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---
title: "From Homescape to Flora Landscape: Preliminary Observation on Plant Remains from the Christian Mud-Buildings in the Third Cataract Region"
authors: ["hamadhamdeen.md"]
abstract: In Sudan, the study of earthen construction materials is very rare, mudbricks were and still are widely used as building materials in many regions. This paper gives a new perspective for applying the technique of extorted plant remains from mudbrick in Sudan.
abstract: In Sudan, the study of earthen construction materials is very rare, mudbricks were and still are widely used as building materials in many regions. This paper gives a new perspective for applying the technique of extorted plant remains from mudbrick in Sudan. The material was collected during the fieldwork of Mahas Archaeological project in April 2019 from four Christian mudbrick sites (TMB016, MAS021, DFF008, and DFF009), were approximately four kilograms (one kilogram from each site). The material was soaked in water for six hours to dissolve the hard mud and sand. Two metal sieves with a mesh size of 0.5 and 1 mm were used. The separated material was dried and examined under binoculars and for identification fresh seed was used as a reference collection and determination literature. Seven plant species were encountered as seeds\\fruits were extracted and identified include: Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, Sorghum bicolor, Setaria italica, Adansonia digitate, Acacia nilotica and Cyperus rotundus. In addition, some large unidentified deposits of glumes of wild grasses (family: Poaceae) were presented in the samples from the four sites. Some animal dung and insect remains were separated during the sorting processing of the plant macro-remains. The archaeobotanical evidence from these four Christian mudbrick sites in El Mahas region provided evidence of the economy and flora landscape in this area. This flora can be divided into three types: riverine wild flora, cultivated flora, and wild trees.
keywords: ["Archaeobotany", "Plant remains", "Mudbrick", "Third Cataract", "Sudan"]
---
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***The floral landscape in the third cataract during Christian period***
# [Cultivated flora]{.underline}
### Cultivated flora
The archaeobotanical remains from the four Christian mudbrick
buildings in El Mahas region show four cultivated plants *Triticum
@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ Sudan. This suggestion can be confirmed by historical texts dating to
this same period and other plants remains from Christian sites in
north and Central Sudan.[^29]
# [Riverine wild flora]{.underline}
### Riverine wild flora
The material under discussion also contained wild plant species, a few
of which have medical and ethnographic value. These plants were
@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ value, and they have been collected for animal fodder or a part of the
clay and probably mixed with clay during the production of the
mudbrick.
## [Wild trees]{.underline}
### Wild trees
The remains of *Adansonia digitate* appear from small fragments of the
fruit pulp in the site TMB 016 and site MAS 021. The ecological