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@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ were most probably made by a group of people with a collective identity.
For Lower Nubia in the latter part of the 4th millennium BCE, I For Lower Nubia in the latter part of the 4th millennium BCE, I
propose that this group identity was ethnicity.[^42] The ethnonym that propose that this group identity was ethnicity.[^42] The ethnonym that
this group used for themselves is unknown to us, but their land was this group used for themselves is unknown to us, but their land was
called "Ta-Sety" -- _Land of the Bow_ -- according to inscriptions from called "Ta-Sety" -- _Land of the Bow_ -- according to Egyptian inscriptions from
the beginning of the First Dynasty.[^43] The geographical distribution the beginning of the First Dynasty.[^43] The geographical distribution
of pottery vessels, cosmetic palettes, and burial positions in Lower of pottery vessels, cosmetic palettes, and burial positions in Lower
Nubia in the latter half of the 4th millennium BCE shows that Naqada Nubia in the latter half of the 4th millennium BCE shows that Naqada
@ -310,13 +310,13 @@ palettes is Wadi Hammamat, midway between the Nile Valley and the Red
Sea in Upper Egypt.[^62] The palette shapes were described as rough, Sea in Upper Egypt.[^62] The palette shapes were described as rough,
irregular, oval, oblong, and ovoid,[^63] which fit a Naqada I date. irregular, oval, oblong, and ovoid,[^63] which fit a Naqada I date.
![a) The mace-heads and axe-heads uncovered in Cemetery 7. From the left: grave 229, grave 230, grave 230, and grave 234. Photo from Reisner, The Archaeological Survey of Nubia, plate 63/d. b) The disc-shaped mace-head from grave 229 at Cemetery 7. Photo by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum, Aswan. c) The disc-shaped mace-head from grave 230. Photo by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum, Aswan.](../static/images/hafsaas/Fig2.jpg "a) The mace-heads and axe-heads uncovered in Cemetery 7. From the left: grave 229, grave 230, grave 230, and grave 234. Photo from Reisner, The Archaeological Survey of Nubia, plate 63/d. b) The disc-shaped mace-head from grave 229 at Cemetery 7. Photo by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum, Aswan. c) The disc-shaped mace-head from grave 230. Photo by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum, Aswan.") ![a) The mace-heads and axe-heads uncovered in Cemetery 7. From the left: grave 229, grave 230, grave 230, and grave 234. Photo from Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, plate 63/d. b) The disc-shaped mace-head from grave 229 at Cemetery 7. Photo by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum, Aswan. c) The disc-shaped mace-head from grave 230. Photo by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum, Aswan.](../static/images/hafsaas/Fig2.jpg "a) The mace-heads and axe-heads uncovered in Cemetery 7. From the left: grave 229, grave 230, grave 230, and grave 234. Photo from Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, plate 63/d. b) The disc-shaped mace-head from grave 229 at Cemetery 7. Photo by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum, Aswan. c) The disc-shaped mace-head from grave 230. Photo by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum, Aswan.")
**~~Figure 2: a) The mace-heads and axe-heads uncovered in Cemetery 7. From the left: grave 229, grave 230, grave 230, and grave 234. Photo from Reisner, The Archaeological Survey of Nubia, plate 63/d. b) The disc-shaped mace-head from grave 229 at Cemetery 7. Photo by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum, Aswan. c) The disc-shaped mace-head from grave 230. Photo by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum, Aswan.~~** **~~Figure 2: a) The mace-heads and axe-heads uncovered in Cemetery 7. From the left: grave 229, grave 230, grave 230, and grave 234. Photo from Reisner, *The Archaeological Survey of Nubia*, plate 63/d. b) The disc-shaped mace-head from grave 229 at Cemetery 7. Photo by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum, Aswan. c) The disc-shaped mace-head from grave 230. Photo by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum, Aswan.~~**
In Cemetery 7, four weapons or tool-weapons were found in three graves In Cemetery 7, four weapons or tool-weapons were found in three graves
-- two maces and two ground stone axes (Figure 2). The mace-heads -- two maces and two ground stone axes (Figure 2). The mace-heads
were of the disc-shaped type and made of black and white/pink speckled were of the disc-shaped type and made of black and white/*pink* speckled
stone. The shape is similar to the disc-shaped maces of Neolithic stone. The shape is similar to the disc-shaped maces of Neolithic
Sudan.[^64] Maces were specialized striking weapons, while ground stone Sudan.[^64] Maces were specialized striking weapons, while ground stone
axes could have been used as both weapons and tools. However, the size axes could have been used as both weapons and tools. However, the size
@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ The orientation of the head appears random. The deceased were usually
placed on matting and almost always accompanied by sewed leather.[^65] I placed on matting and almost always accompanied by sewed leather.[^65] I
have previously noticed a segregation between females and males in this have previously noticed a segregation between females and males in this
cemetery. The females were buried in the north-eastern part of the cemetery. The females were buried in the north-eastern part of the
cemetery and the males in the southwestern part.[^66] The identification cemetery and the males in the south-western part.[^66] The identification
of the biological sex was based on the examination of the human of the biological sex was based on the examination of the human
remains.[^67] However, gender differentiations in the grave goods have remains.[^67] However, gender differentiations in the grave goods have
not been identified so far,[^68] but the separation of the sexes in not been identified so far,[^68] but the separation of the sexes in
@ -517,15 +517,15 @@ the arrowheads had their closest parallels at Hierakonpolis in southern
Upper Egypt, which suggests that this was the homeland of the Upper Egypt, which suggests that this was the homeland of the
individuals buried in Cemetery 17 (Figure 5). individuals buried in Cemetery 17 (Figure 5).
![a) Large concave-base arrowhead with long straight lobes (typical for Hierakonpolis) found in Naqada grave 50 in Cemetery 17. Courtesy of Nubia Museum in Aswan. b) Three tanged arrowheads with barbs found in Naqada grave 78 in Cemetery 17. Photos by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum in Aswan.](../static/images/hafsaas/Fig5.jpg "a) Large concave-base arrowhead with long straight lobes (typical for Hierakonpolis) found in Naqada grave 50 in Cemetery 17. Courtesy of Nubia Museum in Aswan. b) Three tanged arrowheads with barbs found in Naqada grave 78 in Cemetery 17. Photos by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum in Aswan.") ![Arrowheads typical for Hierakonpolis found in Naqada graves in Cemetery 17 in Lower Nubia. a) Large concave-base arrowhead with long straight lobes found in grave 50. b) Three tanged arrowheads with barbs found in grave 78. Photos by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum in Aswan.](../static/images/hafsaas/Fig5.jpg "Arrowheads typical for Hierakonpolis found in Naqada graves in Cemetery 17 in Lower Nubia. a) Large concave-base arrowhead with long straight lobes found in grave 50. b) Three tanged arrowheads with barbs found in grave 78. Photos by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum in Aswan.")
**~~Figure 5: a) Large concave-base arrowhead with long straight lobes (typical for Hierakonpolis) found in Naqada grave 50 in Cemetery 17. Courtesy of Nubia Museum in Aswan. b) Three tanged arrowheads with barbs found in Naqada grave 78 in Cemetery 17. Photos by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum in Aswan.~~** **~~Figure 5: Arrowheads typical for Hierakonpolis found in Naqada graves in Cemetery 17 in Lower Nubia. a) Large concave-base arrowhead with long straight lobes found in grave 50. b) Three tanged arrowheads with barbs found in grave 78. Photos by Alexandros Tsakos. Courtesy of Nubia Museum in Aswan.~~**
In the cemetery, five In the cemetery, five
males were interred with a single mace, while seven graves without human males were interred with a single mace, while seven graves without human
remains contained eleven maces (see Appendix 1). The latter graves remains contained eleven maces (see Appendix 1). The latter graves
may have been the cenotaphs for eleven warriors whose remains were not may have been the cenotaphs for eleven warriors whose remains were not
retrieved after the battle. Weapons are rare in Naqada graves.[^103] retrieved after the battle. Weapons are rare in Naqada graves in Upper Egypt.[^103]
Being killed in action and buried in foreign territory was probably a Being killed in action and buried in foreign territory was probably a
context that made it necessary to provide these Naqada warriors with context that made it necessary to provide these Naqada warriors with
their weapons in the afterlife. their weapons in the afterlife.