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@ -507,9 +507,9 @@ contained numerous weapons. Sixteen mace-heads were uncovered in twelve
graves, and other weapons were found in four graves (see Appendix 1 graves, and other weapons were found in four graves (see Appendix 1
and Figure 4). and Figure 4).
![](../static/images/hafsaas/Fig4.jpg "") ![Some of the mace-heads uncovered in the Naqada graves in Cemetery 17. a) Mace-head from grave 89. b) Mace-head from grave 70. c) Mace-head from grave 50. D) Mace-head from grave 88. Photos by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum, Aswan.](../static/images/hafsaas/Fig4.jpg "Some of the mace-heads uncovered in the Naqada graves in Cemetery 17. a) Mace-head from grave 89. b) Mace-head from grave 70. c) Mace-head from grave 50. D) Mace-head from grave 88. Photos by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum, Aswan.")
**~~Figure 4: ~~** **~~Figure 4: Some of the mace-heads uncovered in the Naqada graves in Cemetery 17. a) Mace-head from grave 89. b) Mace-head from grave 70. c) Mace-head from grave 50. D) Mace-head from grave 88. Photos by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum, Aswan.~~**
Weapons were thus found in 55 per cent of the graves. Weapons were thus found in 55 per cent of the graves.
Other weapons uncovered were flint daggers, flint knives, flint and Other weapons uncovered were flint daggers, flint knives, flint and
@ -519,9 +519,9 @@ the arrowheads had their closest parallels at Hierakonpolis in southern
Upper Egypt, which suggests that this was the homeland of the Upper Egypt, which suggests that this was the homeland of the
individuals buried in Cemetery 17 (Figure 5). individuals buried in Cemetery 17 (Figure 5).
![a) Large concave-base arrowhead with long straight lobes (typical for Hierakonpolis) found in Naqada grave 50 in Cemetery 17. Photo by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum in Aswan. b) Three tanged arrowheads with barbs found in Naqada grave 78 in Cemetery 17. Photo by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum in Aswan.](../static/images/hafsaas/Fig5.jpg "a) Large concave-base arrowhead with long straight lobes (typical for Hierakonpolis) found in Naqada grave 50 in Cemetery 17. Photo by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum in Aswan. b) Three tanged arrowheads with barbs found in Naqada grave 78 in Cemetery 17. Photo by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum in Aswan.") ![a) Large concave-base arrowhead with long straight lobes (typical for Hierakonpolis) found in Naqada grave 50 in Cemetery 17. Courtesy of Nubia Museum in Aswan. b) Three tanged arrowheads with barbs found in Naqada grave 78 in Cemetery 17. Photos by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum in Aswan.](../static/images/hafsaas/Fig5.jpg "a) Large concave-base arrowhead with long straight lobes (typical for Hierakonpolis) found in Naqada grave 50 in Cemetery 17. Courtesy of Nubia Museum in Aswan. b) Three tanged arrowheads with barbs found in Naqada grave 78 in Cemetery 17. Photos by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum in Aswan.")
**~~Figure 5: a) Large concave-base arrowhead with long straight lobes (typical for Hierakonpolis) found in Naqada grave 50 in Cemetery 17. Photo by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum in Aswan. b) Three tanged arrowheads with barbs found in Naqada grave 78 in Cemetery 17. Photo by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum in Aswan.~~** **~~Figure 5: a) Large concave-base arrowhead with long straight lobes (typical for Hierakonpolis) found in Naqada grave 50 in Cemetery 17. Courtesy of Nubia Museum in Aswan. b) Three tanged arrowheads with barbs found in Naqada grave 78 in Cemetery 17. Photos by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum in Aswan.~~**
In the cemetery, five In the cemetery, five
males were interred with a single mace, while seven graves without human males were interred with a single mace, while seven graves without human
@ -797,7 +797,7 @@ battlefield.[^174] Decapitation of prisoners of war certainly was a
later practice in Egypt, as attested in iconography such as the Narmer later practice in Egypt, as attested in iconography such as the Narmer
palette from the very beginning of the First Dynasty (Figure 9). palette from the very beginning of the First Dynasty (Figure 9).
![](../static/images/hafsaas/Fig4.jpg "") ![](../static/images/hafsaas/Fig9.jpg "")
**~~Figure 9: ~~** **~~Figure 9: ~~**
@ -823,9 +823,9 @@ attacks where sharp force violence also was used -- most likely
copper-alloy weapons. Both males and females were injured and killed in copper-alloy weapons. Both males and females were injured and killed in
these cemeteries (see Appendices 1-6). these cemeteries (see Appendices 1-6).
![Violent deaths, violent injury antemortem, missing skulls, and broken skulls in total and in per cent in A-Group cemeteries dating to the proto-phase. Data from Appendices 2-6.](../static/images/hafsaas/Table2.jpg "Violent deaths, violent injury antemortem, missing skulls, and broken skulls in total and in per cent in A-Group cemeteries dating to the proto-phase. Data from Appendices 2-6.") ![Violent deaths, violent injuries antemortem, missing skulls, and broken skulls in total and in per cent in A-Group cemeteries dating to the proto-phase. Data from Appendices 2-6.](../static/images/hafsaas/Table2.jpg "Violent deaths, violent injuries antemortem, missing skulls, and broken skulls in total and in per cent in A-Group cemeteries dating to the proto-phase. Data from Appendices 2-6.")
**~~Table 2. Violent deaths, violent injury antemortem, missing skulls, and broken skulls in total and in per cent in A-Group cemeteries dating to the proto-phase. Data from Appendices 2-6.~~** **~~Table 2. Violent deaths, violent injuries antemortem, missing skulls, and broken skulls in total and in per cent in A-Group cemeteries dating to the proto-phase. Data from Appendices 2-6.~~**
Furthermore, ten individuals appear to have been buried without their Furthermore, ten individuals appear to have been buried without their
skull, and seventeen individuals were uncovered with their skull broken skull, and seventeen individuals were uncovered with their skull broken
@ -1119,7 +1119,7 @@ final product. Any remaining errors are my own.
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[^1]: For general discussions of the concept ethnogenesis, see Roosens, [^1]: For general discussions of the concept ethnogenesis, see Roosens,
*Creating Ethnicity,* and Weik, "The Archaeology of Ethnogenesis." *Creating Ethnicity*, and Weik, "The Archaeology of Ethnogenesis."
[^2]: Nordström divided the A-Group into three stages, Early, [^2]: Nordström divided the A-Group into three stages, Early,
Classic/Middle, and Terminal, in his seminal work *Neolithic and Classic/Middle, and Terminal, in his seminal work *Neolithic and
@ -1528,7 +1528,7 @@ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. *Early Dynastic Egypt*. London: Routledge, 1999.
[^13]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^13]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 123. State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 123.
[^14]: Nordström, *Neolithic and A-Group sites*; Hafsaas-Tsakos, "Hierarchy and Heterarchy"; Roy, *The Politics of Trade*; Glück, "The Heritage of the A-Group"; Gatto, "The A-Group and 4^th^ Millennium BCE Nubia." [^14]: Nordström, *Neolithic and A-Group sites*; Hafsaas-Tsakos, "Hierarchy and Heterarchy;" Roy, *The Politics of Trade*; Glück, "The Heritage of the A-Group;" Gatto, "The A-Group and 4th Millennium BCE Nubia."
[^15]: See for instance Takamiya, "Egyptian Pottery Distribution in [^15]: See for instance Takamiya, "Egyptian Pottery Distribution in
A-Group Cemeteries," p. 56 for the establishment of the contact, and A-Group Cemeteries," p. 56 for the establishment of the contact, and
@ -1542,12 +1542,12 @@ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. *Early Dynastic Egypt*. London: Routledge, 1999.
[^17]: Some examples from the last 20 years: Hendrickx, [^17]: Some examples from the last 20 years: Hendrickx,
"Predynastic---Early Dynastic Chronology," p. 71 and p. 76; Wengrow, "Predynastic---Early Dynastic Chronology," p. 71 and p. 76; Wengrow,
*The Archaeology of Early Egypt*, p. 75; Bard, "Political Economies *The Archaeology of Early Egypt*, p. 75; Bard, "Political Economies
of Predynastic Egypt and the Formation of the Early State"; Gatto, of Predynastic Egypt and the Formation of the Early State;" Gatto,
"The A-Group and 4th Millennium BCE Nubia," p. 127 and p. 129. "The A-Group and 4th Millennium BCE Nubia," p. 127 and p. 129.
[^18]: Also spelled Kubaniya and Kubaniyeh. [^18]: Also spelled Kubaniya and Kubaniyeh.
[^19]: Some examples from the last 20 years: Edwards, *The Nubian past,* [^19]: Some examples from the last 20 years: Edwards, *The Nubian past*,
pp. 68-69; Nordström, "The Nubian A-Group," p. 134; Takamiya, pp. 68-69; Nordström, "The Nubian A-Group," p. 134; Takamiya,
"Egyptian Pottery Distribution in A-Group Cemeteries," p. 41; "Egyptian Pottery Distribution in A-Group Cemeteries," p. 41;
Friedman, "The Nubian Cemetery at Hierakonpolis," p. 62; Török, Friedman, "The Nubian Cemetery at Hierakonpolis," p. 62; Török,
@ -1556,7 +1556,7 @@ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. *Early Dynastic Egypt*. London: Routledge, 1999.
Egypt from the Early Dynastic Period to the New Kingdom," p. 290). Egypt from the Early Dynastic Period to the New Kingdom," p. 290).
[^20]: Gatto, "Cultural Entanglement at the Dawn of the Egyptian [^20]: Gatto, "Cultural Entanglement at the Dawn of the Egyptian
History," p. 117; GATTO, "The A-Group and 4th Millennium BCE History," p. 117; Gatto, "The A-Group and 4th Millennium BCE
Nubia," p. 130. Nubia," p. 130.
[^21]: See also Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern [^21]: See also Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern
@ -1586,7 +1586,7 @@ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. *Early Dynastic Egypt*. London: Routledge, 1999.
[^32]: Bourdieu, *Outline of a Theory of Practice*, p. 72. [^32]: Bourdieu, *Outline of a Theory of Practice*, p. 72.
[^33]: Bentley, "Ethnicity and Practice", p. 27. [^33]: Bentley, "Ethnicity and Practice," p. 27.
[^34]: Jones, *The Archaeology of Ethnicity*, p. 120. [^34]: Jones, *The Archaeology of Ethnicity*, p. 120.
@ -1620,7 +1620,7 @@ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. *Early Dynastic Egypt*. London: Routledge, 1999.
[^45]: See Matić, *Ethnic Identities in the Land of the Pharaohs*, p. [^45]: See Matić, *Ethnic Identities in the Land of the Pharaohs*, p.
28. 28.
[^46]: Smith, "Ethnicity". [^46]: Smith, "Ethnicity."
[^47]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^47]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 253. State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 253.
@ -1691,7 +1691,7 @@ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. *Early Dynastic Egypt*. London: Routledge, 1999.
257-262. 257-262.
[^68]: See Nordström, "Gender and Social Structure in the Nubian [^68]: See Nordström, "Gender and Social Structure in the Nubian
A-Group" for later gender differences among the A-Group people. A-Group," for later gender differences among the A-Group people.
[^69]: See Hodgson, "Gender, Culture, and the Myth of the Patriarchal [^69]: See Hodgson, "Gender, Culture, and the Myth of the Patriarchal
Pastoralist," p. 10 for pastoral labor structured by gender (and Pastoralist," p. 10 for pastoral labor structured by gender (and
@ -1746,7 +1746,7 @@ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. *Early Dynastic Egypt*. London: Routledge, 1999.
[^89]: Reisner described these flint implements as flakes. The published [^89]: Reisner described these flint implements as flakes. The published
photos of other flint flakes identified by Reisner are in fact photos of other flint flakes identified by Reisner are in fact
blades, see Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia,* plate blades, see Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, plate
62/b/1 depicting blades called flakes in the description. 62/b/1 depicting blades called flakes in the description.
[^90]: See Hafsaas-Tsakos, "Edges of Bronze and Expressions of [^90]: See Hafsaas-Tsakos, "Edges of Bronze and Expressions of
@ -1792,7 +1792,7 @@ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. *Early Dynastic Egypt*. London: Routledge, 1999.
[^104]: McMahon, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 181 [^104]: McMahon, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 181
[^105]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains,* p. [^105]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
116. 116.
[^106]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^106]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
@ -1814,276 +1814,276 @@ Wilkinson, Toby A.H. *Early Dynastic Egypt*. London: Routledge, 1999.
[^112]: Droux and Pieri, "Further Adventures at HK6: The 2010 Season," [^112]: Droux and Pieri, "Further Adventures at HK6: The 2010 Season,"
p. 4. p. 4.
[^113]: FRIEDMAN, "Hierakonpolis," p. 39. [^113]: Friedman, "Hierakonpolis," p. 39.
[^114]: GILBERT, *Weapons, Warriors and Warfare in Early Egypt*, p. 84. [^114]: Gilbert, *Weapons, Warriors and Warfare in Early Egypt*, p. 84.
[^115]: Chaix and Reinold, \"Animals in Neolithic Graves." [^115]: Chaix and Reinold, "Animals in Neolithic Graves."
[^116]: REISNER, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 37-42. [^116]: Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 37-42.
[^117]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains*. [^117]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*.
[^118]: HELBLING, "War and Peace in Societies without Central Power", p. [^118]: Helbling, "War and Peace in Societies without Central Power," p.
115. 115.
[^119]: JUDD, "Continuity of Interpersonal Violence between Nubian [^119]: Judd, "Continuity of Interpersonal Violence between Nubian
Communities," p. 324 with references. Communities," p. 324 with references.
[^120]: JUDD, "Trauma in the City of Kerma," pp. 46-48. [^120]: Judd, "Trauma in the City of Kerma," pp. 46-48.
[^121]: MARTIN and HARROD, "Bioarchaeological Contributions to the Study [^121]: Martin and Harrod, "Bioarchaeological Contributions to the Study
of Violence," p. 121. of Violence," p. 121.
[^122]: MCMAHON, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 182. [^122]: McMahon, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 182.
[^123]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* pp. [^123]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, pp.
330-332. 330-332.
[^124]: FILER, "Ancient Egypt and Nubia as a Source of Information for [^124]: Filer, "Ancient Egypt and Nubia as a Source of Information for
Cranial Injuries," p. 70. Cranial Injuries," p. 70.
[^125]: JUDD, "Trauma in the City of Kerma," p. 46; JUDD, "The Parry [^125]: Judd, "Trauma in the City of Kerma," p. 46; Judd, "The Parry
Problem," p. 1661; MARTIN and HARROD, "Bioarchaeological Problem," p. 1661; Martin and Harrod, "Bioarchaeological
Contributions to the Study of Violence," p. 121. Contributions to the Study of Violence," p. 121.
[^126]: ROBINSON, "Fractures of the Clavicle in the Adult," table 3. [^126]: Robinson, "Fractures of the Clavicle in the Adult," table 3.
[^127]: MARTIN and HARROD, "Bioarchaeological Contributions to the Study [^127]: Martin and Harrod, "Bioarchaeological Contributions to the Study
of Violence," p. 124. of Violence," p. 124.
[^128]: Blood-stained bones were observed in some well-preserved human [^128]: Blood-stained bones were observed in some well-preserved human
remains, see ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human remains, see Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human
Remains,* pp. 329-330. However, stains from decomposed blood are Remains*, pp. 329-330. However, stains from decomposed blood are
usually absent in violent deaths uncovered from archaeological usually absent in violent deaths uncovered from archaeological
contexts, see WALKER, \"A Bioarchaeological Perspective on the contexts, see Walker, "A Bioarchaeological Perspective on the
History of Violence,\" p. 578. History of Violence," p. 578.
[^129]: MARTIN and HARROD, "Bioarchaeological Contributions to the Study [^129]: Martin and Harrod, "Bioarchaeological Contributions to the Study
of Violence," p. 124. of Violence," p. 124.
[^130]: E.g., MOLLESON, "The Nubian Pathological Collection"; FILER, [^130]: E.g., Molleson, "The Nubian Pathological Collection;" Filer,
"Ancient Egypt and Nubia as a Source of Information for Cranial "Ancient Egypt and Nubia as a Source of Information for Cranial
Injuries"; JUDD and REDFERN, "Trauma," p. 362; COCKITT, et al. Injuries;" Judd and Redfern, "Trauma," p. 362; Cockitt, et al.
"Capturing a Century of Study." "Capturing a Century of Study."
[^131]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOS JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* pp. [^131]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, pp.
331-332. 331-332.
[^132]: See MARTIN and HARROD, "Bioarchaeological Contributions to the [^132]: See Martin and Harrod, "Bioarchaeological Contributions to the
Study of Violence," p. 118. Study of Violence," p. 118.
[^133]: Marshall and Buzon, "Bioarchaeology in the Nile Valley." [^133]: Marshall and Buzon, "Bioarchaeology in the Nile Valley."
[^134]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* pp. [^134]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, pp.
331-332. 331-332.
[^135]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p. [^135]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
313. 313.
[^136]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^136]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 259. State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 259.
[^137]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p. [^137]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
331. 331.
[^138]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p. [^138]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
108. 108.
[^139]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p. [^139]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
312. 312.
[^140]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p. [^140]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
299. 299.
[^141]: PUNJABI et al., "Causes and Management of Zygomatic Bone [^141]: Punjabi et al., "Causes and Management of Zygomatic Bone
Fractures," p. 36. Fractures," p. 36.
[^142]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p. [^142]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
313 and fig. 87. 313 and fig. 87.
[^143]: JUDD, "The Parry Problem," p. 1661. [^143]: Judd, "The Parry Problem," p. 1661.
[^144]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p. [^144]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
305 and fig. 74. 305 and fig. 74.
[^145]: ROBINSON, "Fractures of the Clavicle in the Adult," p. 476 and [^145]: Robinson, "Fractures of the Clavicle in the Adult," p. 476 and
table 3. table 3.
[^146]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p. [^146]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
306 and fig. 75. 306 and fig. 75.
[^147]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* [^147]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*,
p. 152. p. 152.
[^148]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p. [^148]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
301. 301.
[^149]: See below. [^149]: See below.
[^150]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p. [^150]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
334. 334.
[^151]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p. [^151]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
301. 301.
[^152]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p. [^152]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
334. 334.
[^153]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* p. [^153]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, p.
299. 299.
[^154]: PUNJABI et al., "Causes and Management of Zygomatic Bone [^154]: Punjabi et al., "Causes and Management of Zygomatic Bone
Fractures," p. 36. Fractures," p. 36.
[^155]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* [^155]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*,
p. 108. p. 108.
[^156]: REISNER, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, p. 134. [^156]: Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, p. 134.
[^157]: REISNER, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 212-214. [^157]: Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, pp. 212-214.
[^158]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* pp. [^158]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*, pp.
155-156; REISNER, 1910: 213. 155-156; Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, p. 213.
[^159]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^159]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 274. State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 274.
[^160]: REISNER, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, p. 262 and pp. [^160]: Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, p. 262 and pp.
264-265 264-265
[^161]: ELLIOT SMITH and WOOD JONES, *Report on the Human Remains,* [^161]: Elliot Smith and Wood Jones, *Report on the Human Remains*,
pp. 170-173. pp. 170-173.
[^162]: GILBERT, *Weapons, Warriors and Warfare in Early Egypt*, pp. [^162]: Gilbert, *Weapons, Warriors and Warfare in Early Egypt*, pp.
42-43. 42-43.
[^163]: MCMAHON, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 182. [^163]: McMahon, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 182.
[^164]: DOUGHERTY and FRIEDMAN, "Sacred or Mundane." [^164]: Dougherty and Friedman, "Sacred or Mundane."
[^165]: DOUGHERTY and FRIEDMAN, "Sacred or Mundane," p. 310 and p. 313. [^165]: Dougherty and Friedman, "Sacred or Mundane," p. 310 and p. 313.
[^166]: DOUGHERTY and FRIEDMAN, "Sacred or Mundane," p. 316. [^166]: Dougherty and Friedman, "Sacred or Mundane," p. 316.
[^167]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^167]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, pp. 279-280. State of Ancient Egypt*, pp. 279-280.
[^168]: DOUGHERTY and FRIEDMAN, "Sacred or Mundane," p. 313. [^168]: Dougherty and Friedman, "Sacred or Mundane," p. 313.
[^169]: WILKINSON, *Early Dynastic Egypt*, p. 266. [^169]: Wilkinson, *Early Dynastic Egypt*, p. 266.
[^170]: WENGROW, *The Archaeology of Early Egypt*, pp. 116-123. [^170]: Wengrow, *The Archaeology of Early Egypt*, pp. 116-123.
[^171]: DOUGHERTY and FRIEDMAN, "Sacred or Mundane," p. 327. [^171]: Dougherty and Friedman, "Sacred or Mundane," p. 327.
[^172]: WILKINSON, *Early Dynastic Egypt*, p. 266. [^172]: Wilkinson, *Early Dynastic Egypt*, p. 266.
[^173]: DOUGHERTY and FRIEDMAN, "Sacred or Mundane," p. 330. [^173]: Dougherty and Friedman, "Sacred or Mundane," p. 330.
[^174]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^174]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 281. State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 281.
[^175]: BUZON, "Bioarchaeology of Nubia," pp. 1052-1053. [^175]: Buzon, "Bioarchaeology of Nubia," pp. 1052-1053.
[^176]: GATTO, "Egypt and Nubia in the 5^th^-4^th^ Millennia BCE". [^176]: Gatto, "Egypt and Nubia in the 5th-4th Millennia BCE."
[^177]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^177]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 332. State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 332.
[^178]: See GATTO, "Cultural Entanglement at the Dawn of the Egyptian [^178]: See Gatto, "Cultural Entanglement at the Dawn of the Egyptian
History". History."
[^179]: HOFFMAN, HAMROUCH, and ALLEN, "A Model of Urban Development for [^179]: Hoffman, Hamrouch, and Allen, "A Model of Urban Development for
the Hierakonpolis Region," p. 181; HAALAND and HAALAND, "Early the Hierakonpolis Region," p. 181; Haaland and Haaland, "Early
Farming Societies along the Nile*,*" p. 546. Farming Societies along the Nile," p. 546.
[^180]: BATEY, *Population Dynamics in Predynastic Upper Egypt*, p. 31. [^180]: Batey, *Population Dynamics in Predynastic Upper Egypt*, p. 31.
[^181]: FAHMY, "Missing Plant Macro Remains as Indicators of Plant [^181]: Fahmy, "Missing Plant Macro Remains as Indicators of Plant
Exploitation in Predynastic Egypt". Exploitation in Predynastic Egypt."
[^182]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^182]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 324. State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 324.
[^183]: JUNKER, Bericht über die Grabungen der Akademie der [^183]: Junker, *Bericht über die Grabungen der Akademie der
Wissenschaften in Wien auf den Friedhöfen von El-Kubanieh-Syd Winter Wissenschaften in Wien auf den Friedhöfen von El-Kubanieh-Syd Winter
1910-1911. 1910-1911*.
[^184]: E.g., Nordström, *Neolithic and A-Group Sites*, p. 28; Edwards, [^184]: E.g., Nordström, *Neolithic and A-Group Sites*, p. 28; Edwards,
*The Nubian Past*, p. 70; GLÜCK, "The Heritage of the A-Group," p. *The Nubian Past*, p. 70; GLÜCK, "The Heritage of the A-Group," p.
209. 209.
[^185]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^185]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 126 and n. 10. State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 126 and n. 10.
[^186]: See above. [^186]: See above.
[^187]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^187]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 123. State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 123.
[^188]: GATTO, "Egypt and Nubia in the 5th-4th millennia BCE," pp. [^188]: Gatto, "Egypt and Nubia in the 5th-4th millennia BCE," pp.
129-130. 129-130.
[^189]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^189]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 324. State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 324.
[^190]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^190]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 325. State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 325.
[^191]: See above. [^191]: See above.
[^192]: HÅRDE, "Funerary Rituals and Warfare in the Early Bronze Age [^192]: Hårde, "Funerary Rituals and Warfare in the Early Bronze Age
Nitra Culture of Slovakia and Moravia," p. 372. See also HONEGGER, Nitra Culture of Slovakia and Moravia," p. 372. See also Honegger,
"The Archers of Kerma," in this volume. "The Archers of Kerma," in this volume.
[^193]: MCMAHON, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 181. [^193]: McMahon, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 181.
[^194]: MCMAHON, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 181. [^194]: McMahon, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 181.
[^195]: MARTIN and HARROD, "Bioarchaeology and Violence," p. 134. [^195]: Martin and Harrod, "Bioarchaeology and Violence," p. 134.
[^196]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^196]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 334. State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 334.
[^197]: See also SMITH, *Wretched Kush*, p. 16, for a general [^197]: See also Smith, *Wretched Kush*, p. 16, for a general
observation. observation.
[^198]: MCMAHON, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 181. [^198]: McMahon, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 181.
[^199]: See DOUGHERTY and FRIEDMAN, "Sacred or Mundane," p. 316. [^199]: See Dougherty and Friedman, "Sacred or Mundane," p. 316.
[^200]: MCMAHON, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 180. [^200]: McMahon, "State Warfare and Pre-state Violent Conflict," p. 180.
[^201]: POMMERENING and HENDRICKX, "Kopf und Schädel im Alten Ägypten." [^201]: Pommerening and Hendrickx, "Kopf und Schädel im Alten Ägypten."
[^202]: See above. [^202]: See above.
[^203]: OKUMURA and SIEW, "An Osteological Study of Trophy Heads," p, [^203]: Okumura and Siew, "An Osteological Study of Trophy Heads," p.
685. 685.
[^204]: HARRISON, \"Skull Trophies of the Pacific War.\" [^204]: Harrison, "Skull Trophies of the Pacific War."
[^205]: HARRISON, \"Skull Trophies of the Pacific War,\" p. 831. [^205]: Harrison, "Skull Trophies of the Pacific War," p. 831.
[^206]: SMITH, "Ethnicity: Constructions of Self and Other in Ancient [^206]: Smith, "Ethnicity: Constructions of Self and Other in Ancient
Egypt," p. 117. Egypt," p. 117.
[^207]: WENGROW et al., "Cultural Convergence in the Neolithic of the [^207]: Wengrow et al., "Cultural Convergence in the Neolithic of the
Nile Valley," p. 105. Nile Valley," p. 105.
[^208]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^208]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt, chapter 10. State of Ancient Egypt*, chapter 10.
[^209]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging [^209]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging
State of Ancient Egypt, pp. 336-337. State of Ancient Egypt*, pp. 336-337.
[^210]: HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, "Hierarchy and Heterarchy". [^210]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, "Hierarchy and Heterarchy."
[^211]: SEIDLMAYER, "Town and State in the Early Old Kingdom, pp. [^211]: Seidlmayer, "Town and State in the Early Old Kingdom," pp.
112-113. 112-113.
[^212]: SMITH, "Nubia and Egypt," p. 259; EDWARDS, *The Nubian Past*, p. [^212]: Smith, "Nubia and Egypt," p. 259; Edwards, *The Nubian Past*, p.
73; Török, *Between Two Worlds*, pp. 50-51; HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, *War on 73; Török, *Between Two Worlds*, pp. 50-51; Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on
the Southern Frontier of the Emerging State of Ancient Egypt*, pp. the Southern Frontier of the Emerging State of Ancient Egypt*, pp.
376-381. 376-381.

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