timotrue !publish!
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@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ women and children, since they are often entirely neglected.[^20]
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The Kawa III stela of Taharqa (Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek Æ.I.N. 1707, Columns 22-23) informs us that the king provided the
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The Kawa III stela of Taharqa (Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek Æ.I.N. 1707, Columns 22-23) informs us that the king provided the
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temple of Amun with male and female servants, and the children of the
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temple of Amun with male and female servants, and the children of the
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rulers (*wr.w*) of Tjehenu (Libyans).[^21] The Kawa VI (Khartoum SNM
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rulers (*ḥḳ3.w*) of Tjehenu (Libyans).[^21] The Kawa VI (Khartoum SNM
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2679, line 20-21) stela informs us that the temple of Amun in Kawa was
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2679, line 20-21) stela informs us that the temple of Amun in Kawa was
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filled with, among other others, female servants, wives of the rulers of
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filled with, among other others, female servants, wives of the rulers of
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Lower Egypt (*T3-mḥw*), and the children of the rulers of every foreign
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Lower Egypt (*T3-mḥw*), and the children of the rulers of every foreign
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@ -246,8 +246,7 @@ and feathers is also found as a bound prisoner on the pylon of the tomb
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chapel of Begrawiya North 6 (the tomb of Amanishakheto).[^48] It is also
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chapel of Begrawiya North 6 (the tomb of Amanishakheto).[^48] It is also
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depicted on the east wall painting from the small temple M292, better
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depicted on the east wall painting from the small temple M292, better
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known because of the head of a statue of Augustus, which was buried in
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known because of the head of a statue of Augustus, which was buried in
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front of its entrance, as well as a representation of the so-called
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front of its entrance.[^49] According to Florian Wöß,
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Roman prisoner on the same wall painting.[^49] According to Florian Wöß,
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this type of enemy can be classified as an Inner African Type. It is
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this type of enemy can be classified as an Inner African Type. It is
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most numerous among Meroitic depictions of enemies and Wöß argues that
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most numerous among Meroitic depictions of enemies and Wöß argues that
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it could have therefore represented a real threat to the Meroites.[^50]
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it could have therefore represented a real threat to the Meroites.[^50]
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@ -490,7 +489,7 @@ sources.[^89]
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# Meroitic Non-royal and Royal Women in War
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# Meroitic Non-royal and Royal Women in War
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In Diodorus Siculus (1st century BCE), Agatharchides reports how the
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In Diodorus Siculus (1st century BCE), Agatharchides reports how the
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Ethiopians employed women in war: "They also arm their women, defining
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Aethiopians employed women in war: "They also arm their women, defining
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for them a military age. It is customary for most of these women to have
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for them a military age. It is customary for most of these women to have
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a bronze ring through one of their lips".[^90] This is repeated by
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a bronze ring through one of their lips".[^90] This is repeated by
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Strabo in first century CE.[^91]
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Strabo in first century CE.[^91]
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@ -572,14 +571,14 @@ bound enemies.[^102]
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**~~Figure 4. Amanishakheto spearing enemies, pylon, pyramid Begrawiya North 6, line drawing (Chapman & Dunham. *Decorated Chapels of the Meroitic Pyramids at Meroë and Barkal*, Pl. 17).~~**
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**~~Figure 4. Amanishakheto spearing enemies, pylon, pyramid Begrawiya North 6, line drawing (Chapman & Dunham. *Decorated Chapels of the Meroitic Pyramids at Meroë and Barkal*, Pl. 17).~~**
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 sitting on a throne with bound enemies underneath")
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**~~Figure 5. Shanakdakheto sitting on a throne with bound enemies underneath, north wall, pyramid Begrawiya North 11, line drawing (Chapman & Dunham. *Decorated Chapels of the Meroitic Pyramids at Meroë and Barkal*, Pl. 7A).~~**
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**~~Figure 5. Shanakdakheto (?) sitting on a throne with bound enemies underneath, north wall, pyramid Begrawiya North 11, line drawing (Chapman & Dunham. *Decorated Chapels of the Meroitic Pyramids at Meroë and Barkal*, Pl. 7A).~~**
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Bound enemies are additionally depicted under the throne of the queen on
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Bound enemies are additionally depicted under the throne of the queen on
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the north wall of pyramid Begrawiya North 11 attributed to
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the north wall of pyramid Begrawiya North 11 attributed to
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Shanakdakheto, ca. 170-125 BCE (Figure 5).[^103] Nine bows, the
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Shanakdakheto (Figure 5).[^103] Nine bows, the
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traditional symbol for enemies originating from ancient Egypt, are
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traditional symbol for enemies originating from ancient Egypt, are
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depicted under the throne of Amanitore of the 1st century CE (Figure
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depicted under the throne of Amanitore of the 1st century CE (Figure
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6), just as they are depicted under the throne of Natakamani in the
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6), just as they are depicted under the throne of Natakamani in the
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@ -668,7 +667,7 @@ potential traces of trauma on the skeletons would be more indicative,
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however both could also be found in burials without such associated
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however both could also be found in burials without such associated
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weapons. Nevertheless, one should not exclude the possibility that
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weapons. Nevertheless, one should not exclude the possibility that
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Meroitic queens made military decisions, just like, for example, the
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Meroitic queens made military decisions, just like, for example, the
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17th Dynasty queen Ahhotep or the 18th Dynasty queen Hatshepsut in
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17th Dynasty queen Ahhotep or the 18th Dynasty female pharaoh Hatshepsut in
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Egypt,[^113] though they probably did not fight in war. The depictions
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Egypt,[^113] though they probably did not fight in war. The depictions
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of Meroitic queens smiting enemies should be seen in the context of
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of Meroitic queens smiting enemies should be seen in the context of
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royal ideology. Unlike Egyptian queens, who are depicted as women
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royal ideology. Unlike Egyptian queens, who are depicted as women
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@ -330,6 +330,8 @@ Northern Nubia
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*Text*
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*Text*
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|:---|:---|
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| | \+ ἔνθα κατάκε̣ι- |
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| | \+ ἔνθα κατάκε̣ι- |
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| | ται ἡ μακαρία |
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| | ται ἡ μακαρία |
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| | Τιμοθέα· ἐτε- |
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| | Τιμοθέα· ἐτε- |
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