From 743652e2eee49d6611d29d3ffe0aeedb4f352ae3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Alexandros Tsakos Date: Mon, 3 Apr 2023 18:25:07 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] end of day --- content/article/roksana.md | 130 ++++++++++++++++++++----------------- 1 file changed, 72 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-) diff --git a/content/article/roksana.md b/content/article/roksana.md index 4445122..2915e3c 100644 --- a/content/article/roksana.md +++ b/content/article/roksana.md @@ -157,15 +157,26 @@ Entry in Khartoum of a train from Atbara full of people chanting: "*The dawn has come, Atbara has arrived*" has become one of the 2018-2019 revolt symbols. This event is also a reference to the October 1964 strike, when citizens from Kassala boarded their freedom train to -Khartoum to help oust General Abbūd from power (Figure 2).[^15] One of +Khartoum to help oust General Abbūd from power.[^15] + +!['Train'. Credit: Mounir Khalil. Source: https://twitter.com/TheMantle/status/1166501152537620480](../static/images/roxana/Fig3.jpg "'Train'. Credit: Mounir Khalil. Source: https://twitter.com/TheMantle/status/1166501152537620480") + +**~~Figure 1: 'Train'. Credit: Mounir Khalil. Source: https://twitter.com/TheMantle/status/1166501152537620480~~** + +One of the most recognizable images of the train is the art piece by Mounir -Khalil (Figure 3), which captures the joy of the people on the train and +Khalil (Figure 1), which captures the joy of the people on the train and the tense anticipation of the crowd gathering at the tracks.[^16] -Hussein Merghani (Figure 4) immortalized this moment in a painting +Hussein Merghani (Figure 2) immortalized this moment in a painting showing hundreds of people welcoming the train filled with waving flags. Merghani's painting exudes strength, energy, and a sense of community -- it reflects the atmosphere in Sudan during the revolution.[^17] +!['Freedom Train'. Credit: Hussein Merghani. Source: https://www.usip.org/blog/2020/11/how-art-helped-propel-sudans-revolution](../static/images/roxana/Fig4.jpg "'Freedom Train'. Credit: Hussein Merghani. Source: https://www.usip.org/blog/2020/11/how-art-helped-propel-sudans-revolution") + +**~~Figure 2: 'Freedom Train'. Credit: Hussein Merghani. Source: https://www.usip.org/blog/2020/11/how-art-helped-propel-sudans-revolution~~** + + Protests broke out in Sudan in December 2019, calling for the stepdown of President Omar al-Bashir and his regime.[^18] In particular, large numbers of young people, especially women, took to the streets. The @@ -202,13 +213,17 @@ civil society during the protests. Even threats of arrest and attacks on protesters did not stop Sudanese citizens from going out in the streets. The dramatic situation in which the Sudanese found themselves and the exhaustion of their trust in the government is shown in Khalid Albaih's -artwork (Figure 5).[^20] In his graphic, people are queuing for bread +artwork (Figure 3).[^20] In his graphic, people are queuing for bread and other necessities and this queue ends with a bomb. The graphic is inspired by everyday life because people are forming a tight queue. There is already a fuse lit at the end of the queue, illustrating that citizens' patience has its limits, that the process of social awakening has already started, and that there is no turning back. +![Cartoon by Khalid Albaih. Source: https://kultwatch.se/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/KhalidAlbaih_QueuingBomb_Sudan.jpg](../static/images/roxana/Fig5.jpg "Cartoon by Khalid Albaih. Source: https://kultwatch.se/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/KhalidAlbaih_QueuingBomb_Sudan.jpg") + +**~~Figure 3: Cartoon by Khalid Albaih. Source: https://kultwatch.se/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/KhalidAlbaih_QueuingBomb_Sudan.jpg~~** + In the face of widespread frustration and anger, president al-Bashir dissolved the government and appointed military officers in its place to avoid stepping down from power. However, on April 10, a military coup @@ -303,7 +318,7 @@ them, the Sudan army was identified as Arabs.[^30] Attempts to implement the same ethnical division on young people impacted the social response and became a double-edged weapon. The opposite, as expected, brought people closer under the slogan: "We want a country free of racism!" -(Figure 6)[^31] Young activists created a new quality of communication +[^31] Young activists created a new quality of communication and collective disobedience. No one felt excluded, and a concept of peaceful demonstrations, so different from the terror used by the security apparatus, appealed to all people. Perversely, al-Bashir\'s @@ -329,8 +344,7 @@ counter-narrative to the regime propaganda, artists embraced Sudan's cultural diversity and appreciation for uniting differences. One of the murals by Mughira, a fine arts student, shows a series of figures standing next to each other in traditional and contemporary clothes and -headgear -- symbolizing participation in protests regardless of origin -(Figure 7).[^37] +headgear -- symbolizing participation in protests regardless of origin.[^37] Racism in Sudan is a complex issue due to the mixture of various populations. Deep-rooted racism, discrimination, and intolerance are the @@ -364,7 +378,7 @@ the perception of social divisions by the Sudanese themselves. There is no consent to racist propaganda in these artworks. On 8 April 2019, Lana Haroun took the photo of Alaa Salah in front of -the military headquarters in Khartoum (Figure 8). The iconic photo shows +the military headquarters in Khartoum. The iconic photo shows Alaa Salah standing on the car's roof, with her hand up, leading the chant and making the crowd cheer together.[^43] Alaa Salah was then a 22-year-old architecture student who advocated for women\'s rights. Her @@ -400,11 +414,11 @@ Ali Hamra's cartoon where Alaa Salah replaced the Statue of Liberty on the pedestal, al-Bashir runs away in panic upon seeing her. Kesh Malek's mural presents Alaa Salah standing among the flashes of mobile phones commemorating the event with a slogan next to it: "*Liberty is not a -statue anymore. She is alive with flesh and blood"* (Figure 9). In an +statue anymore. She is alive with flesh and blood"*. In an impressionist manner, a painting by Fatima Abdullahi shows Alaa Salah raising her arm in the air amidst a mostly female crowd of protesters, holding their phones with a flashlight, which creates a magical glow and -gives the picture a nearly mystical expression (Figure 10). Of course, +gives the picture a nearly mystical expression. Of course, Alaa Salah is one of the thousands of women taking part in the revolution, standing up against uniformed men. However, this image became viral, and Alaa Salah became an icon of the revolution, a symbol @@ -416,20 +430,19 @@ the streets again when needed.[^47] ![An adaptation of Bint El Sudan perfume label. Credit: Amado Alfadni. Source: https://twitter.com/shambat2000/status/1251838673362001921/photo/1](../static/images/roxana/Fig11.jpg "An adaptation of Bint El Sudan perfume label. Credit: Amado Alfadni. Source: https://twitter.com/shambat2000/status/1251838673362001921/photo/1") -**~~Figure 11. An adaptation of Bint El Sudan perfume label. Credit: Amado Alfadni. Source: https://twitter.com/shambat2000/status/1251838673362001921/photo/1~~** +**~~Figure 4. An adaptation of Bint El Sudan perfume label. Credit: Amado Alfadni. Source: https://twitter.com/shambat2000/status/1251838673362001921/photo/1~~** A unique adaptation of Alaa Salah as "The scent of the revolution" was created by artist Amado Alfadni -(Figure 11). He transformed Sudan's iconic Bint El Sudan perfume label +(Figure 4). He transformed Sudan's iconic Bint El Sudan perfume label into a clever revolutionary message.[^48] A billboard with a photo of Alaa Salah next to the sign: "My grandmother was a Kandaka." In a -powerful way, this picture emphasizes Sudanese women's strength (Figure -12).[^49] These words were also chanted during the demonstration, +powerful way, this picture emphasizes Sudanese women's strength.[^49] These words were also chanted during the demonstration, empowering, and connecting generations of women walking together. On a mural painted by artists Amir Saleh and Belal Abdelrahman it is stated: "Our history returns back with Kandaka". It shows a woman wearing a -helmet and brandishing a sword for her enemies (Figure 13).[^50] +helmet and brandishing a sword for her enemies.[^50] Sudanese artist Yasmin Elnour's Instagram account is Kandaka Khronicles. The nickname is inspired by the Kushite queen. Her works beautifully and harmoniously draw from Nubian traditions and combine ethnic aesthetics @@ -437,11 +450,11 @@ with modern symbols. ![‘Kandaka Factory’. Credit: Yasmin El Nour’s aka Kandaka Khronikles. Source: https://www.instagram.com/p/B6gu7tBHds7/](../static/images/roxana/Fig14.jpg "‘Kandaka Factory’. Credit: Yasmin El Nour’s aka Kandaka Khronikles. Source: https://www.instagram.com/p/B6gu7tBHds7/") -**~~Figure 14. Figure 14: ‘Kandaka Factory’. Credit: Yasmin El Nour’s aka Kandaka Khronikles. Source: https://www.instagram.com/p/B6gu7tBHds7/~~** +**~~Figure 5: ‘Kandaka Factory’. Credit: Yasmin El Nour’s aka Kandaka Khronikles. Source: https://www.instagram.com/p/B6gu7tBHds7/~~** The art piece "Kandaka factory\" emphasizes the -participation of women in strikes (Figure 14). She traces the women\'s +participation of women in strikes (Figure 5). She traces the women\'s ancestry back to the pyramids of Ancient Kush, where she placed the factory producing all the brave Sudanese warriors. With the art piece \'Women rights?\' Yasmin asks where are women\'s rights, and why are @@ -457,13 +470,16 @@ clothes marching with their fists raised in protest and as signs of anger. Above them, in the air, as if freed and freely soaring upwards, there is a woman in white and next to her the inscription: "Long live the women's struggle!"[^52] The artist emphasizes women's daily battle -for equality, free speech, and fair governance (Figure 15). +for equality, free speech, and fair governance (Figure 6). + +![Graphic by Mahammed Mahdi reading ‘Long live the women's struggle’. Source: https://kultwatch.se/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/866BFC8F-AF67-4463-8BDA-08D5CAD648B6-760x1024.jpeg](../static/images/roxana/Fig15.jpg "Graphic by Mahammed Mahdi reading ‘Long live the women's struggle’. Source: https://kultwatch.se/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/866BFC8F-AF67-4463-8BDA-08D5CAD648B6-760x1024.jpeg") + +**~~Figure 6: Graphic by Mahammed Mahdi reading ‘Long live the women's struggle’. Source: https://kultwatch.se/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/866BFC8F-AF67-4463-8BDA-08D5CAD648B6-760x1024.jpeg~~** Artist Alaa Satir focused on the socio-political aspects of women\'s lives in Sudan. Her series of cartoons, \"*We are the revolution*\", honours female protesters\' centrality in uplifting and sustaining the -resistance through their strength, courage, and commitment (Figure -16).[^53] In her graphic, she also refers to Sudan\'s Independence Flag, +resistance through their strength, courage, and commitment.[^53] In her graphic, she also refers to Sudan\'s Independence Flag, which no longer represents the state. Gaafar Nimeiry replaced this flag with the tricolor black-white-red flag with a green triangle at the hoist in 1970. The Independence Flag, as seen on the Alaa Satir @@ -482,11 +498,11 @@ the enormous influence of women who took the fight to the streets and for whom giving up is not an option. One of the murals with the inscription: 'We are the revolution, and the revolution continues' portrayed women in traditional clothes with their hands raised and their -fists clenched in a gesture of victory (Figure 17).[^55] Another mural, +fists clenched in a gesture of victory.[^55] Another mural, painted on a blue background, shows a woman with a raised hand in a sign of victory with slogans next to this like: 'Freedom, peace, and justice', 'Tasqut Bas' and 'Ladies, stand your ground; this is a women's -revolution' (Figure 18). The artist writes about the events in Sudan: +revolution'. The artist writes about the events in Sudan: "*We are not here just to overthrow a political regime but the corrupt social system that came along with it, that targeted women and used all techniques to try and push them backwards!*"[^56] @@ -499,8 +515,7 @@ embodiment. The character is deeply rooted in Sudan folklore -- Habouba, grandmother and caretaker. He adopted a photo of an older woman in a traditional headdress, with a calm expression on her face, curious eyes, and a face bearing traces of work and time -- like Sudan itself, tired -and aged but still with a sparkle in the eyes looking to the future -(Figure 19). This video mosaic is available online and even now makes an +and aged but still with a sparkle in the eyes looking to the future. This video mosaic is available online and even now makes an unforgettable impression on the onlooker.[^57] An anonymous female artist who adapted Banksy's \'Mona Lisa with rocket @@ -508,7 +523,7 @@ launcher\' created a mural deeply inspired by pop culture. After all, Banksy\'s London mural was referring to Da Vinci\'s 'Mona Lisa'. The mural in Khartoum shows a figure whose outline resembles Banksy's 'Mona Lisa', but her face is that of a Sudanese woman with a scarf on her head -and a rocket launcher in her hands (Figure 20). This simple image has a +and a rocket launcher in her hands. This simple image has a powerful and direct message: beware of women's power. # Online Art @@ -559,7 +574,7 @@ the lack of information about the situation in the country in the media. In his collages, he compares public television news with photos from protests, showing how the reality on the streets of Khartoum is diametrically different from government propaganda broadcasted on -television (Figure 21).[^62] In one of his collages, we see people +television.[^62] In one of his collages, we see people injured after the June 3 2019 crackdown. In a manner, such artworks replace public media, which had no information about this event. @@ -582,7 +597,7 @@ series is aesthetically appealing and, for those from abroad, also very informative. Enas Satir put a broader context on Sudan's situation in a simple and clever manner.[^64] She writes on one of her drawings: "If Sudan was a person, it would by now be gravely ill" next to a metal cup -('Kaizan') filled with blood (Figure 22).[^65] +('Kaizan') filled with blood.[^65] Under al-Bashir\'s rule, any political expression was forbidden, so artists developed a way to spread anti-government content, in an @@ -615,43 +630,46 @@ We can distinguish references to the history of Sudan, be it ancient (the kingdom of Kush) or more modern (independence and earlier revolutions). For example, a collage by Merghani Salih with a young boy reciting poetry during protests superimposed on Kushite pyramids refers -to the ancient history of Sudan (Figure 23). It is an adaptation of the +to the ancient history of Sudan (Figure 7). It is an adaptation of the photo entitled 'Straight Voice,' a powerful image made by Yasuyoshi Chiba, who won World Press Photo in 2020, in the Photo of the Year category.[^67] ![Adaptation of 2020 World Press Photo by Yasuyoshi Chiba. Credit: Merghani Salih. Source: https://twitter.com/Merg_Salih/status/1251875224838176771/photo/1](../static/images/roxana/Fig23.jpg "Adaptation of 2020 World Press Photo by Yasuyoshi Chiba. Credit: Merghani Salih. Source: https://twitter.com/Merg_Salih/status/1251875224838176771/photo/1") -**~~Figure 23. Adaptation of 2020 World Press Photo by Yasuyoshi Chiba. Credit: Merghani Salih. Source: https://twitter.com/Merg_Salih/status/1251875224838176771/photo/1~~** +**~~Figure 7. Adaptation of 2020 World Press Photo by Yasuyoshi Chiba. Credit: Merghani Salih. Source: https://twitter.com/Merg_Salih/status/1251875224838176771/photo/1~~** A famous slogan appearing on social media: \"Make Sudan Great Again\", on the background of monumental buildings from the Kush period, is an ironic comment on Donald Trump's slogan "Make America Great Again", but it also emphasized the reliance on the powerful Sudanese ancestors -dominating in north-eastern Africa during the Kushite period (Figure -24). The people of ancient Nubia were captured as slaves by Egypt. Then +dominating in north-eastern Africa during the Kushite period. The people of ancient Nubia were captured as slaves by Egypt. Then the power dynamics between Nubia and Egypt shifted, and Kush ruled Egypt -as pharaohs of the 25^th^ Dynasty (about 747--656 BCE). Thus, art +as pharaohs of the 25th Dynasty (about 747--656 BCE). Thus, art teaches history; the Sudanese cannot live in chains, and they are capable to regain their freedom. Ben Jones, with his artworks, alludes to modern times in world history. His graphics portray al-Bashir and his -military allies as Nazis (Figure 25). It is a powerful and terrifying +military allies as Nazis. It is a powerful and terrifying combination, but it is indisputably associated with the racist rhetoric of the NCP authorities and the genocide committed in Darfur and Kordofan. The global movement #BlueForSudan started in solidarity with Sudanese -martyr Mohamed Mattar, whose favourite colour was blue (Figure 26). An +martyr Mohamed Mattar, whose favourite colour was blue. An artist known as Kandaka Khronicles, created a photomontage with a young -boy crying in a boat floating on a bloody river (Figure 27). It is a +boy crying in a boat floating on a bloody river. It is a homage to those killed in the crackdown and their families. The dark blue backdrop honours Mohamed Mattar, the boy's endless tears remind of the ongoing aggressions against peaceful protesters. Also, 'Blue Night' by Mounir Khalil, an impressionist painting, shows people waving flags against a starry sky background. It is a beautiful art piece full of tranquillity and dedicated to those fallen during the uprising (Figure -28). +8). + +!['Blue Night'. Painting by Mounir Khalil. Source: https://pl.pinterest.com/pin/635992778614196359/s](../static/images/roxana/Fig28.jpg "'Blue Night'. Painting by Mounir Khalil. Source: https://pl.pinterest.com/pin/635992778614196359/s") + +**~~Figure 8: 'Blue Night'. Painting by Mounir Khalil. Source: https://pl.pinterest.com/pin/635992778614196359/s~~** A graphic by Jaili Hajo is a collage of a viral photo made on the streets of Khartoum. In a pickup truck used by security services lies a @@ -671,25 +689,25 @@ brother, people worldwide were shocked and mobilized against the impunity of the security services in Sudan. Artists decided to react too.[^69] The 'Hanz' graphic designer on his Twitter account condemned this event and asked for public support to the mother of the two boys, -one of which was still in intensive care at the hospital (Figure 30). +one of which was still in intensive care at the hospital (Figure 9). ![Death 3-year-old boy Muayed Yasir. Credit: Hanz. Source: https://twitter.com/mr_hanzala/media](../static/images/roxana/Fig30.jpg "Death 3-year-old boy Muayed Yasir. Credit: Hanz. Source: https://twitter.com/mr_hanzala/media") -**~~Figure 30. Death 3-year-old boy Muayed Yasir. Credit: Hanz. Source: https://twitter.com/mr_hanzala/media~~** +**~~Figure 9. Death 3-year-old boy Muayed Yasir. Credit: Hanz. Source: https://twitter.com/mr_hanzala/media~~** Mustafa Alnasry created a poignant graphic of Bashir dancing on stage during his '1 Million People March' organized to underline people\'s support for the government. Alnasry shows the coldly calculated dance of the President, posing as a kind leader, at the same time, ruthlessly -attacking peaceful resistants (Figure 31).[^70] +attacking peaceful resistants.[^70] Drawings inspired by pop culture reached the most remarkable popularity online. For example, in the work of Ibrahim Jihad (known as hxmaside), there is a reference to the Transformers' universe of the DC comics. His graphic entitled 'Fallen' presents the symbolic metal cup, "Kaizan" (see above) damaged by bullets, dropped on the ground or thrown away, thus no -longer needed (Figure 32).[^71] This art piece resembles a movie poster, +longer needed.[^71] This art piece resembles a movie poster, and as with any poster of that kind, we can find out that "Kaizan Fall" was produced and directed by Sudanese people -- a very clever artistic move. Another point of inspiration from pop culture is the reference to @@ -697,8 +715,7 @@ the KFC restaurants: The slogan "Al-jidād al-iliktrūni" means "The electronic chicken", and it is referring to people hired by the regime to spread fake news on the Internet. In a satirical manner, the revolutionaries created posters portraying Omar el-Bashir on a KFC -flyer, where KFC was replaced by KEC (Kaizan Electronic Chicken) (Figure -33).[^72] Who is 'Kaizan'? It is a traditional mug made of steel and +flyer, where KFC was replaced by KEC (Kaizan Electronic Chicken).[^72] Who is 'Kaizan'? It is a traditional mug made of steel and called 'koz' (singular of Kaizan). There are different theories on why Sudanese started calling the ruling party \'Kaizan'. Alshaheed Alimam Alhassan Albana, the Muslim Brotherhood founder, once said: "*Knowledge @@ -713,8 +730,7 @@ made without any inscriptions because the image itself is universal and does not need any explanation. Khalid Albaih shows how General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, also known as Hemeti, climbs on the corpses of the Sudanese people to attain power (symbolized here as a throne).[^74] A -pile of bodies wrapped in shrouds is a very powerful and upsetting image -(Figure 34). In a violent manner, the artist addresses the civilian +pile of bodies wrapped in shrouds is a very powerful and upsetting image. In a violent manner, the artist addresses the civilian casualties, which are part of the brutal rise of Hemeti to power in Sudan. Hemeti, together with general Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, are responsible for armed attacks in Darfur and took part in the war in @@ -728,7 +744,7 @@ with revolutionary slogans. The event recorded by the phone of an onlooker set in motion a wave of satirical cartoons ridiculing the absurd attempts of the government to keep order on the streets. This image transformed into all sorts of memes and cartoons to mock the -soldiers and express disrespect for their actions (Figure 35).[^76] +soldiers and express disrespect for their actions.[^76] Participating in sit-ins was associated with the risk of an attack by the security forces using tear gas and rubber bullets and all kinds of @@ -757,7 +773,7 @@ walls, streets, public transport, fences, and even trees and animals. Anti-government slogans appeared in every space that it was possible to draw, even the smallest ones. The slogan "Tasqut bas" addressed to el-Bashir and his regime can be translated as: "Just fall, that's all" -or "You'd better fall" (Figure 36).[^78] This slogan was repeated and +or "You'd better fall".[^78] This slogan was repeated and hash-tagged many times on different kinds of brochures and online flyers. Almost equally famous was: \"Ash -shaab yurid isqat an-nizam", which means: "The people want the regime to fall".[^79] It appeared on @@ -780,7 +796,7 @@ dates and places of protests, comments on current events, revolutionary slogans or symbols, and glorifications of the martyrs. Women, for example, used the henna painting (traditionally made before weddings) and designed anti-government slogans or images on the hands or feet of -protesters (Figure 37 and 38).[^81] Also women wove revolution symbols +protesters.[^81] Also women wove revolution symbols into their traditional clothes, adding victory signs or "Tasqut bas" slogans to their toubes, which gained over the years representative status as a reminder of feminist values fought by their mothers and @@ -793,7 +809,7 @@ people and spreading the revolutionary messages. Such a message can be found on a mural in Khartoum, which is an interesting adaptation of [Eugène'a Delacroix](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix)', 'La -Liberté guidant le peuple' (Figure 39). The accompanying text reads: The +Liberté guidant le peuple'. The accompanying text reads: The revolution will go on. These artworks were an expression of despair and hope. They were born out of a desperate need for change and the necessity of speaking the truth. Street art, impermanent and unique, @@ -807,7 +823,7 @@ streets of Khartoum.[^83] Diab painted murals and immortalised the memory of Sudanese killed by security forces during the uprising. Sometimes the families were taking part in creating the martyrs\' portraits, which allowed them to add something personally to commemorate -their loved ones (Figure 40). The portraits are reminders of the loss +their loved ones. The portraits are reminders of the loss and sacrifice, of government brutality and their disrespect for human life, and the price of freedom and democracy. @@ -833,8 +849,7 @@ responsible for Ahmed al-Khair\'s death were sentenced to death, a crowd rallied outside the court in Omdurman. This event went down in history as a moment of national mourning from which Sudanese rose resiliently. After the revolution ended, Ahmed\'s story was taught in schools and -drawings of his face appeared on the walls of school buildings (Figure -41). These paintings were often painted over by the security services +drawings of his face appeared on the walls of school buildings. These paintings were often painted over by the security services but were always recreated by the people, determined and in strong opposition to the regime\'s brutality and their efforts to censor history. @@ -843,7 +858,7 @@ The 3 June 2019 massacre has left a deep mark on everyone who participated in the sit-in and watched the live streaming. RSF militia forces opened fire on unarmed protestants, beat many of them, and raped 48 women. In their works, Galal Yousif and Amel Bashier condemned -cruelty and rape as tactics for pacifying women (Figure 42). Following +cruelty and rape as tactics for pacifying women. Following these events, the African Union degraded Sudan's rights as a member.[^85] The daily news about atrocities committed by the RSF is reflected in the artists\' work following these events. The mural of @@ -852,8 +867,7 @@ shouting or screaming. Above them, huge hands try to silence the figure in the centre. The inscription in Arabic on the side explains: "You were born free, so live free."[^86] Yousif painted several murals in Khartoum. One of them was placed under the bridge near the sit-in and -depicts screaming figures with horrified and distorted faces (Figure -43). The incomprehensible anxiety can be compared with Edward Munch\'s +depicts screaming figures with horrified and distorted faces. The incomprehensible anxiety can be compared with Edward Munch\'s 'Scream'.[^87] Colourful murals, graffiti, sculptures, and installations within the @@ -879,11 +893,11 @@ Empty tear gas canisters that were used to separate protesters have been transformed into flower vases, containers, or electrical connectors.[^88] There was an impressive increase of photos on social media showing an endless creativity, among these one may pick the -\"tasqut bas" slogan made with tear gas canisters (Figure 44). The +\"tasqut bas" slogan made with tear gas canisters. The protesters were utterly changing the functions and common perceptions of military equipment, almost straightforwardly saying objects themselves are not dangerous but only become so in the hands of dangerous people. -An example is a photo of a ring made from a bullet (Figure 45). Art, +An example is a photo of a ring made from a bullet. Art, therefore, did not embellish reality and did not avoid showing the violence and terror in which everyday protesters functioned. @@ -891,7 +905,7 @@ In 2019, merchandise with symbols of the revolution started to appear in the street markets. They were mainly produced abroad by the diaspora, but some handmade products also circulated, albeit in a limited range, also in Sudan: stickers, phone cases, bags or T-shirts on which symbols -and hashtags spread the message of the revolution (Figure 46). Street +and hashtags spread the message of the revolution. Street art became popular and functioned as a reference to political ideas and the current situation in the country. @@ -969,7 +983,7 @@ a bit our perspective on the events. We want to hear their stories and find out how they became torturers for those they should protect. Abu'Obayda Mohamed, known as OXDA, in his graphic shows the burning Khartoum, where the militia's attack on the sit-in on 3 June 2019 took -place (Figure 47). The graphic was created a year later with a +place. The graphic was created a year later with a dedication to all the fallen and the shed blood on the dangerous road to democracy. Also, in 2021, the anniversary of the June 3 massacre was celebrated, emphasizing that the memory of these events is still alive,