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@ -507,9 +507,9 @@ contained numerous weapons. Sixteen mace-heads were uncovered in twelve
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graves, and other weapons were found in four graves (see Appendix 1
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and Figure 4).
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**~~Figure 4: ~~**
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**~~Figure 4: Some of the mace-heads uncovered in the Naqada graves in Cemetery 17. a) Mace-head from grave 89. b) Mace-head from grave 70. c) Mace-head from grave 50. D) Mace-head from grave 88. Photos by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum, Aswan.~~**
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Weapons were thus found in 55 per cent of the graves.
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Other weapons uncovered were flint daggers, flint knives, flint and
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@ -519,9 +519,9 @@ the arrowheads had their closest parallels at Hierakonpolis in southern
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Upper Egypt, which suggests that this was the homeland of the
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individuals buried in Cemetery 17 (Figure 5).
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**~~Figure 5: a) Large concave-base arrowhead with long straight lobes (typical for Hierakonpolis) found in Naqada grave 50 in Cemetery 17. Photo by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum in Aswan. b) Three tanged arrowheads with barbs found in Naqada grave 78 in Cemetery 17. Photo by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum in Aswan.~~**
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**~~Figure 5: a) Large concave-base arrowhead with long straight lobes (typical for Hierakonpolis) found in Naqada grave 50 in Cemetery 17. Courtesy of Nubia Museum in Aswan. b) Three tanged arrowheads with barbs found in Naqada grave 78 in Cemetery 17. Photos by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum in Aswan.~~**
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In the cemetery, five
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males were interred with a single mace, while seven graves without human
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@ -797,7 +797,7 @@ battlefield.[^174] Decapitation of prisoners of war certainly was a
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later practice in Egypt, as attested in iconography such as the Narmer
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palette from the very beginning of the First Dynasty (Figure 9).
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**~~Figure 9: ~~**
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@ -823,9 +823,9 @@ attacks where sharp force violence also was used -- most likely
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copper-alloy weapons. Both males and females were injured and killed in
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these cemeteries (see Appendices 1-6).
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**~~Table 2. Violent deaths, violent injury antemortem, missing skulls, and broken skulls in total and in per cent in A-Group cemeteries dating to the proto-phase. Data from Appendices 2-6.~~**
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**~~Table 2. Violent deaths, violent injuries antemortem, missing skulls, and broken skulls in total and in per cent in A-Group cemeteries dating to the proto-phase. Data from Appendices 2-6.~~**
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Furthermore, ten individuals appear to have been buried without their
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skull, and seventeen individuals were uncovered with their skull broken
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@ -1119,7 +1119,7 @@ final product. Any remaining errors are my own.
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# References
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Shaw, pp. 5-77. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
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@ -1133,7 +1133,7 @@ Social Organization of Culture Difference*, edited by Fredrik Barth, pp.
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Barth, Fredrik. "Enduring and Emerging Issues in the Analysis of
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@ -1158,13 +1158,13 @@ Chaix, Louis and Jacques Reinold. "Animals in Neolithic Graves: Kadruka
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and Kadada (Northern and Central Sudan)." In *Desert and the Nile.
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@ -1193,7 +1193,7 @@ Edwards, David N. *The Nubian Past. An Archaeology of the Sudan*.
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Friedman, Renée. "The Nubian Cemetery at Hierakonpolis, Egypt. Results
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Friedman, Renée. "Hierakonpolis." In *Before the Pyramids. The Origins
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@ -1221,14 +1221,14 @@ Oriental Institute Museum, 2011.
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Gatto, Maria C. "Egypt and Nubia in the 5th-4th Millennia BCE: A
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View from the First Cataract and Its Surroundings." *British Museum
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Gatto, Maria C. 2014. "Cultural Entanglement at the Dawn of the
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*Origini* 36 (2015): pp. 93-124.
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Gatto, Maria C. 2021. "The A-Group and 4th Millennium BCE Nubia." In
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@ -1257,7 +1257,7 @@ Masculinity: The Emergence of a Warrior Class at Kerma in Sudan."
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Hafsaas-Tsakos, Henriette. *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
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State of Ancient Egypt. A Warfare Perspective on the History of the
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A-Group People in Lower Nubia during the 4^th^ millennium BCE*.
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A-Group People in Lower Nubia during the 4th millennium BCE*.
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Harrison, Simon. "Skull Trophies of the Pacific War: Transgressive
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@ -1266,7 +1266,7 @@ Institute* 12 (2006): pp. 817-836.
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Helbling, Jürg. "War and Peace in Societies without Central Power:
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and Helle Vandkilde, pp. 113-139. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2006.
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Hendrickx, Stan. "Predynastic---Early Dynastic Chronology." In
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@ -1293,7 +1293,7 @@ Mitchell and Paul J. Lane. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
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Hårde, Andreas. "Funerary Rituals and Warfare in the Early Bronze Age
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Judd, Margaret A., and Rebecca Redfern. "Trauma." In *A Companion to
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Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
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Junker, Hermann. *Bericht über die Grabungen der Akademie der
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@ -1352,13 +1352,13 @@ McMahon and Harriet Crawford, pp. 173-188. Cambridge: McDonald Institute
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Monographs, 2014
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Meurer, Georg K. "Nubians in Egypt from the Early Dynastic Period to
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the New Kingdom." In *The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia,* edited by
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Geoff Emberling and Bruce Beyer Williams, pp. 289-308. New York: Oxford
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University Press, 2020.
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Molleson, Theya I. 1993. "The Nubian Pathological Collection in the
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Natural History Museum, London." In *Biological Anthropology and the
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Study of Ancient Egypt,* edited by W. Vivian Davies and Roxie Walker,
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pp. 136--43. London: British Museum Press.
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Nordström, Hans-Åke. *Neolithic and A-Group Sites*. Vol. 3. Stockholm:
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@ -1376,12 +1376,12 @@ Timothy Kendall, pp. 134-144. Boston: Department of African-American
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Studies, 2004.
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Okumura, Mercedes and Yun Ysi Siew. "An Osteological Study of Trophy
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Heads: Unveiling the Headhunting Practice in Borneo." International
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Journal of Osteoarchaeology 23.6 (2013): pp. 685-697.
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Heads: Unveiling the Headhunting Practice in Borneo." *International
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Otto, Ton, Henrik Thrane, and Helle Vandkilde. "Warfare and Society.
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@ -1396,11 +1396,11 @@ Hospital Karachi (Analysis of 82 Patients)." *Journal of the Pakistan
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Raue, Dietrich. "Cultural Diversity of Nubia in the Later 3rd--mid
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2^nd^ Millennium BC." In *Handbook of Ancient Nubia. Volume 1*, edited
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by Dietrich Raue, pp. 293-334. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2019.
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Reisner, George A. *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia. Report for
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1907-1908. Volume I: Archaeological Report*. Cairo: National Printing
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Department, 1910.
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Robinson, Christopher Michael. "Fractures of the Clavicle in the Adult:
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@ -1410,10 +1410,10 @@ Surgery. British volume* 80/3 (1998): pp. 476-484.
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Roosens, Eugeen E. *Creating Ethnicity: The Process of Ethnogenesis*.
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Sage Publications, Inc, 1989.
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Roy, Jane. *The Politics of Trade*. *Egypt and Lower Nubia in the 4th
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Roy, Jane. *The Politics of Trade: Egypt and Lower Nubia in the 4th
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Millennium BC*. Leiden: Brill, 2011.
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Smith, Harry S. "The Nubian B-Group", *Kush*, 14 (1966): pp. 69-124.
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Smith, Harry S. "The Nubian B-Group," *Kush*, 14 (1966): pp. 69-124.
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Smith, Harry S. "The Development of the A-Group Culture in Northern
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Lower Nubia." In *Egypt and Africa: Nubia from Prehistory to Islam*,
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@ -1444,14 +1444,14 @@ Stevenson, Alice. "The Egyptian Predynastic and State Formation."
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Takamiya, Izumi H. "Egyptian Pottery Distribution in A-Group Cemeteries,
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Lower Nubia: Towards an Understanding of Exchange Systems between the
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Naqada Culture and the A-Group Culture". *The Journal of Egyptian
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Naqada Culture and the A-Group Culture." *The Journal of Egyptian
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Archaeology*, 90/1 (2004), pp. 35--62.
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Trigger, Bruce G. *History and Settlement in Lower Nubia*. New Haven:
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Department of Anthropology, 1965.
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Török, László. *Between Two Worlds. The Frontier Region between Ancient
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Nubia and Egypt 3700 BC - AD 500.* Leiden: Brill, 2009.
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Nubia and Egypt 3700 BC - AD 500*. Leiden: Brill, 2009.
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Usai, Donatella. "Other Stone Tools: Axes, Mace-heads and Grinding
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stones." In *A Neolithic Cemetery in the Northern Dongola Reach
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@ -1476,7 +1476,7 @@ Prehistoric Perspective on the Narmer Palette." *Cambridge
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Archaeological Journal* 11/1 (2001): pp. 91-104.
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Wengrow, David. *The Archaeology of Early Egypt. Social Transformations
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in North-East Africa, 10,000 to 2650 BC.* Cambridge: Cambridge
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in North-East Africa, 10,000 to 2650 BC*. Cambridge: Cambridge
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University Press, 2006.
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Wengrow, David and David Graeber. "'Many Seasons Ago': Slavery and Its
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@ -1491,7 +1491,7 @@ Africa." *Antiquity* 88/339 (2014): pp. 95-111.
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Wilkinson, Toby A.H. *Early Dynastic Egypt*. London: Routledge, 1999.
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[^1]: For general discussions of the concept ethnogenesis, see Roosens,
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*Creating Ethnicity,* and Weik, "The Archaeology of Ethnogenesis."
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*Creating Ethnicity*, and Weik, "The Archaeology of Ethnogenesis."
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[^2]: Nordström divided the A-Group into three stages, Early,
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Classic/Middle, and Terminal, in his seminal work *Neolithic and
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@ -1528,7 +1528,7 @@ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. *Early Dynastic Egypt*. London: Routledge, 1999.
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[^13]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
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State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 123.
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[^14]: Nordström, *Neolithic and A-Group sites*; Hafsaas-Tsakos, "Hierarchy and Heterarchy"; Roy, *The Politics of Trade*; Glück, "The Heritage of the A-Group"; Gatto, "The A-Group and 4^th^ Millennium BCE Nubia."
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[^14]: Nordström, *Neolithic and A-Group sites*; Hafsaas-Tsakos, "Hierarchy and Heterarchy;" Roy, *The Politics of Trade*; Glück, "The Heritage of the A-Group;" Gatto, "The A-Group and 4th Millennium BCE Nubia."
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[^15]: See for instance Takamiya, "Egyptian Pottery Distribution in
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A-Group Cemeteries," p. 56 for the establishment of the contact, and
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@ -1542,12 +1542,12 @@ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. *Early Dynastic Egypt*. London: Routledge, 1999.
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[^17]: Some examples from the last 20 years: Hendrickx,
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"Predynastic---Early Dynastic Chronology," p. 71 and p. 76; Wengrow,
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*The Archaeology of Early Egypt*, p. 75; Bard, "Political Economies
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of Predynastic Egypt and the Formation of the Early State"; Gatto,
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of Predynastic Egypt and the Formation of the Early State;" Gatto,
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"The A-Group and 4th Millennium BCE Nubia," p. 127 and p. 129.
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[^18]: Also spelled Kubaniya and Kubaniyeh.
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[^19]: Some examples from the last 20 years: Edwards, *The Nubian past,*
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[^19]: Some examples from the last 20 years: Edwards, *The Nubian past*,
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pp. 68-69; Nordström, "The Nubian A-Group," p. 134; Takamiya,
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"Egyptian Pottery Distribution in A-Group Cemeteries," p. 41;
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Friedman, "The Nubian Cemetery at Hierakonpolis," p. 62; Török,
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@ -1556,7 +1556,7 @@ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. *Early Dynastic Egypt*. London: Routledge, 1999.
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Egypt from the Early Dynastic Period to the New Kingdom," p. 290).
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[^20]: Gatto, "Cultural Entanglement at the Dawn of the Egyptian
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History," p. 117; GATTO, "The A-Group and 4th Millennium BCE
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History," p. 117; Gatto, "The A-Group and 4th Millennium BCE
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Nubia," p. 130.
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[^21]: See also Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern
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@ -1586,7 +1586,7 @@ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. *Early Dynastic Egypt*. London: Routledge, 1999.
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[^32]: Bourdieu, *Outline of a Theory of Practice*, p. 72.
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[^33]: Bentley, "Ethnicity and Practice", p. 27.
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[^33]: Bentley, "Ethnicity and Practice," p. 27.
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[^34]: Jones, *The Archaeology of Ethnicity*, p. 120.
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@ -1620,7 +1620,7 @@ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. *Early Dynastic Egypt*. London: Routledge, 1999.
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[^45]: See Matić, *Ethnic Identities in the Land of the Pharaohs*, p.
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28.
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[^46]: Smith, "Ethnicity".
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[^46]: Smith, "Ethnicity."
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[^47]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
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State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 253.
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@ -1691,7 +1691,7 @@ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. *Early Dynastic Egypt*. London: Routledge, 1999.
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257-262.
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[^68]: See Nordström, "Gender and Social Structure in the Nubian
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A-Group" for later gender differences among the A-Group people.
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A-Group," for later gender differences among the A-Group people.
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[^69]: See Hodgson, "Gender, Culture, and the Myth of the Patriarchal
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Pastoralist," p. 10 for pastoral labor structured by gender (and
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@ -1746,7 +1746,7 @@ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. *Early Dynastic Egypt*. London: Routledge, 1999.
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[^89]: Reisner described these flint implements as flakes. The published
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photos of other flint flakes identified by Reisner are in fact
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blades, see Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia,* plate
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blades, see Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, plate
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62/b/1 depicting blades called flakes in the description.
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[^90]: See Hafsaas-Tsakos, "Edges of Bronze and Expressions of
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@ -1792,7 +1792,7 @@ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. *Early Dynastic Egypt*. London: Routledge, 1999.
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[^104]: McMahon, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 181
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[^105]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains,* p.
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[^105]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
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116.
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[^106]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
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@ -1814,276 +1814,276 @@ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. *Early Dynastic Egypt*. London: Routledge, 1999.
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[^112]: Droux and Pieri, "Further Adventures at HK6: The 2010 Season,"
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p. 4.
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[^113]: FRIEDMAN, "Hierakonpolis," p. 39.
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[^113]: Friedman, "Hierakonpolis," p. 39.
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[^114]: GILBERT, *Weapons, Warriors and Warfare in Early Egypt*, p. 84.
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[^114]: Gilbert, *Weapons, Warriors and Warfare in Early Egypt*, p. 84.
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[^115]: Chaix and Reinold, \"Animals in Neolithic Graves."
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[^115]: Chaix and Reinold, "Animals in Neolithic Graves."
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[^116]: REISNER, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 37-42.
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[^116]: Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 37-42.
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|
||||
[^117]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains*.
|
||||
[^117]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*.
|
||||
|
||||
[^118]: HELBLING, "War and Peace in Societies without Central Power", p.
|
||||
[^118]: Helbling, "War and Peace in Societies without Central Power," p.
|
||||
115.
|
||||
|
||||
[^119]: JUDD, "Continuity of Interpersonal Violence between Nubian
|
||||
[^119]: Judd, "Continuity of Interpersonal Violence between Nubian
|
||||
Communities," p. 324 with references.
|
||||
|
||||
[^120]: JUDD, "Trauma in the City of Kerma," pp. 46-48.
|
||||
[^120]: Judd, "Trauma in the City of Kerma," pp. 46-48.
|
||||
|
||||
[^121]: MARTIN and HARROD, "Bioarchaeological Contributions to the Study
|
||||
[^121]: Martin and Harrod, "Bioarchaeological Contributions to the Study
|
||||
of Violence," p. 121.
|
||||
|
||||
[^122]: MCMAHON, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 182.
|
||||
[^122]: McMahon, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 182.
|
||||
|
||||
[^123]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* pp.
|
||||
[^123]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, pp.
|
||||
330-332.
|
||||
|
||||
[^124]: FILER, "Ancient Egypt and Nubia as a Source of Information for
|
||||
[^124]: Filer, "Ancient Egypt and Nubia as a Source of Information for
|
||||
Cranial Injuries," p. 70.
|
||||
|
||||
[^125]: JUDD, "Trauma in the City of Kerma," p. 46; JUDD, "The Parry
|
||||
Problem," p. 1661; MARTIN and HARROD, "Bioarchaeological
|
||||
[^125]: Judd, "Trauma in the City of Kerma," p. 46; Judd, "The Parry
|
||||
Problem," p. 1661; Martin and Harrod, "Bioarchaeological
|
||||
Contributions to the Study of Violence," p. 121.
|
||||
|
||||
[^126]: ROBINSON, "Fractures of the Clavicle in the Adult," table 3.
|
||||
[^126]: Robinson, "Fractures of the Clavicle in the Adult," table 3.
|
||||
|
||||
[^127]: MARTIN and HARROD, "Bioarchaeological Contributions to the Study
|
||||
[^127]: Martin and Harrod, "Bioarchaeological Contributions to the Study
|
||||
of Violence," p. 124.
|
||||
|
||||
[^128]: Blood-stained bones were observed in some well-preserved human
|
||||
remains, see ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human
|
||||
Remains,* pp. 329-330. However, stains from decomposed blood are
|
||||
remains, see Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human
|
||||
Remains*, pp. 329-330. However, stains from decomposed blood are
|
||||
usually absent in violent deaths uncovered from archaeological
|
||||
contexts, see WALKER, \"A Bioarchaeological Perspective on the
|
||||
History of Violence,\" p. 578.
|
||||
contexts, see Walker, "A Bioarchaeological Perspective on the
|
||||
History of Violence," p. 578.
|
||||
|
||||
[^129]: MARTIN and HARROD, "Bioarchaeological Contributions to the Study
|
||||
[^129]: Martin and Harrod, "Bioarchaeological Contributions to the Study
|
||||
of Violence," p. 124.
|
||||
|
||||
[^130]: E.g., MOLLESON, "The Nubian Pathological Collection"; FILER,
|
||||
[^130]: E.g., Molleson, "The Nubian Pathological Collection;" Filer,
|
||||
"Ancient Egypt and Nubia as a Source of Information for Cranial
|
||||
Injuries"; JUDD and REDFERN, "Trauma," p. 362; COCKITT, et al.
|
||||
Injuries;" Judd and Redfern, "Trauma," p. 362; Cockitt, et al.
|
||||
"Capturing a Century of Study."
|
||||
|
||||
[^131]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOS JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* pp.
|
||||
[^131]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, pp.
|
||||
331-332.
|
||||
|
||||
[^132]: See MARTIN and HARROD, "Bioarchaeological Contributions to the
|
||||
[^132]: See Martin and Harrod, "Bioarchaeological Contributions to the
|
||||
Study of Violence," p. 118.
|
||||
|
||||
[^133]: Marshall and Buzon, "Bioarchaeology in the Nile Valley."
|
||||
|
||||
[^134]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* pp.
|
||||
[^134]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, pp.
|
||||
331-332.
|
||||
|
||||
[^135]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p.
|
||||
[^135]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
|
||||
313.
|
||||
|
||||
[^136]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
|
||||
[^136]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
|
||||
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 259.
|
||||
|
||||
[^137]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p.
|
||||
[^137]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
|
||||
331.
|
||||
|
||||
[^138]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p.
|
||||
[^138]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
|
||||
108.
|
||||
|
||||
[^139]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p.
|
||||
[^139]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
|
||||
312.
|
||||
|
||||
[^140]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p.
|
||||
[^140]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
|
||||
299.
|
||||
|
||||
[^141]: PUNJABI et al., "Causes and Management of Zygomatic Bone
|
||||
[^141]: Punjabi et al., "Causes and Management of Zygomatic Bone
|
||||
Fractures," p. 36.
|
||||
|
||||
[^142]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p.
|
||||
[^142]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
|
||||
313 and fig. 87.
|
||||
|
||||
[^143]: JUDD, "The Parry Problem," p. 1661.
|
||||
[^143]: Judd, "The Parry Problem," p. 1661.
|
||||
|
||||
[^144]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p.
|
||||
[^144]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
|
||||
305 and fig. 74.
|
||||
|
||||
[^145]: ROBINSON, "Fractures of the Clavicle in the Adult," p. 476 and
|
||||
[^145]: Robinson, "Fractures of the Clavicle in the Adult," p. 476 and
|
||||
table 3.
|
||||
|
||||
[^146]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p.
|
||||
[^146]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
|
||||
306 and fig. 75.
|
||||
|
||||
[^147]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,*
|
||||
[^147]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*,
|
||||
p. 152.
|
||||
|
||||
[^148]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p.
|
||||
[^148]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
|
||||
301.
|
||||
|
||||
[^149]: See below.
|
||||
|
||||
[^150]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p.
|
||||
[^150]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
|
||||
334.
|
||||
|
||||
[^151]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p.
|
||||
[^151]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
|
||||
301.
|
||||
|
||||
[^152]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p.
|
||||
[^152]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
|
||||
334.
|
||||
|
||||
[^153]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p.
|
||||
[^153]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
|
||||
299.
|
||||
|
||||
[^154]: PUNJABI et al., "Causes and Management of Zygomatic Bone
|
||||
[^154]: Punjabi et al., "Causes and Management of Zygomatic Bone
|
||||
Fractures," p. 36.
|
||||
|
||||
[^155]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,*
|
||||
[^155]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*,
|
||||
p. 108.
|
||||
|
||||
[^156]: REISNER, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, p. 134.
|
||||
[^156]: Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, p. 134.
|
||||
|
||||
[^157]: REISNER, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 212-214.
|
||||
[^157]: Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 212-214.
|
||||
|
||||
[^158]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* pp.
|
||||
155-156; REISNER, 1910: 213.
|
||||
[^158]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, pp.
|
||||
155-156; Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, p. 213.
|
||||
|
||||
[^159]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
|
||||
[^159]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
|
||||
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 274.
|
||||
|
||||
[^160]: REISNER, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, p. 262 and pp.
|
||||
[^160]: Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, p. 262 and pp.
|
||||
264-265
|
||||
|
||||
[^161]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,*
|
||||
[^161]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*,
|
||||
pp. 170-173.
|
||||
|
||||
[^162]: GILBERT, *Weapons, Warriors and Warfare in Early Egypt*, pp.
|
||||
[^162]: Gilbert, *Weapons, Warriors and Warfare in Early Egypt*, pp.
|
||||
42-43.
|
||||
|
||||
[^163]: MCMAHON, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 182.
|
||||
[^163]: McMahon, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 182.
|
||||
|
||||
[^164]: DOUGHERTY and FRIEDMAN, "Sacred or Mundane."
|
||||
[^164]: Dougherty and Friedman, "Sacred or Mundane."
|
||||
|
||||
[^165]: DOUGHERTY and FRIEDMAN, "Sacred or Mundane," p. 310 and p. 313.
|
||||
[^165]: Dougherty and Friedman, "Sacred or Mundane," p. 310 and p. 313.
|
||||
|
||||
[^166]: DOUGHERTY and FRIEDMAN, "Sacred or Mundane," p. 316.
|
||||
[^166]: Dougherty and Friedman, "Sacred or Mundane," p. 316.
|
||||
|
||||
[^167]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
|
||||
[^167]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
|
||||
State of Ancient Egypt*, pp. 279-280.
|
||||
|
||||
[^168]: DOUGHERTY and FRIEDMAN, "Sacred or Mundane," p. 313.
|
||||
[^168]: Dougherty and Friedman, "Sacred or Mundane," p. 313.
|
||||
|
||||
[^169]: WILKINSON, *Early Dynastic Egypt*, p. 266.
|
||||
[^169]: Wilkinson, *Early Dynastic Egypt*, p. 266.
|
||||
|
||||
[^170]: WENGROW, *The Archaeology of Early Egypt*, pp. 116-123.
|
||||
[^170]: Wengrow, *The Archaeology of Early Egypt*, pp. 116-123.
|
||||
|
||||
[^171]: DOUGHERTY and FRIEDMAN, "Sacred or Mundane," p. 327.
|
||||
[^171]: Dougherty and Friedman, "Sacred or Mundane," p. 327.
|
||||
|
||||
[^172]: WILKINSON, *Early Dynastic Egypt*, p. 266.
|
||||
[^172]: Wilkinson, *Early Dynastic Egypt*, p. 266.
|
||||
|
||||
[^173]: DOUGHERTY and FRIEDMAN, "Sacred or Mundane," p. 330.
|
||||
[^173]: Dougherty and Friedman, "Sacred or Mundane," p. 330.
|
||||
|
||||
[^174]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
|
||||
[^174]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
|
||||
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 281.
|
||||
|
||||
[^175]: BUZON, "Bioarchaeology of Nubia," pp. 1052-1053.
|
||||
[^175]: Buzon, "Bioarchaeology of Nubia," pp. 1052-1053.
|
||||
|
||||
[^176]: GATTO, "Egypt and Nubia in the 5^th^-4^th^ Millennia BCE".
|
||||
[^176]: Gatto, "Egypt and Nubia in the 5th-4th Millennia BCE."
|
||||
|
||||
[^177]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
|
||||
[^177]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
|
||||
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 332.
|
||||
|
||||
[^178]: See GATTO, "Cultural Entanglement at the Dawn of the Egyptian
|
||||
History".
|
||||
[^178]: See Gatto, "Cultural Entanglement at the Dawn of the Egyptian
|
||||
History."
|
||||
|
||||
[^179]: HOFFMAN, HAMROUCH, and ALLEN, "A Model of Urban Development for
|
||||
the Hierakonpolis Region," p. 181; HAALAND and HAALAND, "Early
|
||||
Farming Societies along the Nile*,*" p. 546.
|
||||
[^179]: Hoffman, Hamrouch, and Allen, "A Model of Urban Development for
|
||||
the Hierakonpolis Region," p. 181; Haaland and Haaland, "Early
|
||||
Farming Societies along the Nile," p. 546.
|
||||
|
||||
[^180]: BATEY, *Population Dynamics in Predynastic Upper Egypt*, p. 31.
|
||||
[^180]: Batey, *Population Dynamics in Predynastic Upper Egypt*, p. 31.
|
||||
|
||||
[^181]: FAHMY, "Missing Plant Macro Remains as Indicators of Plant
|
||||
Exploitation in Predynastic Egypt".
|
||||
[^181]: Fahmy, "Missing Plant Macro Remains as Indicators of Plant
|
||||
Exploitation in Predynastic Egypt."
|
||||
|
||||
[^182]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
|
||||
[^182]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
|
||||
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 324.
|
||||
|
||||
[^183]: JUNKER, Bericht über die Grabungen der Akademie der
|
||||
[^183]: Junker, *Bericht über die Grabungen der Akademie der
|
||||
Wissenschaften in Wien auf den Friedhöfen von El-Kubanieh-Syd Winter
|
||||
1910-1911.
|
||||
1910-1911*.
|
||||
|
||||
[^184]: E.g., Nordström, *Neolithic and A-Group Sites*, p. 28; Edwards,
|
||||
*The Nubian Past*, p. 70; GLÜCK, "The Heritage of the A-Group," p.
|
||||
209.
|
||||
|
||||
[^185]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
|
||||
[^185]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
|
||||
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 126 and n. 10.
|
||||
|
||||
[^186]: See above.
|
||||
|
||||
[^187]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
|
||||
[^187]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
|
||||
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 123.
|
||||
|
||||
[^188]: GATTO, "Egypt and Nubia in the 5th-4th millennia BCE," pp.
|
||||
[^188]: Gatto, "Egypt and Nubia in the 5th-4th millennia BCE," pp.
|
||||
129-130.
|
||||
|
||||
[^189]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
|
||||
[^189]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
|
||||
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 324.
|
||||
|
||||
[^190]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
|
||||
[^190]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
|
||||
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 325.
|
||||
|
||||
[^191]: See above.
|
||||
|
||||
[^192]: HÅRDE, "Funerary Rituals and Warfare in the Early Bronze Age
|
||||
Nitra Culture of Slovakia and Moravia," p. 372. See also HONEGGER,
|
||||
[^192]: Hårde, "Funerary Rituals and Warfare in the Early Bronze Age
|
||||
Nitra Culture of Slovakia and Moravia," p. 372. See also Honegger,
|
||||
"The Archers of Kerma," in this volume.
|
||||
|
||||
[^193]: MCMAHON, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 181.
|
||||
[^193]: McMahon, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 181.
|
||||
|
||||
[^194]: MCMAHON, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 181.
|
||||
[^194]: McMahon, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 181.
|
||||
|
||||
[^195]: MARTIN and HARROD, "Bioarchaeology and Violence," p. 134.
|
||||
[^195]: Martin and Harrod, "Bioarchaeology and Violence," p. 134.
|
||||
|
||||
[^196]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
|
||||
[^196]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
|
||||
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 334.
|
||||
|
||||
[^197]: See also SMITH, *Wretched Kush*, p. 16, for a general
|
||||
[^197]: See also Smith, *Wretched Kush*, p. 16, for a general
|
||||
observation.
|
||||
|
||||
[^198]: MCMAHON, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 181.
|
||||
[^198]: McMahon, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 181.
|
||||
|
||||
[^199]: See DOUGHERTY and FRIEDMAN, "Sacred or Mundane," p. 316.
|
||||
[^199]: See Dougherty and Friedman, "Sacred or Mundane," p. 316.
|
||||
|
||||
[^200]: MCMAHON, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 180.
|
||||
[^200]: McMahon, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 180.
|
||||
|
||||
[^201]: POMMERENING and HENDRICKX, "Kopf und Schädel im Alten Ägypten."
|
||||
[^201]: Pommerening and Hendrickx, "Kopf und Schädel im Alten Ägypten."
|
||||
|
||||
[^202]: See above.
|
||||
|
||||
[^203]: OKUMURA and SIEW, "An Osteological Study of Trophy Heads," p,
|
||||
[^203]: Okumura and Siew, "An Osteological Study of Trophy Heads," p.
|
||||
685.
|
||||
|
||||
[^204]: HARRISON, \"Skull Trophies of the Pacific War.\"
|
||||
[^204]: Harrison, "Skull Trophies of the Pacific War."
|
||||
|
||||
[^205]: HARRISON, \"Skull Trophies of the Pacific War,\" p. 831.
|
||||
[^205]: Harrison, "Skull Trophies of the Pacific War," p. 831.
|
||||
|
||||
[^206]: SMITH, "Ethnicity: Constructions of Self and Other in Ancient
|
||||
[^206]: Smith, "Ethnicity: Constructions of Self and Other in Ancient
|
||||
Egypt," p. 117.
|
||||
|
||||
[^207]: WENGROW et al., "Cultural Convergence in the Neolithic of the
|
||||
[^207]: Wengrow et al., "Cultural Convergence in the Neolithic of the
|
||||
Nile Valley," p. 105.
|
||||
|
||||
[^208]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
|
||||
State of Ancient Egypt, chapter 10.
|
||||
[^208]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
|
||||
State of Ancient Egypt*, chapter 10.
|
||||
|
||||
[^209]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
|
||||
State of Ancient Egypt, pp. 336-337.
|
||||
[^209]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
|
||||
State of Ancient Egypt*, pp. 336-337.
|
||||
|
||||
[^210]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, "Hierarchy and Heterarchy".
|
||||
[^210]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, "Hierarchy and Heterarchy."
|
||||
|
||||
[^211]: SEIDLMAYER, "Town and State in the Early Old Kingdom, pp.
|
||||
[^211]: Seidlmayer, "Town and State in the Early Old Kingdom," pp.
|
||||
112-113.
|
||||
|
||||
[^212]: SMITH, "Nubia and Egypt," p. 259; EDWARDS, *The Nubian Past*, p.
|
||||
73; Török, *Between Two Worlds*, pp. 50-51; HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on
|
||||
[^212]: Smith, "Nubia and Egypt," p. 259; Edwards, *The Nubian Past*, p.
|
||||
73; Török, *Between Two Worlds*, pp. 50-51; Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on
|
||||
the Southern Frontier of the Emerging State of Ancient Egypt*, pp.
|
||||
376-381.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
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After Width: | Height: | Size: 96 KiB |
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Before Width: | Height: | Size: 93 KiB After Width: | Height: | Size: 66 KiB |
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Add table
Reference in a new issue