finished jakobi

content/article/blench.md

@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ The East (formerly “Eastern”) Sudanic languages, spread between Chad and Nor
 
 Greenberg was not aware of Nyimang and Temein, and these were added later in Greenberg together with Kuliak,[^2] now considered by Bender to be a separate branch of Nilo-Saharan.[^3] Greenberg claimed East Sudanic was part of “Chari-Nile,” a group which included Central Sudanic, Kunama, and Bertha.[^4] Chari-Nile is also now not thought to be valid.[^5] Somewhat confusingly, Tucker had earlier published a book entitled *The Eastern Sudanic Languages* but it is largely about Central Sudanic, Ubangian, and Nilotic languages.[^6] Prior to Greenberg, many individual languages or small groups had been described in Tucker & Bryan, but they were not combined into a larger unit.[^7] Greenberg makes a large number of proposals for grammatical and lexical isomorphs, which more recent scholars have not followed up in detail.[^8]
 
-[^2]: Greenberg, *Languages of Africa.*
+[^2]: Greenberg, *The Languages of Africa.*
 [^3]: Bender, *The Nilo-Saharan Languages.*
-[^4]: Greenberg, *Languages of Africa.*
+[^4]: Greenberg, *The Languages of Africa.*
 [^5]: Bender, *The Nilo-Saharan Languages.*
 [^6]: Tucker, *The Eastern Sudanic Languages, vol. 1.*
 [^7]: Tucker & Bryan, *The Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa.*
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ Bender, Ehret, Rilly, and Starostin agree that at least Nubian, Nara, Tama, and
 
 **Table 7. Ek lexical isogloss, “two,” *\*wari(m)*[^t7]**
 
-[^t7]: Haraza data from Bell, "Documentary Evidence on the Ḥarāza Nubian,"" 84; Old Nubian data from Browne, *Old Nubian Dictionary,* 138; Karko data from Jakobi & Hamdan, "Number Marking in Karko Nouns"; Nara data from Hayward, “Observations on Tone in the Higir Dialect of Nara”; Proto-Nyima data from Bender, “Roland Stevenson’s Nyimang and Dinik Lexicon”; Proto-Taman data from Edgar, “First Steps toward Proto-Tama.”
+[^t7]: Haraza data from Bell, "Documentary Evidence on the Ḥarāza Nubian,"" 84; Old Nubian data from Browne, *Old Nubian Dictionary,* 138; Karko data from Jakobi & Hamdan, "Number Marking on Karko Nouns"; Nara data from Hayward, “Observations on Tone in the Higir Dialect of Nara”; Proto-Nyima data from Bender, “Roland Stevenson’s Nyimang and Dinik Lexicon”; Proto-Taman data from Edgar, “First Steps toward Proto-Tama.”
 
 ## The En Languages
 
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ Nubian demonstrates strong evidence for tripartite number marking in nouns. Jako
 
 **Table 9. Karko singulatives[^401]**
 
-[^401]: Data from Jakobi & Hamdan, "Number Marking in Karko Nouns."
+[^401]: Data from Jakobi & Hamdan, "Number Marking on Karko Nouns."
 
 However, the majority of suffixes denote plurals (**Table 10**). The majority seem to be allomorphs of the singulative suffix, thus *ɖ ~ Vl ~ Vr,* with a distinct second set *Vɲ  ~ Vŋ*. The suffix *-Vnd* may be a composite of the nasal and alveo-dental suffixes.
 
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ However, the majority of suffixes denote plurals (**Table 10**). The majority se
 
 **Table 10. Karko plural marking[^401a]**
 
-[^401a]: Data from Jakobi & Hamdan, "Number Marking in Karko Nouns."
+[^401a]: Data from Jakobi & Hamdan, "Number Marking on Karko Nouns."
 
 Proto-Nubian may have had a fully functional tripartite system, which has now eroded leaving both singulatives and plurals, but not simultaneously. Once allomorphy is taken into account, the available affixes are very restricted. A language such as Midob has a still more reduced system, with only the alveo-dental *t ~ di* (**Table 11**).
 
@@ -427,8 +427,8 @@ As with Gaamhg, nouns can have zero marking, singulatives a velar or underspecif
 
 Temein consists of three languages, Temein, Keiga Jirru, and These.[^412] Surface forms for number marking in Temein are highly diverse and not easy to predict, even though the basic elements are relatively few. Temein languages operate a three-way system of number-marking with an unmarked form plus singulatives and pluratives, also known as “replacive.”[^413] However, the erosion of this system has meant that nouns where three terms occur synchronically are relatively rare. **Table 21** shows some examples of these:
 
-[^412]:  Blench, “The Temein Languages.”
+[^412]:  Blench, “Introduction to the Temein Languages.”
-[^413]:  See, e.g., Dimmendaal, “Number Marking and Noun Categorization in Nilo-Saharan Languages," or Blench, “The Temein Languages.”
+[^413]:  See, e.g., Dimmendaal, “Number Marking and Noun Categorization in Nilo-Saharan Languages," or Blench, “Introduction to the Temein Languages.”
 
 Language    | Gloss      | Sg.                    | Unmarked                | Pl.      |
 | :---      | :---       | :---                   | :---                    | :---  |
@@ -713,3 +713,129 @@ In conclusion, East Sudanic is characterized by a series of affixes, which have
 * T: any dental consonant
 * V: any vowel
 * X: any phoneme
+
+# Bibliography
+
+Alamin Mubarak, Suzan. “An Initial Description of Laggori Noun Morphology and Noun Phrase.” In *Insights into Nilo-Saharan Language, History and Culture: Proceedings of the 9th Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, Institute of African and Asian Studies, University of Khartoum, 16-19 February 2004,* edited by Al-Amin Abu-Manga, Leoma Gilley, and Anne Storch, pp. 9-24. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe, 2006.
+
+Aviles, Arthur J. *The Phonology and Morphology of the Dar Daju Daju Language.* MA Thesis, University of North Dakota at Grand Forks, 2008.
+
+Bell, Herman. "Documentary Evidence on the Ḥarāza Nubian." *Sudan Notes and Records* 7 (1975): pp. 1–36.
+
+Bender, Lionel M. *Comparative Omotic Lexicon.* Carbondale: SIU, 2003. Unpublished manuscript. [BIB]
+
+Bender, Lionel M. “Genetic Subgrouping of East Sudanic.” *Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere* 45 (1996): pp. 139-150. [BIB]
+
+Bender, Lionel M. “Proto-Koman Phonology and Lexicon.” *Africa and Ubersee* 66, no. 2 (1983): pp. 259-297.
+
+Bender, Lionel M. “Roland Stevenson’s Nyimang and Dinik Lexicon.” *Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere* 63 (2000): pp. 103-120. [BIB]
+
+Bender, Lionel M. “The Genetic Position of Nilotic *i*: Independent Pronouns.” In *"Mehr als nur Worte…": Afrikanistische Beiträge zum 65. Geburtstag von Franz Rottland,* edited by R. Voßen, A. Mietzner, and A. Meißner, pp. 89-119. Cologne: Rudiger Köppe, 2000.
+
+Bender, Lionel M. “The Eastern Jebel languages of Sudan I: Phonology.” *Afrika und Übersee* 80 (1997): pp. 189-215.
+
+Bender, Lionel M. “The Eastern Jebel languages of Sudan II: Comparative Lexicon.” *Afrika und Übersee* 81 (1998): pp. 39-64.
+
+Bender, Lionel M. *The East Sudanic Languages: Lexicon and Phonology.* Carbondale: Southern Illinois University, 2005.
+
+Bender, Lionel M. *The Nilo-Saharan Languages: A Comparative Essay.* 2nd edition. Munich: Lincom Europa, 1997.
+
+Blench, Roger M. “The Kadu Languages and Their Affiliation: Between Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo and Afro-Asiatic.” In *Insights into Nilo-Saharan Language, History and Culture: Proceedings of the 9th Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, Institute of African and Asian Studies, University of Khartoum, 16-19 February 2004,* edited by Al-Amin Abu-Manga, Leoma Gilley, and Anne Storch, pp. 101-127. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe, 2006.
+
+Blench, Roger M. “Introduction to the Temein Languages.” In *Nuba Mountain Language Studies,* edited by Thilo C. Schadeberg and Roger M. Blench, pp. 485-500. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe, 2013.
+
+Boyeldieu, Pascal. "Dadjo-Sila." In *La qualification dans les langues africaines,* edited by Holger Tröbs, Eva Rothmaler, and Kerstin Winkelmann, pp. 57-70. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 2008.
+
+Browne, Gerald M. *Old Nubian Dictionary.* Leuven: Peeters, 1996.
+
+Bryan, Margaret. “The T–K Languages: A New Substratum.” *Africa* 29, no. 1 (1959): pp. 1-21.
+
+Carlin, Eithne. *The So language.* Cologne: Universität zu Köln, 1993.
+
+Cohen, Kevin B. *Aspects of the Grammar of Kukú.* Munich: Lincom Europa, 2000.
+
+Dawd, Abushush, and R.J. Hayward. “Nara.” *Journal of the International Phonetic Association* 32, no. 2 (2002): pp. 249-255.
+
+De Voogt, A.J. “Dual Marking and Kinship Terms in Afitti.” *Studies in Language* 35, no. 4 (2011): pp. 898–911. [doi]({sc}): [10.1075/sl.35.4.04dev](https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.35.4.04dev).
+
+Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. “Differential Object Marking in Nilo-Saharan.” *Journal of African Languages and Linguistics* 31 (2011): pp. 13–46.
+
+Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. *Historical Linguistics and the Comparative Study of African Languages.* Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing, 2011.
+
+Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. "Marked Nominative Systems in Eastern Sudanic and Their Historical Origin." *Afrikanistik Online* 11, no. 3 (2014): pp. 1–23.
+
+Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. “Number Marking and Noun Categorization in Nilo-Saharan Languages.” *Anthropological Linguistics* 42, no. 2 (2000): pp. 214–261.
+
+Edgar, John T. “First Steps toward Proto-Tama.” In *Proceedings of the Fourth Nilo-Saharan Conference: Bayreuth Aug. 30–Sep. 2, 1989,* edited by M. Lionel Bender, pp. 111-131. Hamburg: Helmut Buske, 1991.
+
+Ehret, Christopher. *A Historical-Comparative Reconstruction of Nilo-Saharan.* Cologne: Rudiger Köppe, 2001.
+
+Ehret, Christopher. *Southern Nilotic History: Linguistic Approaches to the Study of the Past.* Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1971.
+
+Gilley, Leoma G. “Katcha Noun Morphology.” In *Nuba Mountain Language Studies,* edited by Thilo C. Schadeberg & Roger M. Blench, pp. 501-522. Cologne: Rudiger Köppe, 2013.
+
+Greenberg, Joseph H. “Nilo-Saharan Moveable-k as a Stage III Article (with a Penutian Typological Parallel).” *Journal of African Languages and Linguistics* 3, no. 2 (1981): pp. 105-112.
+
+Greenberg, Joseph H. “Studies in African Linguistic Classification: V. The Eastern Sudanic Family.” *Southwestern Journal of Anthropology* 6, no. 2 (1950) pp. 143-160.
+
+Greenberg, Joseph H. *The Languages of Africa.* The Hague: Mouton & Co, 1963.
+
+Güldemann, Tom. “The Historical-Comparative Status of East Sudanic.” In *Proceedings of the 14th Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium,* edited by Roger M. Blench, Petra Weschenfelder, and Georg Ziegelmeyer. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe, forthcoming.
+
+Hayward, Richard J. “Observations on Tone in the Higir Dialect of Nara.” In *"Mehr als nur Worte…": Afrikanistische Beiträge zum 65. Geburtstag von Franz Rottland,* edited by R. Voßen, A. Mietzner, and A. Meißner, pp. 247-267. Cologne: Rudiger Köppe, 2000.
+
+Heine, Bernd. *The Kuliak Languages of Eastern Uganda.* Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1976.
+
+Jakobi, Angelika, and Ahmed Hamdan. "Number Marking on Karko Nouns." *Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies* 2 (2015): pp. 271–289. [doi]({sc}): [10.5070/D62110017](https://doi.org/10.5070/D62110017).
+
+Joseph, C.L. et al. *Laarim Grammar Book.* Juba: SIL-Sudan, 2012.
+
+Kellermann, P. *Eine grammatische Skizze des Tama auf der Basis der Daten von R.C. Stevenson.* MA thesis, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universitat, Mainz, 2000.
+
+Lamberti, Marcello. *Kuliak and Cushitic: A Comparative Study.* Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1988.
+
+Norton, Russell. "Ama Verbs in Comparative Perspective." *Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies* 7 (2020): ![this issue](article:norton.md)
+
+Norton, Russell. “Number in Ama Verbs.” *Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages* 10 (2012): pp. 75-94.
+
+Rilly, Claude. *Le méroïtique et sa famille linguistique.* Leuven: Peeters, 2009.
+
+Rilly, Claude, and Alex de Voogt. *The Meroitic Language and Writing System.* Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
+
+Ross, James S. *A Preliminary Attempt at the Reconstruction of Proto-East Sudanic Phonology and Lexicon.* MA Thesis, Southern Illinois University, 1990. [BIB]
+
+Rottland, Franz. *Die südnilotischen Sprachen: Beschriebung, Vergleichung und Rekonstruktion.* Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 1982.
+
+Schrock, Terrill B. *The Ik Language: Dictionary and Grammar Sketch.* Berlin: Language Science Press, 2016.
+
+Starostin, George  “Lexicostatistical Studies in East Sudanic I: On the Genetic Unity of Nubian-Nara-Tama.” *Journal of Language Relationship* [*Вопросы языкового родства*] 15, no. 2 (2017): pp. 87–113.
+
+Stevenson, Roland C. “A Survey of the Phonetics and Grammatical Structures of the Nuba Mountain Languages, with Particular Reference to Otoro, Katcha and Nyimang.” *Afrika und Übersee* 40 (1956): pp. 73-84, 93-115.
+
+Stevenson, Roland C. “A Survey of the Phonetics and Grammatical Structures of the Nuba Mountain Languages, with Particular Reference to Otoro, Katcha and Nyimang.” *Afrika und Übersee* 41 (1957): pp. 27-65, 117-152, 171-196.
+
+Stirtz, Timothy M. *A Grammar of Gaahmg: A Nilo-Saharan Language of Sudan.* Utrecht: LOT, 2011.
+
+Storch, Anne. *The Noun Morphology of Western Nilotic.* Cologne: Rudiger Köppe, 2005.
+
+Thelwall, R.A. “Birgid Vocabulary List and Its Links with Daju.” In *Gedenkschrift Gustav Nachtigal 1874–1974,* edited by E. Ganslmayr and H. Jungraithmayr, pp. 197-210. Bremen: Übersee Museum, 1977.
+
+Trigger, B.G. “Meroitic and Eastern Sudanic: A Linguistic Relationship.” *Kush* 12 (1964): 188-194. [BIB]
+
+Tucker, Archibald N. *The Eastern Sudanic Languages, Vol. I.* Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1940.
+
+Tucker, Archibald N., and Margaret A. Bryan. *Linguistic Analyses: The Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa.* London: Oxford University Press.
+
+Tucker, Archibald N., and Margaret A. Bryan. *Noun Classification in Kalenjin: Nandi-Kipsigis.* London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1964. [BIB]
+
+Tucker, Archibald N., and Margaret A. Bryan. *Noun Classification in Kalenjin: Päkot.* London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1962. [BIB]
+
+Tucker, Archibald N., and Margaret A. Bryan. *The Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa* London: Oxford University Press, 1956.
+
+Voßen, Rainer. *The Eastern Nilotes: Linguistic and Historical Reconstructions.* Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 1982.
+
+Werner, Roland. *Tìdn-áal: A Study of Midob (Darfur-Nubian).* Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 1993.
+
+Yigezu, Moges, and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal  “Notes on Baale.” In *Surmic Languages and Cultures,* edited by Gerrit J. Dimmendaal and Marco Last, pp. 273-317. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe, 1998.
+
+Zwarts, Joost  “Number in Endo-Marakwet.” In *Advances in Nilo-Saharan Linguistics: Proceedings of the 8th Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, University of Hamburg, August 22-25, 2001,* edited by Mechthild Reh and Doris L. Payne, pp. 281-294. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe, 2007.