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+---
+title: "A Book review of: The homescapes of the Manasir. A book review of: Welsby, Derek A. (ed.),
+*Archaeology by the Fourth Nile Cataract. Survey and Excavations on the
+Left Bank of the River and on the Islands between Amri and Kirbekan.
+Volume I: Landscape, toponyms and oral history and the people, their
+settlements, architecture and land use before the Merowe Dam* \[=Sudan
+Archaeological Research Society Publication Number 26\], London 2023.
+Pages 248 (thereof, 3 in Arabic) + xxxii."
+authors: ["alexandrostsakos.md"]
+abstract:
+keywords: ["Book review", "MDASP", "Fourth Cataract", "Derek Welsby", "Sudan", "Manasir"]
+---
+
+Alexandros Tsakos, University of Bergen
+
+The volume at hand is, as stated in its summary (pp. xxx-xxxi), "the
+first of several which will present in detail the results of the research
+undertaken by the Sudan Archaeological Research Society (SARS) as a part
+of the Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP)". By this
+statement alone, one should welcome most warmly this publication, since
+it is launching a series of volumes that will make public the immense
+data collected during the MDASP since the completion of the project in
+2007. SARS has announced five more volumes (p. xxx), i.e. vol. II:
+Gazetteers of sites discovered; vol. III: The excavations; vol. IV: The
+artefacts; vol. V: Bioarchaeology; vol. VI: The rock art and rock gongs.
+The publication of the first volume encourages us to hope that MDASP
+will not repeat the mistakes of the Aswan High Dam Campaign in the 1960s
+that, despite the efforts of some missions,[^1] remain largely
+unpublished. We await a third generation of Nubiologists to complete the
+task of completing those publications. And of course, trusting that SARS
+will complete their own mission's task, they will have set a good
+example for those responsible for the other concessions awarded during
+the salvage campaign.
+
+This project's official birth took place in London in May 2003 during the
+annual SARS colloquium at the British Museum. The project aimed to
+salvage the cultural heritage of the lands upstream from the Fourth
+Cataract, an archaeologically very little-known region that would be
+flooded by the then largest hydroelectric project in Africa, the
+so-called Merowe Dam. The idea for a dam in that region was first
+proposed in 1943, but the plan only materialized half a century later
+and after a lot of dramatic political changes in Sudan, as well as
+technical and logistical updates to the original scheme. Appeals for
+salvage campaigns were first launched by the National Corporation for
+Antiquities and Museums (NCAM) in 1988, but the first concessions were
+awarded only in 1996 to the Gdansk Archaeological Museum Expedition
+(GAME) and three years later to SARS. By 2003, twelve missions were
+awarded concessions and the entire area to be flooded, from the dam
+construction site to the island of Mograt, became the focus of
+archaeological work in Sudan for the rest of the first decade of the 21st
+century (Fig. 1). The editor of the volume, Derek Welsby, head of the
+SARS mission at the MDASP, describes the history of the project in the
+first chapter of the volume (pp. 1--14).
+
+Like all salvage projects, MDASP encompassed the study of the widest
+possible span of cultural horizons and had a multidisciplinary
+character. The datasets collected, analyzed, and interpreted were
+immense and the effort undoubtedly formidable. SARS under the direction
+of Derek Welsby, together with NCAM under the coordination of Salaheldin
+Mohamed Ahmed, author of the Preface to the volume, led the MDASP and,
+at least in terms of keeping up with the logistical and research
+challenges, are definitely worth our admiration.
+
+The present reviewer has worked with different missions in the frame of
+the MDASP (see, for example, Plate 1.9 in p. 11 of the volume, as well
+as Fig. 2) and knows from first-hand experience the difficulties that the
+missions faced. Looking back to those years, the memories from working
+against the clock counting down the last years of traditional life in
+the natural and cultural landscape of the Fourth Cataract, one feels
+that our work was also counting down the last phase of life in the
+Fourth Cataract at the state it was in when we encountered it arriving
+in the region in the early 2000s. This is particularly true for the Dar
+el Manasir, the territory of the tribe most affected by the dam building.
+Despite calls by the Manasir authorities to stand beside them against
+the plans of the dictatorship leading Sudan all through the MDASP
+period, the leadership of the MDASP not only refused to do so, but
+accused the locals for instrumentalizing the archaeologists as
+weapons/shields in their fight for survival in their ancestral lands.[^2]
+Perhaps the themes of this opening volume ("Landscape, toponyms and oral
+history and the people, their settlements, architecture and land use
+before the Merowe Dam"), focusing on the life that the international
+multidisciplinary expeditions encountered in the Fourth Cataract, can be
+seen as an expression of regret for what was irreversibly lost.
+
+Nonetheless, thanks to the MDASP not all was lost. Testimony is born by
+publications like the volume under review here. The datasets collected
+concern fields as diverse as archaeology, architecture, geology,
+anthropology, zoology, botany, ethnography, linguistics, and all sister
+disciplines with a focus primarily on the past (for a complete overview
+of the contents, see the Appendix to this review). Given this breadth of
+research, it is difficult to review the scientific rigor of this suite
+of chapters in depth. It is unwise to claim expertise on all of the
+fields that a volume, like the one edited by Welsby, covers. There is,
+however, space for discussing the choices in the way that these studies
+are presented. Moreover, half of the pages in the "Archaeology by the
+Fourth Nile Cataract" concern the *homescapes of the Manasir*, one of
+the most sensitive aspects of the loss of the cultural landscape in the
+Fourth Cataract region and a topic that is fitting for presentation and
+reviewing in the present volume of the journal *Dotawo* dedicated to
+"Nubian homescapes."
+
+But to begin with, the volume's first two chapters after Welsby's
+introduction deal with the natural landscape that was lost. In Chapter
+2, Pawel Wolf (director of the Anglo-German expedition working in the
+most downstream stretches of the SARS concession), Baldur Gabriel,
+Robert Bussert, and Ronny Schomacker describe "The landscape of the
+Fourth Nile Cataract and its geomorphologic evolution" (pp. 15--45);
+while Arnaud Malterer provides a summary of the master thesis that he
+wrote in Chapter 3 titled "Merowe Dam Project. Land use and Vegetation
+in the Flooding Area of a planned Hydrodam in Northern Sudan" (pp. 46--
+78). Both chapters are very rich in information and set in place the
+environment upon which humans developed the cultures that were hosted in
+the Fourth Cataract of the Nile region. The scientific accuracy of the
+descriptions is impressive in both chapters. There is, however, a
+critical point to be made about parts of Chapter 2, namely that the
+terminology is so dense that it becomes difficult to follow the argument.
+Therefore, the importance of Chapter 2 for non-specialists might be
+restricted to its overall descriptions and major conclusions, which are
+nevertheless much more accessible to such readers through the text
+authored by Malterer. This observation does not diminish the value of
+Wolf et al's contribution, but it raises a question as to the target
+readership of such a publication. If this should be decided on the basis
+of Chapter 2, then the record is to be kept for those that in the future
+will need it for further studies on relevant fields; it acts as metadata
+to an archive. But is it necessary in the 21^st^ century with the
+immensity of digital solutions to choose the vector of a printed book
+for such a task? One must not lose sight that a variety of readers,
+including (primarily?) those English-speaking deracinated locals, long
+for a such a "book" to remember their "paradise lost". Conversely, the
+goal of such publications may simply be to make data available to the
+specialized public, and not to create synthetic, edited overviews of
+topics based on the data accumulated by the researchers and interpreted
+by the given author(s) and editor(s) so as to be interesting for a wider
+-- but knowledgeable -- audience. Perhaps this would be a legitimate
+expectation after the 15 years that it took from the end of the MDASP
+project to the publication of the volume. The present reviewer feels
+that the editor of the volume *did not have the time* to choose the
+second option but wanted this first volume "out". The contributors had to
+submit their work within the publication's deadlines; this time pressure
+is felt elsewhere in the volume too, primarily in the many typographic
+mistakes and some unnecessary contradictions. The most striking example
+of the latter is that Volume VI on "The rock art and rock gongs", which
+was announced in p. xxx in the Summary of the volume, is not included in
+the description of the SARS' publication of the project in p. 12.
+
+Paradoxically, a similar feeling of wanting to publish the material as
+quickly as possible is visible in the presentation of images. No less
+than 598 Tables, Plates and Figures that have been printed in color!
+Kudos to the typesetters, printers and funders, but the density of this
+material has caused the dimensions of the images to shrink and makes it
+impossible to see the details of half of them without a magnifying
+glass. This issue could have been avoided with a more thought-out
+selection (hence the argument above) or by the creation of a larger
+volume. The price difference between printed and pdf versions is
+substantial (65£ vs 15£[^3]) and those wanting to purchase the printed
+version would at least be compensated by the quality of the printed
+texts and images.
+
+It remains in any case a desideratum to find one day all the datasets
+from the MDASP available online through a central digital repository
+uniting the various local physical archives that the expeditions to the
+Fourth Cataract have created. Such repositories are always of great
+importance for the dissemination of the knowledge acquired, and
+especially now they have become critical for the achievement of this
+goal due to the war that devastates Sudan and its infrastructures.
+Finally, they are also necessary for appreciating the contribution of
+Chapter 5 by M. Jalal Hashim on "Toponymy in the Fourth Cataract" (pp.
+89--126). The author has assembled 308 toponyms from the SARS concession
+area but laments the fact that similar surveys have not been conducted
+in other parts of the flooded region. Even if this statement is not
+entirely correct, (if one looks for example into the work conducted by
+the Humboldt University Nubian Expedition (HUNE),[^4]) it is
+nevertheless true that it will be a tremendous task to retrieve the
+relevant information from the datasets of the various missions. This
+information is undoubtedly registered, but apparently neither
+systematized nor standardized according to the United Nations Group of
+Experts on Geographical Names that Jalal Hashim respects (see p. 89).
+The author also calls for action with what remains from Manasir memory
+through interviews with the resettled population for as long as they
+remember the landscape they were forced to abandon (see p. 91). All of
+this data needs a digital repository that will assemble, preserve and
+disseminate the acquired through the MDASP knowledge. The work by Jalal
+Hashim may serve as a prototype for the studies to be conducted in the
+missions' archives and among the Manasir.
+
+Of equal value are his efforts to assemble "the oral history of the
+Manasir," the title of his other contribution in the volume, where it is
+placed as chapter 4 (pp. 79--88). Against the grain of etic approaches
+to the past of the Fourth Cataract region, inevitably due to the focus
+on archaeological research conducted by foreign archaeological missions,
+the study by Jalal Hashim has a double advantage: first, it gives voice
+to the local population before their resettlement, creating a
+much-wanted emic perspective on the Manasir past; and it accommodates
+the traditional means of history-making among the peoples of the Middle
+Nile region, namely through oral narratives and a discourse based on
+genealogies. An important aspect of this approach is that it also moves
+the women of the region from the backstage of research on the Sudanese
+past and into the forefront of life in the Dar al Manasir, recognizing
+their role as stakeholders of the tribal memory, as well as of
+traditional Islamic values in both village and family life. His
+concluding remarks contain the most acute political statements in the
+entire volume concerning the traumatic experience of resettlement --
+also in comparison to the earlier experience of the Nubians resettled
+due to the flooding of Lower Nubia in the 1960s -- and cautiously
+praising what he calls "the Local Option" Manasir, who decided to follow
+the line of the artificial lake created behind the Merowe Dam, changing
+their subsistence from farmers and pastoralists to fishermen and traders
+of their catch, while remaining close to their flooded ancestral lands.
+
+These two studies create an excellent backdrop for the three last
+chapters of the book, which turn the attention to the homes, both as
+architectural creations and landscapes where the everyday life of the
+Manasir evolved.
+
+Chapter 6 is authored by Rebecca Bradley and Nuha Abdel Hafiz Abdel Aziz
+(pp. 127--159). Its title "Dar el-Arab Fourth Cataract: 2004
+Ethnographic Studies" describes its geographical focus (the most
+downstream area of the SARS concession and base of the Anglo-German
+expedition lead by Pawel Wolf) and the purpose of fieldwork conducted in
+2004, namely, to collect ethnographic information among the local
+people. These "ethnographic studies" open with "Household studies" where
+they describe the architecture and the partition of activity-areas
+inside the homesteads of three villages. They continue with the
+description of various everyday activities taking place outside the
+homesteads, like fishing, hunting using traps, masonry, pottery,
+metal-working, grass-cutting, and the agricultural practice of *seluka*
+(pp. 127--154). They document folkloristic traditions (pp. 154--156),
+where religious beliefs are also part of the material presented. And
+they record some local histories about the origins of people and
+settlements, as well as a set of customs, particularly linked with
+women's activities (pp. 156--159). These ethnographic studies situate
+the life of the Manasir beyond the architectural shells of the houses,
+offering insights into their lost homescapes and mental geographies. In
+this sense, Chapter 6 would have been better placed after chapters 7 and
+8, which focus on the architectural creations, their relationship with
+the natural environment, and the social communities that they
+accommodate. But the placement of this chapter here is perhaps because
+it constitutes a fine complement to Jalal Hashim's chapters with their
+equally ethnographic focus -- especially if one compares the oral
+histories, the origins of the Manasir, and a certain focus on women's
+role, that both Bradley/Abdel Aziz and Jalal Hashim preserve for
+posterity.
+
+Chapter 7, authored by the architect Nadejda Reshetnikova, is titled
+"Modern Vernacular Architecture and Settlements Organization at the
+Fourth Nile Cataract between Dar el-Arab and Dar el-Waraaq" (pp.
+160--189). Reshetnikova not only provides excellent architectural plans
+and section drawings of the households she investigates, but also
+presents the engineering methods and tools, discusses the design,
+analyzes the development of the settlements, and contextualizes her
+information against an understanding of socio- economic differentiation
+among the inhabitants of the villages she visited.
+
+Finally, chapter 8 by Frances Welsh is about "Architecture and life in
+villages of the Fourth Nile Cataract in the region of al Tiref"
+(pp.190--238). This chapter is a continuation of Reshetnikova's in terms
+of the geography it covers moving upstream from Dar el-Arab, while it
+functions in a complementary manner since Welsh also exhaustively
+presents the different types of buildings, their function in the
+settlements, and the way they are placed inside the settlements. Welsh
+is especially interested in the way these buildings are adapted to the
+natural environment and the possibilities or constraints this imposes
+upon the various alternatives available to the locals.
+
+These three chapters (6, 7, and 8) are priceless records of the Manasir
+homescapes that are lost forever. They preserve for posterity the
+cultural landscape of several villages both on the mainland and on the
+islands through descriptive texts, good drawings, rich photographic
+documentation, and some valuable societal analyses. They are
+complemented by published studies on modern villages of the Manasir
+further upstream, especially those conducted in the framework of the
+HUNE concession.[^5] They can provide comparanda for studies of
+vernacular architecture in other areas of the Middle Nile region, and
+thus insights into the cultural particularities of the Manasir, their
+technical know-hows, their dependence on external impulses, and their
+social organization and stratification. And last but not least, they are
+repositories of the local memories of life in the Fourth Cataract,
+either for the Manasir who resettled or those who went for "the Local
+Option."
+
+The volume would have profited from a more thorough copy-editing process,
+avoiding variations between title and sentence cases or orthographies of
+Arabic words using transliterations of different sorts. Perhaps it could
+also have profited from a different organization of the chapters moving
+from the context of the natural landscape to the settlement patterns and
+the toponymy, then presenting the various architectural solutions
+adopted by the Manasir, and having thus created the scenery for staging
+the Manasir people's every-day activities, genealogies, memories and
+beliefs. While the first volume of the SARS activities in the frame of
+the MDASP leaves the reader with the desire for a better editing hand,
+it constitutes a point of reference for the future of the studies
+deriving from the controversial "Archaeology by the Fourth Nile
+Cataract."
+
+# Appendix: The contents of the volume
+
+Preface. Salahedin Mohamed Ahmed
+
+Chapter 1: Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project. The SARS Amri to
+Kirbekan Survey 1999-2007. Derek A. Welsby
+
+Chapter 2: The landscape of the Fourth Nile Cataract and its
+geomorphologic evolution. Pawel Wolf, Baldur Gabriel, Robert Bussert,
+and Ronny Schomacker
+
+Chapter 3: Merowe Dam Project. Land use and Vegetation in the Flooding
+Area of a planned Hydrodam in Northern Sudan. Arnaud Malterer
+
+Chapter 4: The Oral History of the Manasir. M. Jalal Hashim
+
+Chapter 5: Toponymy in the Fourth Cataract. M. Jalal Hashim
+
+Chapter 6: Dar el-Arab Fourth Cataract: 2004 Ethnographic Studies.
+Rebecca Bradley and Nuha Abdel Hafiz Abdel Aziz
+
+Chapter 7: Modern Vernacular Architecture and Settlements Organization
+at the Fourth Nile Cataract between Dar el-Arab and Dar el-Waraaq.
+Nadejda Reshetnikova
+
+Chapter 8: Architecture and life in villages of the Fourth Nile Cataract
+in the region of al Tiref. Frances Welsh
+
+Chapter 9: Bibliography for Volume I
+
+# References
+
+Carruthers, William. *Flooded Pasts. UNESCO, Nubia, and the Recolonization of Archaeology*, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2022.
+
+Eigner, Dieter. "Kirbekan -- ein Dorf der Manasir am 4. Nilkatarakt."
+    *Der Antike Sudan: Mitteilungen der Sudanarchäologischen
+    Gesellschaft zu Berlin* 16 (2005): pp. 113--24.
+
+———. "Kirbekan -- Ein Dorf der Manasir am 4. Nilkatarakt (Teil II)." *Der Antike
+    > Sudan: Mitteilungen der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu
+    > Berlin* 17 (2006): pp. 71--80.
+
+———. "Kirbekân: A Village of the Manasir." In *"Nihna nâs al-bahar -- We are the people of the river": Ethnographic Research in the Fourth Nile Cataract Region,
+    > Sudan*, edited by Cornelia Kleinitz and Claudia Näser, pp. 127--160. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2012.
+
+Haberlah, David. "Cultural Landscape of Dar al-Manasir." In *"Nihna nâs al-bahar -- We are the people of the river": Ethnographic Research in the Fourth Nile Cataract Region,
+    Sudan*, edited by Cornelia Kleinitz and Claudia Näser, pp. 49--74. Wiesbaden:
+    Harrassowitz, 2012.
+
+Haberlah David and Jutta von dem Bussche. "Das Dorf Atoyah auf der Insel Sherari. Wandel der Siedlungsstruktur im Dar al-Manasir." *Der Antike Sudan: Mitteilungen der
+    > Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin* 16 (2005): pp. 125--135.
+
+Hafsaas-Tsakos, Henriette. "Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan."
+    *Journal of social archaeology* 11(1), 49--76.
+
+
+[^1]: The results of the Scandinavian Joint Expedition are the only
+    complete; Adams has done tremendous work with Ceramics, Christian
+    Architecture, Kulubnarti, Meinarti, Qasr Ibrim, and the West Bank
+    Survey; and finally, there are fourteen volumes published by the
+    Oriental Institute Nubian Expedition. For the latest complete
+    bibliography about the Aswan High Dam Campaign, see Carruthers,
+    *Flooded Pasts*, 2022, pp. 286--310.
+
+[^2]: See Hafsaas-Tsakos, "Ethical implications of salvage
+    archaeology and dam building."
+
+[^3]: [https://www.archaeopress.com/Archaeopress/Products/9781803274959]{.underline}
+    (last accessed November 2023).
+
+[^4]: See for example, Haberlah, "Cultural Landscape of Dar
+    al-Manasir."
+
+[^5]: Eigner, "Kirbekan -- ein Dorf der Manasir am 4. Nilkatarakt"; idem, "Kirbekan --
+    > Ein Dorf der Manasir am 4. Nilkatarakt (Teil II)"; idem, "Kirbekân: A Village of the
+    > Manasir"; Haberlah and von dem Bussche, "Das Dorf
+    > Atoyah auf der Insel Sherari. Wandel der Siedlungsstruktur im Dar
+    > al-Manasir."
diff --git a/content/issue/dotawo9.md b/content/issue/dotawo9.md
index 0c31458..b7d56ed 100644
--- a/content/issue/dotawo9.md
+++ b/content/issue/dotawo9.md
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ---
 title: "Dotawo 9: Nubian Homescapes from Antiquity to the Present"
 editors: ["annaboozer.md", "annejennings.md"]
-has_articles: []
+has_articles: ["tsakoswelsby.md"]
 keywords: ["homescape", "home", "homeland", "household", "homelife", "diaspora", "displacement", "tahgeer" ,"Nubia", "Nubian", "Aswan High Dam Campaign", "war", "genocide", "resettlement", "Kom Ombo", "stereotype", "longue durée"]
 ---