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@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ title: "Gender as Frame of War in Ancient Nubia"
authors: ["urosmatic.md"] authors: ["urosmatic.md"]
abstract: Gender research in Sudan archaeology and Meroitic studies is a nascent field. Studies of gender are especially lacking in investigations concerning war and violence, which are usually written from an androcentric perspective, and often focus solely on soldiers, army, weaponry, and images of battles and enemies. The experiences of non-combatants in the context of war in ancient Nubia are rarely considered; nor is the gender background of war. This paper deals with gender structure in the lists of spoils of war, women and children as prisoners of war, feminization of enemies in royal texts, participation of royal women in war, and depictions of royal women smiting enemies. In gender as a frame of war, Kushite kings were represented as masculine and their enemies as feminine. This binary opposition has also been observed in ancient Egyptian and Neo-Assyrian sources, and was clearly a shared vocabulary of the great powers of the second and first millennium BCE. Such a frame of war was based on a gender disposition of men as active and strong, and women as passive and weak. It “naturalized” Kushite domination over their enemies just as it “naturalized” male domination in Kush. However, the participation of Meroitic queens in conflicts and their depictions smiting enemies shows how the visual vocabulary of violence can be utilized even by some women, in their own expressions of power. abstract: Gender research in Sudan archaeology and Meroitic studies is a nascent field. Studies of gender are especially lacking in investigations concerning war and violence, which are usually written from an androcentric perspective, and often focus solely on soldiers, army, weaponry, and images of battles and enemies. The experiences of non-combatants in the context of war in ancient Nubia are rarely considered; nor is the gender background of war. This paper deals with gender structure in the lists of spoils of war, women and children as prisoners of war, feminization of enemies in royal texts, participation of royal women in war, and depictions of royal women smiting enemies. In gender as a frame of war, Kushite kings were represented as masculine and their enemies as feminine. This binary opposition has also been observed in ancient Egyptian and Neo-Assyrian sources, and was clearly a shared vocabulary of the great powers of the second and first millennium BCE. Such a frame of war was based on a gender disposition of men as active and strong, and women as passive and weak. It “naturalized” Kushite domination over their enemies just as it “naturalized” male domination in Kush. However, the participation of Meroitic queens in conflicts and their depictions smiting enemies shows how the visual vocabulary of violence can be utilized even by some women, in their own expressions of power.
keywords: ["ancient Nubia", "war", "violence", "gender", "women", "children"] keywords: ["ancient Nubia", "war", "violence", "gender", "women", "children"]
draft: true
--- ---
# Introduction # Introduction

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--- ---
title: "Dotawo 8: War in the Sudan" title: "Dotawo 8: War in the Sudan"
editors: ["henriettehafsaas.md"] editors: ["henriettehafsaas.md"]
has_articles: ["HafsaasWar.md", "honegger.md", "tsakos.md", "roksana.md"] has_articles: ["HafsaasWar.md", "honegger.md", "urosmatic.md", "tsakos.md", "roksana.md"]
--- ---
# Preface by the Editor # Preface by the Editor
As this volume is being published, there is war in the Sudan again.
On April 2023, armed conflict started between rival factions of the military regime in the country.
The population is trapped on the battlefield between the military leaders at war with each other.
We are deeply concerned for the people of the Sudan - among them are friends and colleagues.
The escalation of the conflict has caused significant civilian casualties, and more than a million have bceome refugees.
The context that the volume is published under is grim, and the arpiration of our research is now to raise awareness of how destructive was is for the people and their means of living.
We can only hope for the rapid restoration of peace and a peaceful transition to democracy for the country.
War has been a recurring form of violent interaction between communities War has been a recurring form of violent interaction between communities
in the Sudan since the Stone Age, and many chronological divisions in in the Sudan since the Stone Age, and many chronological divisions in
the history of the country are set at events such as wars, battles, the history of the country are set at events such as wars, battles,
@ -43,7 +51,7 @@ persistence brings hope for a civilian government and democratic state
in Sudan. in Sudan.
War has deep roots in Sudan. An Upper Paleolithic cemetery at Jebel War has deep roots in Sudan. An Upper Paleolithic cemetery at Jebel
Sahaba in the far north of the country is often quoted as the earliest Sahaba in the far north of the country is often referred to as the earliest
evidence of war in world history.[^2] Around 25 victims at Jebel Sahaba evidence of war in world history.[^2] Around 25 victims at Jebel Sahaba
exhibited injuries from attacks with bows and arrows.[^3] The exhibited injuries from attacks with bows and arrows.[^3] The
extremities of the earliest war and the violent conflicts in modern extremities of the earliest war and the violent conflicts in modern