to get a glimpse of the life experiences of textile craft
people. The number of tools from places such as Tila, Meroe's North people. The number of tools from places such as Tila, Meroe's North
@ -528,7 +538,7 @@ whorls appear in varied contexts across settlements and because spinning
is a portable and time-consuming activity, we can imagine that several is a portable and time-consuming activity, we can imagine that several
individuals could be seen spinning in streets and other communal spaces individuals could be seen spinning in streets and other communal spaces
on a very regular basis. During the harvest season, we can also picture on a very regular basis. During the harvest season, we can also picture
a heighten activity involving more people and more time, as well as a heightened activity involving more people and more time, as well as
installations to store the unprocessed fibres. Weaving on the other hand installations to store the unprocessed fibres. Weaving on the other hand
seems to have been attached more often to a specific domestic structure, seems to have been attached more often to a specific domestic structure,
especially to spaces open or semi-open to light and air. These especially to spaces open or semi-open to light and air. These
@ -552,7 +562,7 @@ craft activities, and the Meroitic domestic and economic landscapes.
Adams, Nettie K. "Sacred Textiles from an Ancient Nubian Temple." In Adams, Nettie K. "Sacred Textiles from an Ancient Nubian Temple." In
*Sacred and Ceremonial Textiles, Proceedings of the Textile Society of *Sacred and Ceremonial Textiles, Proceedings of the Textile Society of
America Biennial Symposium*, pp. 259--68. Chicago: The Art Institute of America Biennial Symposium,* pp. 259--68. Chicago: The Art Institute of
Chicago, 1996. Chicago, 1996.
Adams, William Y., and Nettie K. Adams. *Qasr Ibrim: The Ballaña Phase*. Adams, William Y., and Nettie K. Adams. *Qasr Ibrim: The Ballaña Phase*.
@ -605,8 +615,8 @@ Choimet, Gabrielle. "The Meroitic Settlement
at Damboya: Preliminary Results." *Sudan & Nubia* 24 (2020): pp. 190--7. at Damboya: Preliminary Results." *Sudan & Nubia* 24 (2020): pp. 190--7.
Edwards, David N. "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island." Edwards, David N. "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island."
In *The Archaeology of the Meroitic State: new perspectives on its In *The Archaeology of the Meroitic State: New Perspectives on Its
social and political organization*, edited by David N. Edwards, pp. 106-14. Cambridge Monographs in African Social and Political Organization*, edited by David N. Edwards, pp. 106-14. Cambridge Monographs in African
Archaeology 38. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1996. Archaeology 38. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1996.
Flohr, Miko. "Working and Living under One Roof: Workshops in Pompeian Flohr, Miko. "Working and Living under One Roof: Workshops in Pompeian
@ -644,7 +654,7 @@ Forgotten Village." *Sudan & Nubia* 24 (2020): pp. 24--30.
Millet, Marie. "Mouweis, une ville de l'Empire de Méroé." *Bulletin de Millet, Marie. "Mouweis, une ville de l'Empire de Méroé." *Bulletin de
la Société Française d'Egyptologie* 186/187 (2013): pp. 83--98. la Société Française d'Egyptologie* 186/187 (2013): pp. 83--98.
Nosch, Marie-Louise, Henriette Koefoed, and Eva Andersson Strand (Eds.). Nosch, Marie-Louise, Henriette Koefoed, and Eva Andersson Strand (eds).
*Textile Production and Consumption in the Ancient Near East: *Textile Production and Consumption in the Ancient Near East:
Archaeology, Epigraphy, Iconography.* Ancient Textiles Series 12. Archaeology, Epigraphy, Iconography.* Ancient Textiles Series 12.
Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2013. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2013.
@ -654,7 +664,7 @@ Settlement on the Middle Nile: The Pottery Assemblage from Late Meroitic
Hamadab, Sudan (2nd to 4th Century A.D.)*. Archäologische Forschungen Hamadab, Sudan (2nd to 4th Century A.D.)*. Archäologische Forschungen
in Afrika 1. Berlin: Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, 2022. in Afrika 1. Berlin: Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, 2022.
Picton, John, and John Mack. *African textiles: Looms, Weaving and Picton, John, and John Mack. *African Textiles: Looms, Weaving and
Design*. London: The British Museum Press, 1979. Design*. London: The British Museum Press, 1979.
Rondot, Vincent. "El-Hassa : un temple à Amon dans l'île de Méroé au Rondot, Vincent. "El-Hassa : un temple à Amon dans l'île de Méroé au
@ -699,7 +709,7 @@ Williams, Bruce B. *Meroitic Remains from Qustul, Cemetery Q, Ballana,
Cemetery B and a Ballana Settlement*. OINE VIII, vol. 1-2. Chicago: The Cemetery B and a Ballana Settlement*. OINE VIII, vol. 1-2. Chicago: The
Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1991. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1991.
Wolf, Pawel,and Ulrike Nowotnick. "Hamadab -- A Meroitic Wolf, Pawel, and Ulrike Nowotnick. "Hamadab -- A Meroitic
Urban Settlement. Excavations 2001-2003." *Archéologie du Nil Moyen* 10 Urban Settlement. Excavations 2001-2003." *Archéologie du Nil Moyen* 10
(2006): pp. 257--72. (2006): pp. 257--72.
@ -711,7 +721,7 @@ Oxford: Oxford Academic, 2021.
Sept. 2024. Sept. 2024.
Wolf, Pawel, Ulrike Nowotnick, and David N. Wolf, Pawel, Ulrike Nowotnick, and David N.
Edwards. \"Settlement in the Meroitic Kingdom\". In *Handbook of Ancient Edwards. "Settlement in the Meroitic Kingdom." In *Handbook of Ancient
Nubia*, edited by Dietrich Raue, pp. 713--82. Berlin-Boston: De Gruyter, Nubia*, edited by Dietrich Raue, pp. 713--82. Berlin-Boston: De Gruyter,
2019. <https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110420388-031>, accessed 3 Sept. 2019. <https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110420388-031>, accessed 3 Sept.
2024. 2024.
@ -750,31 +760,31 @@ Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 2019.
and the present volume for their support. and the present volume for their support.
[^2]: Baud, "Méroé, un monde urbain"; Wolf and Nowotnick, "The Meroitic [^2]: Baud, "Méroé, un monde urbain"; Wolf and Nowotnick, "The Meroitic
Heartland"; Grzymski, "The city of Meroe." Heartland"; Grzymski, "The City of Meroe."
[^3]: Wolf, Nowotnick, and Edwards, "Settlement in the Meroitic [^3]: Wolf, Nowotnick, and Edwards, "Settlement in the Meroitic
Kingdom."  Kingdom." 
[^4]: Rondot, "El-Hassa: un temple à Amon dans l'île de Méroé." [^4]: Rondot, "El-Hassa: un temple à Amon dans l'île de Méroé."
[^5]: Maillot, "The archaeological site of Damboya"; Choimet, "The [^5]: Maillot, "The Archaeological Site of Damboya"; Choimet, "The
Meroitic settlement at Damboya." Meroitic Settlement at Damboya."
[^6]: Wolf and Nowotnick, "Hamadab -- A Meroitic Urban Settlement"; [^6]: Wolf and Nowotnick, "Hamadab -- A Meroitic Urban Settlement";
Nowotnick, *Ceramic Technology, Production and Use*, Nowotnick, *Ceramic Technology, Production and Use*,
passim. passim.
[^7]: Baud, "The Meroitic royal city of Muweis"; Millet, "Mouweis, une [^7]: Baud, "The Meroitic Royal City of Muweis"; Millet, "Mouweis, une
ville de l'Empire de Méroé." ville de l'Empire de Méroé."
[^8]: This volume is a perfect incarnation of this renewed interest, as [^8]: This volume is a perfect incarnation of this renewed interest, as
well as ongoing research projects such as the one on metallurgy led well as ongoing research projects such as the one on metallurgy led
by Jane Humphris (UCL Qatar) or G. Choimet's doctoral work, see by Jane Humphris (UCL Qatar) or G. Choimet's doctoral work, see
Choimet, "Habitat et urbanisme méroïtiques en Nubie et au Soudan Choimet, "Habitat et urbanisme méroïtiques en Nubie et au Soudan
central." Reappraisal of archival documentation from the Nubian central." Reappraisals of archival documentation from the Nubian
campaign are also bringing new light on craft activities, notably campaign are also bringing new light on craft activities, notably
textiles (see Mann and van den Bercken, "Shokan. Revival of a textiles (see Mann and van den Bercken, "Shokan. Revival of a
forgotten village." A similar dynamic was also at the root of the Forgotten Village." A similar dynamic was also at the root of the
Meroe Archival Project, reexamining the excavation archives of Peter Meroe Archival Project, reexamining the excavation archives of Peter
L. Shinnie from his work in settlement areas at Meroe. L. Shinnie from his work in settlement areas at Meroe.
@ -783,18 +793,17 @@ Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 2019.
*Qasr Ibrim: The Ballana Phase*, pp. 97--8., Yvanez, "De fil en *Qasr Ibrim: The Ballana Phase*, pp. 97--8., Yvanez, "De fil en
aiguille : aspects de l'artisanat textile méroïtique." aiguille : aspects de l'artisanat textile méroïtique."
[^10]: Yvanez, "Clothing the elite? Patterns of textile production and [^10]: Yvanez, "Clothing the Elite? Patterns of Textile Production and
consumption." Consumption."
[^11]: These sources are however well known for textile production in [^11]: These sources are however well known for textile production in
pharaonic Egypt (e.g. Vogelsang-Eastwood, "Textiles") or the Ancient pharaonic Egypt (e.g. Vogelsang-Eastwood, "Textiles") or the Ancient
Near East (Nosch, Koefoed and Andersson Strand. Near East (Nosch, Koefoed, and Andersson Strand.
*Textile Production and consumption in the Ancient Near East*). *Textile Production and Consumption in the Ancient Near East*).
[^12]: The aims and methods of recent textile research are usefully [^12]: The aims and methods of recent textile research are usefully
exposed in Andersson Strand et al., "Old Textiles -- New exposed in Andersson Strand et al., "Old Textiles -- New
Possibilities" and Harlow and Nosch, "Weaving the Threads: Possibilities" and Harlow and Nosch, "Weaving the Threads."
methodologies in textile and dress research."
[^13]: Kemp and Vogelsand-Eastwood. *The Ancient Textile Industry in [^13]: Kemp and Vogelsand-Eastwood. *The Ancient Textile Industry in
Amarna*. Studies developing a similar scope are however blossoming, Amarna*. Studies developing a similar scope are however blossoming,
@ -805,7 +814,7 @@ Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 2019.
sites continue to bring evidence of an extensive textile production, sites continue to bring evidence of an extensive textile production,
contemporary with the Meroitic period in Sudan. See for example the contemporary with the Meroitic period in Sudan. See for example the
cases of Karanis (Thomas, *Textiles from Karanis*), Kellis (Bowen, cases of Karanis (Thomas, *Textiles from Karanis*), Kellis (Bowen,
"A study of the textile industry at ancient Kellis"), or the "A Study of the Textile Industry at Ancient Kellis"), or the
Roman-period forts of the Eastern desert (for a comprehensive Roman-period forts of the Eastern desert (for a comprehensive
bibliography, see Bender Jørgensen, "Textiles from Mons Claudianus, bibliography, see Bender Jørgensen, "Textiles from Mons Claudianus,
'Abu Sha'ar and other Roman sites"). 'Abu Sha'ar and other Roman sites").
@ -813,18 +822,18 @@ Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 2019.
[^14]: Williams, *Meroitic Remains from Qustul and Ballana*, vol. 1, p. [^14]: Williams, *Meroitic Remains from Qustul and Ballana*, vol. 1, p.
159, fig. 61e. 159, fig. 61e.
[^15]: Yvanez, "Spinning in Meroitic Sudan". [^15]: Yvanez, "Spinning in Meroitic Sudan."
[^16]: For a description of the warp-weighted loom and its use, see [^16]: For a description of the warp-weighted loom and its use, see
Barber, *Prehistoric Textiles*, pp. 91--113. Barber, *Prehistoric Textiles*, pp. 91--113.
[^17]: [Kemp]{.smallcaps} and Vogelsand-Eastwood. *The Ancient Textile [^17]: Kemp and Vogelsand-Eastwood. *The Ancient Textile
Industry in Amarna*, pp. 358-73. See also Spinazzi-Lucchesi, *The Industry in Amarna*, pp. 358-73. See also Spinazzi-Lucchesi, *The
Unwound Thread*, pp. 91--3. Unwound Thread*, pp. 91--3.
[^18]: Adams and Adams, *Qasr Ibrim: The Ballaña Phase*, p. 98. [^18]: Adams and Adams, *Qasr Ibrim: The Ballaña Phase*, p. 98.
[^19]: Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island". [^19]: Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island."
[^20]: Full publication of the archives forthcoming. I would like to [^20]: Full publication of the archives forthcoming. I would like to
express all my gratitude to David N. Edwards who accepted to share express all my gratitude to David N. Edwards who accepted to share
@ -832,24 +841,23 @@ Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 2019.
the site, and to dissect the archives to understand the exact the site, and to dissect the archives to understand the exact
conditions of the tools' discovery. conditions of the tools' discovery.
[^21]: Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island", [^21]: Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island,"
pp. 112--3. pp. 112--3.
[^22]: Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island", p. [^22]: Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island," p.
112, fig. 35. 112, fig. 35.
[^23]: Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island", p. [^23]: Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island," p.
106, fig. 30. 106, fig. 30.
[^24]: Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island", p. [^24]: Edwards, "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island," pp.
108-11, figs. 31, 32. 108-11, figs. 31, 32.
[^25]: Gender studies have always been an important part of ancient [^25]: Gender studies have always been an important part of ancient
textiles research (see for example "Women's Work", *in* textiles research (see for example "Women's Work", *in*
Barber[,]{.smallcaps} *Prehistoric Textiles*, pp. 283--98.). For a Barber, *Prehistoric Textiles*, pp. 283--98). For a
modern scholarly perspective and references, see Harlow and Nosch modern scholarly perspective and references, see Harlow and Nosch
"Weaving the Threads: methodologies in textile and "Weaving the Threads," pp. 10--11. If the link with the
dress research", pp. 10--11. If the link with the
household is clearly established in ancient Sudanese contexts, no household is clearly established in ancient Sudanese contexts, no
data pertaining to gender and a gendered differentiation of labor data pertaining to gender and a gendered differentiation of labor
has come to light. has come to light.
@ -857,7 +865,7 @@ Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 2019.
[^26]: Shinnie and Bradley, *The Capital of Kush I*, and Shinnie and [^26]: Shinnie and Bradley, *The Capital of Kush I*, and Shinnie and
Anderson, *The Capital of Kush II.* Anderson, *The Capital of Kush II.*
[^27]: Török, *Meroe City, an ancient African capital*. [^27]: Török, *Meroe City*.
[^28]: More spindle whorls have been discovered during Jane Humphris's [^28]: More spindle whorls have been discovered during Jane Humphris's
excavations at Meroe for the UCL Qatar Sudan archaeological project. excavations at Meroe for the UCL Qatar Sudan archaeological project.
@ -876,7 +884,7 @@ Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 2019.
[^31]: Focused on test pits and trenches, the methodology followed by [^31]: Focused on test pits and trenches, the methodology followed by
P.L. Shinnie didn't allow for the excavation of complete building P.L. Shinnie didn't allow for the excavation of complete building
structures. The objects are therefore attached to numbered structures. The objects are therefore attached to numbered
"squares", making their attribution to specific houses difficult and "squares," making their attribution to specific houses difficult and
hypothetical. For a description of excavation techniques and maps, hypothetical. For a description of excavation techniques and maps,
see Shinnie and Bradley, *The Capital of Kush I*. see Shinnie and Bradley, *The Capital of Kush I*.
@ -888,7 +896,7 @@ Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 2019.
[^35]: Even in much better documented contexts, such as Pompeii, [^35]: Even in much better documented contexts, such as Pompeii,
relating traces of crafts to a greater economic organization remains relating traces of crafts to a greater economic organization remains
difficult, see Flohr, "The textile economy of Pompeii." difficult, see Flohr, "The Textile Economy of Pompeii."
[^36]: Yvanez, "Precious textiles"; "Clothing the elite"; and Yvanez and [^36]: Yvanez, "Precious textiles"; "Clothing the elite"; and Yvanez and
Wozniak, "Cotton in ancient Sudan and Nubia." Wozniak, "Cotton in ancient Sudan and Nubia."
@ -896,18 +904,18 @@ Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 2019.
[^37]: Adams, "Sacred Textiles"; Adams and Adams, *Qasr Ibrim, The [^37]: Adams, "Sacred Textiles"; Adams and Adams, *Qasr Ibrim, The
Ballana Phase*, pp. 60--1, 129--37. Ballana Phase*, pp. 60--1, 129--37.
[^38]: Spinazzi-Lucchesi and Yvanez, "Textile workshops in the Nile [^38]: Spinazzi-Lucchesi and Yvanez, "Textile Workshops in the Nile
valley?". Valley?".
[^39]: For a comprehensive view of Meroitic textile technics and [^39]: For a comprehensive view of Meroitic textile technics and
clothing, see Adams, "Sacred Textiles"; Wild, "Fringes clothing, see Adams, "Sacred Textiles"; Wild, "Fringes
and Aprons"; Yvanez, "De fil en aiguille : aspects de l'artisanat and Aprons"; Yvanez, "De fil en aiguille : aspects de l'artisanat
textile méroïtique" and "Clothing the elite? Patterns of Textile textile méroïtique" and "Clothing the Elite? Patterns of Textile
Production and Consumption." Production and Consumption."
[^40]: Yvanez, "Spinning in Meroitic Sudan." [^40]: Yvanez, "Spinning in Meroitic Sudan."
[^41]: Barber, *Women's work*. Textile crafts (especially [^41]: Barber, *Women's Work*. Textile crafts (especially
weaving) are frequently associated to mixed activities in domestic weaving) are frequently associated to mixed activities in domestic
settings, from contexts and production scales as different as Roman settings, from contexts and production scales as different as Roman
Pompeii or Viking Age long houses, see Flohr, "Working Pompeii or Viking Age long houses, see Flohr, "Working