diff --git a/content/issue/dotawo8.md b/content/issue/dotawo8.md index be4dd9e..8bcaa48 100644 --- a/content/issue/dotawo8.md +++ b/content/issue/dotawo8.md @@ -6,6 +6,146 @@ has_articles: ["HafsaasWar.md", "honegger.md", "urosmatic.md", "tsakos.md", "rok # Preface by the Editor -Preface +War has been a recurring form of violent interaction between communities +in the Sudan since the Stone Age, and many chronological divisions in +the history of the country are set at events such as wars, battles, +conquests, and peace treaties. Still, warfare has often been an +overlooked topic among researchers working in Sudan and Nubia. An +explanation is possibly that periods of stability or evolving complexity +are usually longer than episodes of war, which occur during relatively +short timespans at irregular intervals. Another reason may be that +contemporary Sudan has been a violent place, and this has possibly made +war in the country a sensitive topic and restrained researchers from +making warfare their research object. + +The modern borders of the Sudan are a construct of war. First through +the conquests by the Ottoman rulers of Egypt between the 1820s and the +1870s. Then the Anglo-Egyptian conquest in 1898, which also incorporated +the independent sultanate of Darfur in 1916.[^1] The borders of the +Anglo-Egyptian condominium were maintained when Sudan became independent +in 1956, but the northern and southern parts of the independent country +thereafter fought on and off in the longest civil war in Africa. The war +was terminated with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005, which +culminated with a referendum where the southern part of the country +voted for secession. The country was split in two in 2011. Nevertheless, +violent conflict and war continued as the new states of South Sudan and +Sudan were fighting over territory and oil fields in the border regions. +Since late 2013, South Sudan has become deeply split in a civil war that +is dividing the country along ethnic boundaries with great human +sufferings. In the north, Sudan had a central government at war with +systematically marginalized peripheries and a suppressed population. +Increasing resistance from the inhabitants resulted in the toppling of +the old regime in 2019. The transitional government failed to install +civilian rule in Sudan, and the military took full control of the +government in a coup in October 2021. The Sudanese people have taken to +the streets numerous times since 2019 demanding civilian rule, and their +persistence brings hope for a civilian government and democratic state +in Sudan. + +War has deep roots in Sudan. An Upper Paleolithic cemetery at Jebel +Sahaba in the far north of the country is often quoted as the earliest +evidence of war in world history.[^2] Around 25 victims at Jebel Sahaba +exhibited injuries from attacks with bows and arrows.[^3] The +extremities of the earliest war and the violent conflicts in modern +times demonstrate that war in the Sudan covers a great time span and +various levels of organization -- from violent clashes between ethnic +groups to warfare between states and civil wars. However, exact evidence +for violent conflict and war in Nubia and Sudan is limited for all +periods. Iconography and texts are often our only indications for +warfare, but these data are indirect sources and not always reliable +information. Although historians have researched the wars that have +ridden the country in modern times, the time is ripe to study wars in +the Sudan from a broader academic perspective. I hope the articles in +this volume of Dotawo will stimulate to provide more attention to +warfare in scholarship on the Sudan, as this will increase our +understanding of interaction between people in this land. + +# About the Issue + +Despite being delayed by the pandemic and its consequences for research, +we are delighted to finally publish this *Dotawo* volume on "War in +Sudan". Five articles are included after some contributors were +prevented from completing their articles. The aim of this thematic issue +is to offer new insights on wars and violent conflict in the Sudan +either as case-studies or as broader historical patterns. + +The volume is chronologically structured, beginning with the editor's +contribution on the mid-4^th^ millennium BCE border war between peoples +in Nubia and Egypt. Then follows Matthieu Honegger's presentation of the +famous archers from Kerma during the latter half of the 3^rd^ millennium +BCE. The bows and arrows in these earliest Kerma graves have never been +presented in such detail before, and the appearance of the archers are +linked to the emergence of the kingdom of Kerma. Next, Uroš Matić offers +a fresh perspective on warfare and gender in textual and visual media +during the Napatan and Meroitic periods (8^th^ century BCE to 4^th^ +century CE), followed by Alexandros Tsakos\' article on warfare terms in +medieval sources (ca. 5^th^ century CE to 15^th^ century CE). The volume +concludes with Roksana Hajduga\'s presentation of the art of the +2018/2019 revolution in Sudan. She explores how the war between +non-violent protesters and a brutal regime caused a change in the +freedom of expressions and greater creativity in Fine Arts, Street art, +and online art. The volume thus covers some major chronological phases +of Nubia and Sudan from the earliest Bronze Age until today. + +The articles in this issue also cover a wide geographical area along the +Nile. The first article by Hafsaas focus on the First Cataract region in +the northernmost part of Nubia and outside the borders of today's Sudan. +Honegger's article on the archers is set at Kerma above the Third +Cataract. In the article by Matić, we move further south to Napata below +the Fourth Cataract and Merowe between the Fifth and the Sixth +Cataracts. The article on the medieval era by Tsakos covers all of +Nubia, while the last article by Hajduga considers the southernmost +region in the volume by focusing on the capital Khartoum. + +**Dotawo's Open Access Commitment** + +*Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies* has been a journal with open +access to both readers and authors since its launch in 2014. Since the +previous volume, *Dotawo* has been even more committed to open +scholarship by linking the references in the journal to records with +open access, as far as possible. The aim is to give access to research +to those without privileged access to institutional libraries.[^4] This +great work to make the research openly available has largely been +undertaken by Vincent W.J. van Gerven Oei, managing editor from 2014 to +2022. I am grateful to managing editor Alexandros Tsakos for the +typesetting in an open-source infrastructure. Personally, publishing +openly in this way is incredible despite the additional efforts. I hope +the readers find the result accessible and appealing. + +**Acknowledgements** + +I wish to thank the peer-reviewers who spent their time and used their +knowledge to improve the quality of the articles in this issue of +*Dotawo*. + +**References** + +Crevecoeur, Isabelle, Marie‑Hélène Dias‑Meirinho, Antoine ZAZZO, Daniel +ANTOINE, and François BON. \"New Insights on Interpersonal Violence in +the Late Pleistocene Based on the Nile Valley Cemetery of Jebel +Sahaba.\" *Scientific Reports* 11/9991 (2021): 1-13. + +GAT, Azar. *War in Human Civilization*. Oxford: Oxford University Press, +2008. + +van Gerven Oei, Vincent W.J. "Preface by the Editor." *Dotawo: A Journal +of Nubian Studies* 7 (2020): 1-10. + +HAFSAAS-TSAKOS, Henriette. *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging +State of Ancient Egypt. A Warfare Perspective on the History of the +A-Group People in Lower Nubia during the 4^th^ millennium BCE*. +Ph.D-thesis. Bergen: University of Bergen, 2015. + +Otterbein, Keith F. *How War Began*. Texas A&M University Press, 2004. + +[^1]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, *War on the Southern Frontier of the Emerging + State of Ancient Egypt*, p. 3. + +[^2]: E.g., Otterbein, *How War Began*, pp. 74-75; Gat, *War in Human + Civilization*, p. 15. + +[^3]: Crevecoeur et al., "New Insights on Interpersonal Violence in the + Late Pleistocene Based on the Nile Valley Cemetery of Jebel Sahaba." + +[^4]: Van Gerven Oei, "Preface by the Editor," pp. 1-3. -# Bibliography