elsaY

content/article/yvanez.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 title: "Textiles Activities in Context. An Example of Craft Organization in Meroitic Sudan"
 authors: ["elsayvanez.md"]
 abstract: In Sudan and Nubia, textile implements such as spindle whorls and loom weights are common finds, especially in the excavations of both rural and urban Meroitic settlements. This paper will focus on restoring the textile implements to their archeological locations in order to identify and understand the context of textile activities within the two settlements of Tila Island and Meroe-city. The two sites - a small rural settlement on one hand and the royal capital city on the other hand - offer various examples of how craft production was integrated amidst the Meroitic urban landscape. From domestic production inside living quarters to the creation of multi-tasking industrial areas, the making of textiles was tightly woven into the economic fabric of the Meroitic kingdom.
-keywords: ["Meroitic settlements", "craft organization", "textile production"]
+keywords: ["Nubia", "Meroe", "tools", "Meroitic settlements", "craft organization", "textile production"]
 ---
 
 # Introduction [^1]
@@ -60,6 +60,9 @@ sources and their relations can be summarized in a diagram displaying
 the interdependence between textiles and their production context
 (Fig.1).
 
+![Textile production as interactions between resources, technology and society (adapted from Andersson Strand et al. 2010: 151).](../static/images/yvanez/fig1.jpg "Textile production as interactions between resources, technology and society (adapted from Andersson Strand et al. 2010: 151)")
+**~~Figure 1. Textile production as interactions between resources, technology and society (adapted from Andersson Strand et al. 2010: 151).~~**
+
 Despite the inherent limitations of such theoretical models, this
 diagram successfully illustrates the textile artefacts within their own
 production environment. It highlights the results of a complex *chaîne
@@ -88,8 +91,12 @@ Spinning tools are by far the most prominent material source, especially
 the spindle whorls, which survived in the archaeological record in a
 much greater number than other wooden or metallic spindle pieces. Found
 at Ballana in grave B58, a complete spindle[^14] provides a reliable
-example of this type of tools, its construction and use (Fig. 2). This
+example of this type of tools, its construction and use (Fig. 2). 
-simple tool is composed of a spindle shaft and a whorl, placed at the
+
+![Complete spindle, Ballana, tomb B58. (Reproduced from Williams 1991: vol. 1, 159, fig. 61e. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago).](../static/images/yvanez/fig2.jpg "Complete spindle, Ballana, tomb B58. (Reproduced from Williams 1991: vol. 1, 159, fig. 61e. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago)")
+**~~Figure 2. Complete spindle, Ballana, tomb B58. (Reproduced from Williams 1991: vol. 1, 159, fig. 61e. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago).~~**
+
+This simple tool is composed of a spindle shaft and a whorl, placed at the
 top and secured by the insertion of a metal hook that was used to attach
 the newly formed yarn. In the hand or suspended and then set in motion,
 the tool rotates to twist the fibers together and form the thread.
@@ -102,6 +109,15 @@ there is an interesting dichotomy between the artefacts recovered in
 Nubia, which favored turned wooden whorls, and those from Central Sudan,
 where decorated ceramic was clearly preferred (see Figs. 3, 5, 8).
 
+![Tila Island, House VI: map and location of textile tools (photographs and drawings E.Yvanez. from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries, map reproduced from Edwards 1996: 113, fig. 36).](../static/images/yvanez/fig3.jpg "Complete spindle, Ballana, tomb B58. Tila Island, House VI: map and location of textile tools (photographs and drawings E.Yvanez. from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries, map reproduced from Edwards 1996: 113, fig. 36)")
+**~~Figure 3. Tila Island, House VI: map and location of textile tools (photographs and drawings E.Yvanez. from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries, map reproduced from Edwards 1996: 113, fig. 36).~~**
+
+![Tila Island, House II: bone points (drawings E. Yvanez from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries).](../static/images/yvanez/fig5.jpg "Tila Island, House II: bone points (drawings E. Yvanez from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries)
+**~~Figure 5. Tila Island, House II: bone points (drawings E. Yvanez from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries).~~**
+
+![Ceramic spindle whorl from Meroe-city with pattern of a sorgho plant, from oven area M260. SNM 604 (photograph E. Yvanez, courtesy of the Sudan National Museum).](../static/images/yvanez/fig8.jpg "Ceramic spindle whorl from Meroe-city with pattern of a sorgho plant, from oven area M260. SNM 604 (photograph E. Yvanez, courtesy of the Sudan National Museum)")
+**~~Figure 8. Ceramic spindle whorl from Meroe-city with pattern of a sorgho plant, from oven area M260. SNM 604 (photograph E. Yvanez, courtesy of the Sudan National Museum).~~**
+
 Other types of implements -- used for weaving this time -- contribute
 additional material evidence of textile production. Due to the rare
 preservation of organic material on settlement sites, it has proved
@@ -185,6 +201,9 @@ fulfilled similar functions.
 
 *House I* (Fig. 4)
 
+![Tila Island, House I: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez. from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries, map reproduced from Edwards 1996: 106, fig. 30).](../static/images/yvanez/fig4.jpg "Tila Island, House I: map and location of textile tools [drawings E. Yvanez. from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries, map reproduced from Edwards 1996: 106, fig. 30)")
+**~~Figure 4. Tila Island, House I: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez. from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries, map reproduced from Edwards 1996: 106, fig. 30).~~**
+
 The first occupation level in House I was relatively well preserved
 under brick rubble.[^23] The structure consists of a roughly rectangular
 building centered around a courtyard, with a series of three utilitarian
@@ -219,6 +238,12 @@ House I.
 
 *House II* (Figs. 5-6-7)
 
+![Tila Island, House II: spindle whorls and bone point discarded in latrines (room 7) (photograph and drawings E. Yvanez from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries).](../static/images/yvanez/fig6.jpg "Tila Island, House II: spindle whorls and bone point discarded in latrines (room 7) (photograph and drawings E. Yvanez from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries)")
+**~~Figure 6. Tila Island, House II: spindle whorls and bone point discarded in latrines (room 7) (photograph and drawings E. Yvanez from A.J. Mills’s excavation diaries).~~**
+
+![Tila Island, “House II collection of loom weights” (excavation photograph ref. F/445: 6, A.J. Mills archives, courtesy of David Edwards).](../static/images/yvanez/fig7.jpg "Tila Island, “House II collection of loom weights” (excavation photograph ref. F/445: 6, A.J. Mills archives, courtesy of David Edwards)")
+**~~Figure 7. Tila Island, “House II collection of loom weights” (excavation photograph ref. F/445: 6, A.J. Mills archives, courtesy of David Edwards).~~**
+
 House II is a building complex formed by at least nine different housing
 units.[^24] Textile tools were found dispersed without distinction
 throughout many rooms and occupation levels. The inventories
@@ -348,6 +373,9 @@ surprising to find within their walls a great number of textile tools,
 accumulated by several generations. The context of textile production is
 still domestic, here distributed along a residential street of Meroe.
 
+![Meroe-city, trench TT6 between I and G 50/51: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez, reproduced from Shinnie & Bradley 1980: fig. 8, fig. 81-82, 216-217).](../static/images/yvanez/fig9.jpg "Meroe-city, trench TT6 between I and G 50/51: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez, reproduced from Shinnie & Bradley 1980: fig. 8, fig. 81-82, 216-217)")
+**~~Figure 9. Meroe-city, trench TT6 between I and G 50/51: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez, reproduced from Shinnie & Bradley 1980: fig. 8, fig. 81-82, 216-217).~~**
+
 *North mound*
 
 The northern part of the North mound was explored by three main trenches
@@ -404,6 +432,9 @@ textile activities were an important aspect of the life of this
 building, and that they were inserted within a mixed domestic and
 industrial urban environment.
 
+![Meroe-city, north mount building I.A: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez reproduced from Shinnie & Bradley 1980: fig. 23, fig. 81-82, 216-217).](../static/images/yvanez/fig10.jpg "Meroe-city, north mount building I.A: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez reproduced from Shinnie & Bradley 1980: fig. 23, fig. 81-82, 216-217)")
+**~~Figure 10. Meroe-city, north mount building I.A: map and location of textile tools (drawings E. Yvanez reproduced from Shinnie & Bradley 1980: fig. 23, fig. 81-82, 216-217).~~**
+
 # Discussion
 
 Despite the geographic distance between Tila and Meroe and their
@@ -525,7 +556,7 @@ Andersson Strand, Eva. "Engendering Central Places: Some Aspects of the
 Organisation of Textile Production during Viking Age." In
 *Archäologische Textilfunde -- Archaeological Textiles, NESAT IX*,
 edited by Antoinette Rast-Eicher and Renata Windler, pp.
-148-53[.]{.smallcaps} Ennenda: ArcheoTex, 2007.
+148-53. Ennenda: ArcheoTex, 2007.
 
 Andersson Strand, Eva, Karin Frei. Margarita Gleba, Ulla Mannering,
 Marie-Louise Nosch, and Irene Skals. "Old Textiles, New Possibilities."
@@ -544,7 +575,7 @@ Urban Settlement of Riverine Upper Nubia." *Sudan & Nubia* 12 (2008):
 pp. 52-63.
 
 Baud, Michel. "Méroé, un monde urbain." In *Méroé, Un empire sur le
-Nil,* edited by Michel Baud, pp. 211-17[.]{.smallcaps} Paris: Louvre -
+Nil,* edited by Michel Baud, pp. 211-17. Paris: Louvre -
 Officina Libraria, 2010.
 
 Bender Jørgensen, Lise. "Textiles from Mons Claudianus, 'Abu Sha'ar and
@@ -558,12 +589,12 @@ Bowen, Gillian. "Texts and Textiles: a Study of the Textile Industry at
 Ancient Kellis." *The Artefact: The Journal of the Archaeological and
 Anthropological Society of Victoria* 24 (2001): pp. 18-28.
 
-Choimet[,]{.smallcaps} Gabrielle[.]{.smallcaps} \"Habitat et urbanisme
+Choimet, Gabrielle. \"Habitat et urbanisme
 méroïtiques en Nubie et au Soudan central : état des lieux, actualité et
 carences de la recherche.\" *Routes De l'Orient hors-série* 3 (2018):
 pp. 78-102.
 
-Choimet[,]{.smallcaps} Gabrielle. ["]{.smallcaps}The Meroitic Settlement
+Choimet, Gabrielle. "The Meroitic Settlement
 at Damboya: Preliminary Results." *Sudan & Nubia* 24 (2020): pp. 190-7.
 
 Edwards, David N. "Appendix 3. The Meroitic settlement on Tila Island."
@@ -581,23 +612,23 @@ Flohr, Miko. "The Textile Economy of Pompeii." *Journal of Roman
 Archaeology* 26 (2013): pp. 53-78.
 
 Grzymski, Krzysztof. "The City of Meroe." In *The Oxford Handbook of
-Ancient Nubia*, edited by Geoff Emberling[,]{.smallcaps} and Bruce B.
+Ancient Nubia*, edited by Geoff Emberling, and Bruce B.
-Williams, pp. 545-561[.]{.smallcaps} Oxford: Oxford Academic,
+Williams, pp. 545-561. Oxford: Oxford Academic,
 2021. <https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190496272.013.26>, accessed
 3 Sept. 2024.
 
-Harlow, Mary, and Nosch, Marie-Louise. ["]{.smallcaps}Weaving the
+Harlow, Mary, and Nosch, Marie-Louise. "Weaving the
 Threads: Methodologies in Textile and Dress Research for the Greek and
 Roman world -- the State of the Art and the Case for
 Cross-Disciplinarity." In *Greek and Roman Textiles and Dress, Ancient
 Textiles Series* 19, edited by Mary Harlow and Marie-Louise Nosch[, pp.
-1-33.]{.smallcaps} Oxford: Oxbow books, 2014.
+1-33. Oxford: Oxbow books, 2014.
 
 Kemp, Barry J., and Vogelsang-Eastwood, Gillian. *The Ancient Textile
 Industry in Amarna. EES Excavation Memoir* 68. London: Burlington Press,
 2001.
 
-Maillot[,]{.smallcaps} Marc[. "]{.smallcaps}The Archaeological Site of
+Maillot, Marc. "The Archaeological Site of
 Damboya in the Shendi Reach. First Season." *Sudan & Nubia* 24 (2020):
 pp. 181-9.
 
@@ -638,9 +669,9 @@ Textile Tools between Levant and Egypt*. Venice: Edizioni Ca\' Foscari,
 Spinazzi-Lucchesi, Chiara, and Elsa Yvanez. "Textile Workshops in the
 Nile Valley? Questioning the Concepts and Sources." In *The Common
 Thread. Collected Essays in Honour of Eva Andersson Strand*, edited by
-Ulla Mannering[,]{.smallcaps} Marie-Louise Nosch[,]{.smallcaps} and Anne
+Ulla Mannering, Marie-Louise Nosch, and Anne
-Drewsen[, pp. 117-32.]{.smallcaps} Turnhout: Brepols,
+Drewsen, pp. 117-32. Turnhout: Brepols,
-[2024.]{.smallcaps}
+2024.
 
 Thomas, Thelma K. *Textiles from Karanis, Egypt in the Kelsey Museum of
 Archaeology: Artifacts of Everyday Life*. Ann Arbor: Kelsey Museum,
@@ -663,18 +694,18 @@ Williams, Bruce B. *Meroitic Remains from Qustul, Cemetery Q, Ballana,
 Cemetery B and a Ballana Settlement, OINE* VIII, vol. 1-2. Chicago: The
 Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1991.
 
-Wolf[,]{.smallcaps} Pawel,and Ulrike Nowotnick. "Hamadab -- A Meroitic
+Wolf, Pawel,and Ulrike Nowotnick. "Hamadab -- A Meroitic
 Urban Settlement. Excavations 2001-2003." *Archéologie du Nil Moyen* 10
 (2006): pp. 257-72.
 
-Wolf[,]{.smallcaps} Pawel, and Ulrike Nowotnick. "The Meroitic
+Wolf, Pawel, and Ulrike Nowotnick. "The Meroitic
 Heartland." In *The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia,* edited by Geoff
 Emberling, and Bruce B. Williams, pp. 511-44[.]{.smallcaps}
 Oxford[:]{.smallcaps} Oxford Academic, 2021.
 <https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190496272.013.25>, accessed 3
 Sept. 2024.
 
-Wolf[,]{.smallcaps} Pawel, Ulrike Nowotnick[,]{.smallcaps} and David N.
+Wolf, Pawel, Ulrike Nowotnick, and David N.
 Edwards. \"Settlement in the Meroitic Kingdom\". In *Handbook of Ancient
 Nubia*, edited by Dietrich Raue, pp. 713-82. Berlin-Boston: De Gruyter,
 2019. <https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110420388-031>, accessed 3 Sept.
@@ -714,7 +745,7 @@ Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 2019.
     and the present volume for their support.
 
 [^2]: Baud, "Méroé, un monde urbain"; Wolf and Nowotnick, "The Meroitic
-    Heartland"; Grzymski[, "]{.smallcaps}The city of Meroe".
+    Heartland"; Grzymski, "The city of Meroe."
 
 [^3]: Wolf, Nowotnick, and Edwards, \"Settlement in the Meroitic
     Kingdom\". 
@@ -812,14 +843,14 @@ Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 2019.
     textiles research (see for example "Women's Work", *in*
     Barber[,]{.smallcaps} *Prehistoric Textiles*, pp. 283-98.). For a
     modern scholarly perspective and references, see Harlow and Nosch
-    ["]{.smallcaps}Weaving the Threads: methodologies in textile and
+    "Weaving the Threads: methodologies in textile and
-    dress research", pp. [10-1.]{.smallcaps} If the link with the
+    dress research", pp. 10-1. If the link with the
     household is clearly established in ancient Sudanese contexts, no
     data pertaining to gender and a gendered differentiation of labor
     has come to light.
 
 [^26]: Shinnie and Bradley, *The Capital of Kush I*, and Shinnie and
-    Anderson[,]{.smallcaps} *The Capital of Kush II.*
+    Anderson, *The Capital of Kush II.*
 
 [^27]: Török, *Meroe City, an ancient African capital*.
 
@@ -833,9 +864,9 @@ Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 2019.
     unknown. Further investigations in the site storage rooms and in the
     Khartoum University collections, as part of the Meroe Archival
     Project, might increase and precise the present list (A. Boozer,
-    pers. comm.)
+    pers. comm.).
 
-[^30]: Yvanez, "Spinning in Meroitic Sudan".
+[^30]: Yvanez, "Spinning in Meroitic Sudan."
 
 [^31]: Focused on test pits and trenches, the methodology followed by
     P.L. Shinnie didn't allow for the excavation of complete building
@@ -852,10 +883,10 @@ Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 2019.
 
 [^35]: Even in much better documented contexts, such as Pompeii,
     relating traces of crafts to a greater economic organization remains
-    difficult, see Flohr, "The textile economy of Pompeii".
+    difficult, see Flohr, "The textile economy of Pompeii."
 
 [^36]: Yvanez, "Precious textiles"; "Clothing the elite"; and Yvanez and
-    Wozniak, "Cotton in ancient Sudan and Nubia".
+    Wozniak, "Cotton in ancient Sudan and Nubia."
 
 [^37]: Adams, "Sacred Textiles"; Adams and Adams, *Qasr Ibrim, The
     Ballana Phase*, pp. 60-1, 129-37.
@@ -864,16 +895,16 @@ Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 2019.
     valley?".
 
 [^39]: For a comprehensive view of Meroitic textile technics and
-    clothing, see Adams, "Sacred Textiles", Wild[, "]{.smallcaps}Fringes
+    clothing, see Adams, "Sacred Textiles"; Wild, "Fringes
-    and Aprons", Yvanez, "De fil en aiguille : aspects de l'artisanat
+    and Aprons"; Yvanez, "De fil en aiguille : aspects de l'artisanat
     textile méroïtique" and "Clothing the elite? Patterns of Textile
-    Production and Consumption".
+    Production and Consumption."
 
-[^40]: [Yvanez]{.smallcaps}, "Spinning in Meroitic Sudan".
+[^40]: Yvanez, "Spinning in Meroitic Sudan."
 
-[^41]: [Barber]{.smallcaps}, *Women's work*. Textile crafts (especially
+[^41]: Barber, *Women's work*. Textile crafts (especially
     weaving) are frequently associated to mixed activities in domestic
     settings, from contexts and production scales as different as Roman
-    Pompeii or Viking Age long houses, see [Flohr]{.smallcaps}, "Working
+    Pompeii or Viking Age long houses, see Flohr, "Working
-    and Living Under One Roof" and [Andersson Strand]{.smallcaps},
+    and Living Under One Roof" and Andersson Strand,
-    "Engendering Central Places".
+    "Engendering Central Places."