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@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ precise chronology for the early phases of the cemetery, from the
beginning of Early Kerma to the beginning of Middle Kerma. The study and
spatial distribution of the 409 tombs excavated since 2008 allows us to
follow in detail each stage from the evolution of funeral rites. An
absolute chronology was constructed using 23 14C dates that were
absolute chronology was constructed using 23 <sup>14</sup>C dates that were
confronted with the typology of Kerma pottery and Egyptian imports, and
this makes it possible to distinguish five successive phases between
2550 and 1950 BC: *Kerma ancien 0, I, II, III,* and *Kerma moyen I*
@ -466,19 +466,19 @@ kingdom to settle in the region.
Bonnet, Charles. "Rapport préliminaire sur les campagnes
de 1980-1981 et 1981-1982." In: Bonnet, C. & collab. Les fouilles
archéologiques de Kerma (Soudan), *Genava, n.s.,* 30 (1982): pp. 1-25.
archéologiques de Kerma (Soudan), *Genava, n.s.* 30 (1982): pp. 1-25.
Bonnet, Charles. "Rapport préliminaire sur les campagnes
de 1982-1983 et 1983-1984." In: Bonnet, C. & collab. Les fouilles
archéologiques de Kerma (Soudan), *Genava, n.s.,* 32 (1984): pp. 5-42.
archéologiques de Kerma (Soudan), *Genava, n.s.* 32 (1984): pp. 5-42.
Bonnet, Charles. "Rapport préliminaire sur les campagnes
de 1984-1985 et 1985-1986." In: Bonnet, C. & collab. Les fouilles
archéologiques de Kerma (Soudan), *Genava, n.s.,* 34 (1986): pp. 5-20.
archéologiques de Kerma (Soudan), *Genava, n.s.* 34 (1986): pp. 5-20.
Bonnet, Charles. "Rapport préliminaire sur les campagnes
de 1993-1994 et 1994-1995." In: Bonnet, C. & collab. Les fouilles
archéologiques de Kerma (Soudan), *Genava, n.s.,* 43 (1995): pp. 31-64.
archéologiques de Kerma (Soudan), *Genava, n.s.* 43 (1995): pp. 31-64.
Bonnet, Charles. *Edifices et rites funéraires à Kerma*.
Paris: Errance, 2000.
@ -488,73 +488,73 @@ Eastern Cemetery of Kerma." In *The
Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia*, edited by Emberling, Geoff and Bruce Williams, pp. 213-26. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.
Clark, John. D, James L. Phillips,
and Preston S. Staley. "Interpretations of prehistoric
technology from ancient egyptian and other sources, part 1: ancient
egyptian bows and arrows and their relevance for prehistory."
*Paleorient*, 2, 2 (1974): pp. 323-388.
and Preston S. Staley. "Interpretations of Prehistoric
Technology from Ancient Egyptian and Other Sources, Part 1: Ancient
Egyptian Bows and Arrows and Their Relevance for Prehistory."
*Paleorient*, 2, 2 (1974): pp. 323-88.
Dunham, Dows. *Excavations at Kerma. Part VI: subsidiary
nubian graves, excavated by the late George A. Reisner in 1915-1916, not
included in his Excavations at Kerma, I-III and IV-V, published by him
Dunham, Dows. *Excavations at Kerma. Part VI: Subsidiary
Nubian Graves, Excavated by the Late George A. Reisner in 1915-1916, not
Included in His Excavations at Kerma, I-III and IV-V, Published by Him
in the Harvard African Studies, V and VI, 1923*. Boston: Museum of Fine
Arts, 1982.
Gratien, Brigitte. *Les cultures Kerma. Essai de
classification*. Université de Lille III, 1978.
Hafsaas-Tsakos, Henriette. "Edges of bronze and
expressions of masculinity: the emergence of a warrior class at Kerma in
Hafsaas-Tsakos, Henriette. "Edges of Bronze and
Expressions of Masculinity: the Emergence of a Warrior Class at Kerma in
Sudan." *Antiquity* 87 (2013): pp. 79-91.
Honegger, Matthieu. "Lunate microliths in the Holocene
industries of Nubia: Multifunctional tools, sickle blades or weapon
elements?" In: Pétillon J.-M. *et al.* (coord.). Projectile weapon
Honegger, Matthieu. "Lunate Microliths in the Holocene
Industries of Nubia: Multifunctional Tools, Sickle Blades or Weapon
Elements?" In *Projectile weapon
elements from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Neolithic (Proceeding of the
session C83 of the 15^th^ Congress of the IUPPS, Lisbon, 4-9 September
2006), *Palethnologie*, 1 (2009): pp.161-173.
session C83 of the 15th Congress of the IUPPS, Lisbon, 4-9 September
2006)*, edited by Jean-Marc Pétillon *et al.*, pp. 161-73. *Palethnologie* 1 (2009).
Honegger, Matthieu. "La plus ancienne tombe royale de
Kerma en Nubie." *Bulletin de la Société des sciences naturelles de Neuchâtel* 138 (2018): pp. 185-198.
Honegger, Matthieu. "New Data on the Origins of Kerma."
In *Nubian Archaeology in the XXIst Century,
proceedings of the 13th International Conference of the Society for
Nubian Studies (Neuchâtel, 2014)*, edited by Matthieu Honegger, pp. 19-34. Leuwen: Brill, 2018.
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference of the Society for
Nubian Studies (Neuchâtel, 2014)*, edited by Matthieu Honegger, pp. 19-34. Louvain: Brill, 2018.
Honegger, Matthieu. "The Eastern Cemetery of Kerma and its
first Royal Grave." Kerma, document de la mission archéologique Suisse
au Soudan, 8 (2019): pp. 6-19.
Honegger, Matthieu. "The Eastern Cemetery of Kerma and Its
First Royal Grave." *Kerma, document de la mission archéologique Suisse
au Soudan* 8 (2019): pp. 6-19.
Honegger, Matthieu. "Style and identity symbols: an
attempt to define the social meaning of the Kerma funerary fineware and
its decorations." In *Etudes Nubiennes 2018,
Louvre Museum, 10-15 sept. 2018*, edited by Rondot, V. et al. Forthcoming.
Honegger, Matthieu. "Style and Identity Symbols: an
Attempt to Define the Social Meaning of the Kerma Funerary Fineware and
Its Decorations." In *Etudes Nubiennes 2018,
Louvre Museum, 10-15 sept. 2018*, edited by Vincent Rondot *et al.* Forthcoming.
Honegger, Matthieu and Fallet, Camille.
"Archers Tombs of the Kerma ancien." *Kerma, document de la mission
Honegger, Matthieu, and Camille Fallet.
"Archers Tombs of the Kerma Ancien." *Kerma, document de la mission
archéologique Suisse au Soudan* 6 (2015): pp. 16-30.
Judd, Margaret. "Ancient Injury Recidivism: An Example
from the Kerma Period of Ancient Nubia." *International Journal of
Osteoarchaeology* 12 (2002): pp. 89--102.
Osteoarchaeology* 12 (2002): pp. 89-102.
Kendall, Timothy. *Kerma and the Kingdom of Kush 2500-1500
B.C. The Archaeological Discovery of an Ancient Nubian Empire*. National
B.C. The Archaeological Discovery of an Ancient Nubian Empire*. Washington, D.C.: National
Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, 1977.
Lacovara, Peter. "The Stone Vase Deposit at Kerma." In:
Davies, W.V. (ed.). *Egypt and Africa, Nubia from Prehistory to Islam*,
London: British Museum Press (1991): pp. 118-128.
Lacovara, Peter. "The Stone Vase Deposit at Kerma." In
*Egypt and Africa, Nubia from Prehistory to Islam*, edited by Vivian Davies, pp. 118-28
London: British Museum Press, 1991.
Le Quellec, Jean-Loïc. "Arcs et archers sahariens: les
représentations d'archers dans l'art rupestre du Sahara central." *Tir à
l'arc Magazine*, 25 (2014): pp. 60-63.
l'arc Magazine* 25 (2014): pp. 60-3.
Le Quellec, Jean-Loïc. "Arcs et bracelets d'archers au
Sahara et en Égypte, avec une nouvelle proposition de lecture des
'nasses' sahariennes." *Cahiers de l'ARRS*, 15 (2011): pp. 201-220.
'nasses' sahariennes." *Cahiers de l'ARRS* 15 (2011): pp. 201-20.
Manzo, Andrea. "Weapons, ideology and identity at Kerma
Manzo, Andrea. "Weapons, Ideology and Identity at Kerma
(Upper Nubia, 2500-1500 BC)." *Annali, sezione orientale* 76 (2016): pp.
3-29.
@ -563,32 +563,32 @@ Material Culture in Nubian Burials of the Classic Kerma Period*. Ph.D.
dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 2012:
<https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0nn0m0fv>.
Müller, Hans W. *Der \'Armreif\' des Konigs Ahmose und der
Handgelenkschutz des Bogenschützen im alten Ägypten und Vorderasien.*
SDAIK, 25. Mainz, 1989.
Müller, Hans W. *Der "Armreif" des Konigs Ahmose und der
Handgelenkschutz des Bogenschützen im alten Ägypten und Vorderasien*.
Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 1989.
Obsomer, Claude. "Les expéditions d'Herkhouf (VIe
dynastie) et la localisation de Iam." In
*Pharaons Noirs: Sur la piste des 40 jours*, edited by M.-C. Bruwier, pp. 39-52. Musée Royal de Mariemont,
*Pharaons Noirs: Sur la piste des quarante jours*, edited by Marie-Cécile Bruwier and Raymond Betz, pp. 39-52. Morlanwelz: Musée Royal de Mariemont,
2007.
Reisner, George A. *Excavations at Kerma. Harvard African
Studies 5-6*. Peabody Museum of Harvard University, 1923.
Studies 5-6*. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum of Harvard University, 1923.
Smith, Stuart Tyson. "Nubia and Egypt: Interaction,
acculturation, and secondary state formation from the third to first
millennium BC." In *Studies in Culture Contact:
Interaction, Culture Change, and Archaeology*, edited by James G. Cusick, pp. 256-87. Southern Illinois
Acculturation, and Secondary State Formation from the Third to First
Millennium BC." In *Studies in Culture Contact:
Interaction, Culture Change, and Archaeology*, edited by James G. Cusick, pp. 256-87. Carbondale: Southern Illinois
University Press, 1995.
Testart, Alain. *Éléments de classification des sociétés*.
Paris: Errance, 2005.
Török, László. *Between Two Worlds: The Frontier Region
between Ancient Nubia and Egypt 3700 BC - 500 AD*. Leiden, 2009.
between Ancient Nubia and Egypt 3700 BC - 500 AD*. Leiden: Brill, 2009.
Vogel, Carola. "Fallen Heroes?: Winlock\'s \'Slain
Soldiers\' Reconsidered." *The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology*, 89
Soldiers\' Reconsidered." *The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology* 89
(2003): pp. 239-245.
Walsh, Carl. "Techniques for Egyptian Eyes: Diplomacy and
@ -599,11 +599,11 @@ Winlock, Herbert E. *The Slain Soldiers of
Neb-hepet-Re\'-Mentu-entu-Hotpe*. Publications of the Metropolitan
Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition, 16. New York, 1945.
[^1]: Bonnet, "Les fouilles archéologiques de Kerma (Soudan) ", 1982,
[^1]: Bonnet, "Les fouilles archéologiques de Kerma (Soudan)," 1982,
pp. 15-19; 1984, p. 17; 1986, p. 12; 1995, p. 44.
[^2]: Bonnet, "Les fouilles archéologiques de Kerma (Soudan) ", 1982,
pp. 15-19.
[^2]: Bonnet, "Les fouilles archéologiques de Kerma (Soudan)," 1982,
pp. 15-9.
[^3]: Kerma is the name of the village next to the city of Kerma and its
eastern cemetery. It gave its name to the culture of Kerma, defined
@ -611,7 +611,7 @@ Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition, 16. New York, 1945.
Kerma. Essai de classification*). This culture is also referred to
as the Kingdom of Kerma. In the context of anthropological theories
on the evolution of societies, a kingdom can be equated with a state
(see Testart, *éléments de classification des sociétés*). It can
(see Testart, *Éléments de classification des sociétés*). It can
also be considered as a secondary state, insofar as it seems to
emerge as a result of its contacts with the Egyptian state, which
originated more than five centuries before (Smith, "Nubia and Egypt:
@ -619,12 +619,12 @@ Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition, 16. New York, 1945.
third to first millennium BC").
[^4]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, "Edges of bronze and expressions of masculinity:
the emergence of a warrior class at Kerma in Sudan", pp. 79-91;
the emergence of a warrior class at Kerma in Sudan," pp. 79-91;
Manzo, "Weapons, ideology and identity at Kerma (Upper Nubia,
2500-1500 BC)", pp. 3-29.
2500-1500 BC)," pp. 3-29.
[^5]: Judd, "Ancient Injury Recidivism: An Example from the Kerma Period
of Ancient Nubia", pp. 89-102.
of Ancient Nubia," pp. 89-102.
[^6]: Reisner, *Excavations at Kerma. Harvard African Studies 5-6*.
@ -635,19 +635,19 @@ Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition, 16. New York, 1945.
Ali, director of the National Corporation of Antiquities and Museums
of Sudan (NCAM) for his support.
[^8]: Honegger, "La plus ancienne tombe royale de Kerma en Nubie", pp.
189-194; Honegger, "New Data on the Origins of Kerma", pp. 21-24.
[^8]: Honegger, "La plus ancienne tombe royale de Kerma en Nubie," pp.
189-94; Honegger, "New Data on the Origins of Kerma," pp. 21-4.
[^9]: Honegger, "New Data on the Origins of Kerma", pp. 25-28.
[^9]: Honegger, "New Data on the Origins of Kerma," pp. 25-8.
[^10]: Bonnet and Honegger, "The Eastern Cemetery of Kerma", pp.
216-218.
[^10]: Bonnet and Honegger, "The Eastern Cemetery of Kerma," pp.
216-8.
[^11]: Honegger, "La plus ancienne tombe royale de Kerma en Nubie", pp.
194-197. See also the end of this paper and figure 15.
[^11]: Honegger, "La plus ancienne tombe royale de Kerma en Nubie," pp.
194-7. See also the end of this paper and figure 15.
[^12]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, "Edges of bronze and expressions of masculinity:
the emergence of a warrior class at Kerma in Sudan", pp. 79-91.
the emergence of a warrior class at Kerma in Sudan," pp. 79-91.
[^13]: Mud brick chapels were built in connection with the most
important and largest graves, Bonnet, *Edifices et rites funéraires
@ -659,10 +659,10 @@ Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition, 16. New York, 1945.
[^15]: See Minor, The Use of Egyptian and Egyptianizing Material Culture
in Nubian Burials of the Classic Kerma Period and Walsh, "Techniques
for Egyptian Eyes: Diplomacy and the Transmission of Cosmetic
Practices between Egypt and Kerma".
Practices between Egypt and Kerma."
[^16]: Bonnet and Honegger, "The Eastern Cemetery of Kerma", pp.
223-224.
[^16]: Bonnet and Honegger, "The Eastern Cemetery of Kerma," pp.
223-4.
[^17]: Sector 23 contained 122 individuals of which 90 were discovered
by our team. Of these 90 individuals, 49 were mature (25 female and
@ -676,28 +676,28 @@ Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition, 16. New York, 1945.
The bio-anthropological data are provided by Agathe Chen, in charge
of the study of the skeletons of the Eastern Cemetery.
[^18]: Dunham, *Excavations at Kerma. Part VI.*
[^18]: Dunham, *Excavations at Kerma. Part VI*.
[^19]: Reisner, *Excavations at Kerma.*
[^19]: Reisner, *Excavations at Kerma*.
[^20]: Reisner, *Excavations at Kerma.*
[^20]: Reisner, *Excavations at Kerma*.
[^21]: Dunham, *Excavations at Kerma. Part VI.*
[^21]: Dunham, *Excavations at Kerma. Part VI*.
[^22]: Hafsaas-Tsakos "Edges of bronze and expressions of masculinity:
the emergence of a warrior class at Kerma in Sudan", pp. 79-91.
[^22]: Hafsaas-Tsakos, "Edges of bronze and expressions of masculinity:
the emergence of a warrior class at Kerma in Sudan," pp. 79-91.
[^23]: Bonnet, "Les fouilles archéologiques de Kerma (Soudan)", 1982,
p. 15-19.
[^23]: Bonnet, "Les fouilles archéologiques de Kerma (Soudan)," 1982,
p. 15-9.
[^24]: They were excavated in January 1996 but remain unpublished.
[^25]: Bonnet, "Les fouilles archéologiques de Kerma (Soudan)", 1986,
p. 12; 1995, p. 44.
[^26]: Honegger, "Lunate microliths in the Holocene industries of Nubia:
Multifunctional tools, sickle blades or weapon elements?", pp.
169-171.
[^26]: Honegger, "Lunate Microliths in the Holocene Industries of Nubia:
Multifunctional Tools, Sickle Blades or Weapon Elements?," pp.
169-71.
[^27]: The number of archers for Middle Kerma may seem low. However, it
should be remembered that these tombs are often much more plundered
@ -705,59 +705,59 @@ Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition, 16. New York, 1945.
to excavate tombs later than Kerma moyen I during our programme
conducted between 1998 and 2008.
[^28]: Honegger and Fallet, "Archers Tombs of the Kerma ancien", pp.
[^28]: Honegger and Fallet, "Archers Tombs of the Kerma ancien," pp.
16-30.
[^29]: Le Quellec, "Arcs et archers sahariens: les représentations
d'archers dans l'art rupestre du Sahara central", p. 62; Le Quellec,
d'archers dans l'art rupestre du Sahara central," p. 62; Le Quellec,
"Arcs et bracelets d'archers au Sahara et en Égypte, avec une
nouvelle proposition de lecture des 'nasses' sahariennes", pp.
208-211.
nouvelle proposition de lecture des 'nasses' sahariennes," pp.
208-11.
[^30]: Ibid.
[^31]: Honegger, "Lunate microliths in the Holocene industries of Nubia:
Multifunctional tools, sickle blades or weapon elements?", pp.
169-171.
[^31]: Honegger, "Lunate Microliths in the Holocene Industries of Nubia:
Multifunctional Tools, Sickle Blades or Weapon Elements?," pp.
169-71.
[^32]: Clark *et al*. "Interpretations of prehistoric technology from
[^32]: Clark *et al*, "Interpretations of prehistoric technology from
ancient Egyptian and other sources, part 1 : ancient Egyptian bows
and arrows and their relevance for prehistory", fig. 9, p. 362.
and arrows and their relevance for prehistory," p. 362 and fig. 9.
[^33]: The significance of this find of 59 soldiers is still debated and
authors have sought to link it to one of the many conflicts during
the 12th Dynasty, Winlock, *Slain Soldiers.* For a discussion on the
interpretations of this find, see Vogel "Fallen Heroes?: Winlock\'s
\'Slain Soldiers\' Reconsidered".
the 12th Dynasty, Winlock, *Slain Soldiers*. For a discussion on the
interpretations of this find, see Vogel, "Fallen Heroes?: Winlock\'s
\'Slain Soldiers\' Reconsidered."
[^34]: Müller describes 5 wrist-guards, all made of leather, similar in
shape to those of Kerma. He also presents another similar example
from Gebelin. *Der \'Armreif\' des Konigs Ahmose und der
Handgelenkschutz des Bogenschützen im alten Ägypten und
Vorderasien*, pp. 16-17 and pl. V.
Vorderasien*, pp. 16-7 and pl. V.
[^35]: Théophile Burnat, "Manufacture et usages du cuir dans le royaume
de Kerma (Soudan, IIIe et IIe millénaires av. n. è.) ", Université
de Kerma (Soudan, IIIe et IIe millénaires av. n. è.)," Université
de Neuchâtel.
[^36]: Louis Chaix, pers. comm.
[^37]: Honegger and Fallet, "Archers Tombs of the Kerma ancien", p. 20.
[^37]: Honegger and Fallet, "Archers Tombs of the Kerma ancien," p. 20.
[^38]: Bonnet, "Les fouilles archéologiques de Kerma (Soudan) ", 1982,
[^38]: Bonnet, "Les fouilles archéologiques de Kerma (Soudan)," 1982,
p. 15.
[^39]: Cf. Judd, "Ancient Injury Recidivism: An Example from the Kerma
Period of Ancient Nubia", pp. 89--102.
Period of Ancient Nubia," pp. 89-102.
[^40]: Agathe Chen, pers. comm.
[^41]: Manzo, "Weapons, ideology and identity at Kerma (Upper Nubia,
2500-1500 BC)", pp. 3-29.
2500-1500 BC)," pp. 3-29.
[^42]: Honegger, "The Eastern Cemetery of Kerma and its first Royal
Grave", pp. 6-19; Honegger, "La plus ancienne tombe royale de Kerma
en Nubie", pp. 185-198.
Grave," pp. 6-19; Honegger, "La plus ancienne tombe royale de Kerma
en Nubie," pp. 185-98.
[^43]: Török, *Between Two Worlds*, pp. 53-73.
@ -770,10 +770,10 @@ Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition, 16. New York, 1945.
these different hypotheses, see Obsomer, "Les expéditions d'Herkhouf
(VIe dynastie) et la localisation de Iam", pp. 39-52.
[^45]: Lacovara, "The Stone Vase Deposit at Kerma", pp. 118-128.
[^45]: Lacovara, "The Stone Vase Deposit at Kerma," pp. 118-28.
[^46]: Török, *Between Two Worlds*, pp. 69-70.
[^47]: Honegger, "Style and identity symbols: an attempt to define the
social meaning of the Kerma funerary fineware and its decorations",
[^47]: Honegger, "Style and Identity Symbols: an Attempt to Define the
Social Meaning of the Kerma Funerary Fineware and Its Decorations",
forthcoming.