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@ -435,8 +435,8 @@ the streets again when needed.[^47]
A unique adaptation of Alaa Salah as
"The scent of the revolution" was created by artist Amado Alfadni
(Figure 4). He transformed Sudan's iconic Bint El Sudan perfume label
into a clever revolutionary message.[^48] A billboard with a photo of
(Figure 4). He brilliantly turned the renowned Bint El Sudan perfume emblem
into a powerful message of revolution. The exhibition of Bint El Sudan perfume labels created by Amado shows how the iconography has changed over the decades, from the original to a censored version of an Arabian woman dressed from head to toe. This collection reflects the political discourse and social changes in Sudan without words and helps realize the extent of changes and restrictions in the lives of all Sudanese women.[^48] A billboard with a photo of
Alaa Salah next to the sign: "My grandmother was a Kandaka." In a
powerful way, this picture emphasizes Sudanese women's strength.[^49] These words were also chanted during the demonstration,
empowering, and connecting generations of women walking together. On a
@ -1041,54 +1041,48 @@ Africa News. "Sudan Protest Hub: Anti-Bashir Protesters Tear Gassed in
Omdurman," *Africanews*, January 2, 2019.
https://www.africanews.com/2019/02/01/police-clashes-with-sudanese-protesting-a-state-of-emergency-in-atbara/.
Akwei, Ismail. *Sudan's Protests Through Cartoons, the Daring Work of
Boushra Cartoonist*.
Akwei, Ismail. "Sudan's Protests Through Cartoons, the Daring Work of
Boushra Cartoonist," *Face2FaceAfrica*, March 4, 2019.
https://face2faceafrica.com/article/documenting-sudans-protests-through-cartoons-the-daring-work-of-boushra-cartoonist.
Anonymous. *We Are Fed up! The Power of a New Generation of Sudanese
Youth Activists.*
Anonymous. "We Are Fed up! The Power of a New Generation of Sudanese
Youth Activists," *Open Democracy*, August 31, 2012.
https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/we-are-fed-up-power-of-new-generation-of-sudanese-youth-activists/.
Berridge, W. J. *Civil Uprisings in Modern Sudan: The 'Khartoum Springs'
of 1964 and 1985. A modern history of politics and violence.* London:
of 1964 and 1985. A modern history of politics and violence*. London:
Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2015.
Bior, Ayen. *Sudan's Social Media Deemed Major Player in Bashir's
Ouster.*
https://www.voanews.com/archive/sudans-social-media-deemed-major-player-bashirs-ouster.
Bior, Ayen. "Sudan's Social Media Deemed Major Player in Bashir's
Ouster," *VOA*, April 18, 2019.
https://www.voaafrica.com/a/sudan-s-social-media-deemed-major-player-in-bashir-s-ouster-/4882059.html.
Bishai, Linda and Azaz Elshami. *"We Are All Darfur!" -- Sudan's Unity
Protests Stand a Real Chance. Time for the West to Step up*.
Bishai, Linda, and Azaz Elshami. "'We Are All Darfur!' -- Sudan's Unity
Protests Stand a Real Chance. Time for the West to Step up," *Just Security*, January 29, 2019.
https://www.justsecurity.org/62404/we-darfur-sudans-unity-protests-stand-real-chance-time-west-step-up/.
Bolatito, Aina-Obe Shamsuddin. *Sudan Revolution: An Exploration Causes
and Consequences for Power Struggle and Regime Change*, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3502891.
Bolatito, Aina-Obe Shamsuddin, "Sudan Revolution: An Exploration Causes and Consequences for Power Struggle and Regime Change," *SSRN*, September 28, 2019.
Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3502891 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3502891
Brown, Marie Grace. *History Stands Alongside the Woman in the White
Tobe*.
Brown, Marie Grace. "History Stands Alongside the Woman in the White
Tobe," *Stanford University Press blog*, May 14, 2019.
https://stanfordpress.typepad.com/blog/2019/05/history-stands-alongside-the-woman-in-the-white-tobe.html.
Capron, Alexandre. "In Sudan, Empty Tear Gas Canisters from Protests
Turned into Art." *The Observers - France 24*, January 17, 2019.
https://observers.france24.com/en/20190117-sudan-tear-gas-protests-art.
Carmichael, Flora and Owen Pinnell. "How Fake News from Sudan's Regime
Carmichael, Flora, and Owen Pinnell. "How Fake News from Sudan's Regime
Backfired." *BBC News*, April 25, 2019.
https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-47899076.
Casciarri, Barbara and Stefano Manfredi. *Freedom, Peace and Justice - a
Casciarri, Barbara, and Stefano Manfredi. *Freedom, Peace and Justice - a
Glossary of the Third Sudanese Revolution :* حرية سلام وعدالة 
Collaboration on International ICT Policy for East and Southern
Africa (CIPESA). *Sudan's Bad Laws, Internet Censorship and Repressed Civil
Liberities*. https//cipesa.org
Deshayes, Clément, Margaux Etienne and Khadidja Medani. *Reflection on
the Sudanese Revolutionary Dynamics*. *Sudan, "Down with the Government of Thieves!"* Noria Research: Middle East & North Africa
Program.
https://noria-research.com/special-issue-on-sudan-down-with-the-government-of-thieves/.
Copnall, James. *A Poisonous Thorn in Our Hearts: Sudan and South
Sudan's Bitter and Incomplete Divorce*. London: Hurst & Company, 2014.
@ -1100,6 +1094,11 @@ Dahir, Abdi Latif. "Sudan's Protests Inspire Art, Graffiti Revolution."
*Quartz*, December 7, 2019.
https://qz.com/africa/1664733/sudans-protests-inspire-art-graffiti-revolution/.
Deshayes, Clément, Margaux Etienne, and Khadidja Medani. *Reflection on
the Sudanese Revolutionary Dynamics*. *Sudan, "Down with the Government of Thieves!"* Noria Research: Middle East & North Africa
Program.
https://noria-research.com/special-issue-on-sudan-down-with-the-government-of-thieves/.
Diab, Ola. *Everything You Need to Know About the Sudan Revolution.*
http://500wordsmag.com/sudan-news/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-sudan-revolution/.
@ -1130,6 +1129,9 @@ Gaafar, Reem and Omnia Shakwat. "Sudanese Women at the Heart of the
Revolution." *African Feminism*, February 12, 2019.
https://africanfeminism.com/sudanese-women-at-the-heart-the-revolution/.
Goldstein, Ned. "Exploiting Darfur Genocide for Propaganda," *Sudan Tribune*, October 1, 2006.
https://sudantribune.com/article18420/
Häggström, Issraa Elkogali. "Art for the Revolution: How Artists Have
Changed the Protests in Sudan." *Kultwatch*, April 2, 2019.
https://kultwatch.se/art-for-the-revolution-how-artists-have-become-key-for-the-protests-in-sudan/
@ -1153,6 +1155,10 @@ https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/11/18/they-were-shouting-kill-them/sudans-violen
Idris, Amir H. *Conflict and Politics of Identity in Sudan*. Boston
Mass.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
Jaafari, Shirin. "Here's the Story Behind the Iconic Image of the
Sudanese Woman in White." *The World*, April 10, 2019.
https://www.pri.org/stories/2019-04-10/heres-story-behind-iconic-image-sudanese-woman-white.
Kamabressi, Farouck. "To save its economy, Sudan needs civilian rule." *Al
Jazeera*, October 25, 2022.
https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/10/25/to-save-its-economy-sudan-needs-civilian-rule
@ -1201,6 +1207,12 @@ https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/omar-al-bashir-exploited-sudans-ethnic-divi
Powell, Brian. *Sudan Constitutional Declaration: Draft Constitutional
Charter for the 2019 Transitional Period*.
Reeves, Benjamin. "Online fake news and hate speech are fuelling tribal 'genocide' in South Sudan," *The World*, April 25, 2017.
https://theworld.org/stories/2017-04-25/online-fake-news-and-hate-speech-are-fueling-tribal-genocide-south-sudan
Reeves, Eric. "On the Brutal Murder of Ahmed al-Khair of Kashm al-Qirba," *Sudan: Research, Analysis, and Advocacy*, February 2, 2019.
https://sudanreeves.org/2019/02/02/on-the-brutal-murder-of-ahmed-al-khair-of-khashm-al-qirba-february-2-2019/.
Reilly, Katie. "The Iconic Photo of Her Helped Fuel Sudan's Revolution.
Now, She and Other Women Are Being Sidelined." *Time*, October 30, 2019.
https://time.com/5712952/alaa-salah-sudan-women-protest/.
@ -1209,14 +1221,14 @@ Robathan, Hannah and Isabella Pearce. "The Satir Sisters: Two Artists
Inspiring Change Through Illustration." *Shado*, April 5, 2019.
https://shado-mag.com/do/the-satir-sisters-two-artists-inspiring-change-through-illustration/.
Roychoudhury, Supriya. "The Art of Resistance: When Imagination Meets
Technology at Protests from India to Chile." *Scroll.in*, March 14, 2020.
https://scroll.in/article/954091/the-art-of-resistance-when-imagination-meets-technology-at-protests-from-india-to-chile.
Salih, Zeinab Mohammed and Tom Wilson. "Sudanese Women Take Lead in
Protests Against Bashir." *Financial Times*,* March 28, 2019.
https://www.ft.com/content/8e185568-4976-11e9-bbc9-6917dce3dc62
Shirin Jaafari. "Here's the Story Behind the Iconic Image of the
Sudanese Woman in White." *The World*, April 10, 2019.
https://www.pri.org/stories/2019-04-10/heres-story-behind-iconic-image-sudanese-woman-white.
Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa (SIHA) and The
Redress Trust. *Criminalization of Women in Sudan. A Need for Fundamental
Reform*. SIHA and REDRESS, November 2017.
@ -1226,10 +1238,6 @@ Staff writer. "Sudan Just Criminalized Female Genital Mutilation in a
Landmark Victory for Women." *Scene Arabia*, May 1, 2020.
https://scenearabia.com/Life/Sudan-Just-Criminalised-Female-Genital-Mutilation-in-a-Landmark-Victory-for-Women.
Roychoudhury, Supriya. "The Art of Resistance: When Imagination Meets
Technology at Protests from India to Chile." *Scroll.in*, March 14, 2020.
https://scroll.in/article/954091/the-art-of-resistance-when-imagination-meets-technology-at-protests-from-india-to-chile.
The Observateurs. "Brothers Create Mosaic Portraits of Protesters Killed
in Sudan's Revolution." *Yahoo Finance*, March 12, 2019.
https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/brothers-create-mosaic-portraits-protesters-154135130.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAHL-VQ5xkU91oZq4s1TD6QLgcV61MXYnj6rZspRnJ8qHlz-gvCl52tx2qFlnKAb2Nbn2nyIyUg_hb9iZkbBs6r9FI_KEYHGTH034INGwx8IOF4neA0Mw_Yu6hT-WyMiHQAOg_39XhP-gg7wD3MnoyTcY11BnhMMffy4o6N4IAxaH.
@ -1244,8 +1252,8 @@ https://roape.net/2019/09/05/the-revolution-has-emerged-sudans-acute-contradicti
[^1]: Berridge, *Civil Uprising in Modern Sudan*, pp. 13-34.
[^2]: Deshayes, Etienne and Medani, *Reflection on the Sudanese
Revolutionary Dynamics*.
[^2]: Deshayes, Etienne, and Medani, "Reflection on the Sudanese
Revolutionary Dynamics."
[^3]: Bolatito, *Sudan Revolution: An Exploration Causes and
Consequences for Power Struggle and Regime Change.*
@ -1310,7 +1318,7 @@ https://roape.net/2019/09/05/the-revolution-has-emerged-sudans-acute-contradicti
[^21]: Norbrook, *Sudan: Who Is Hemeti, the Butcher of the Revolution?*
[^22]: Botta, *The Revolution has Emerged: Sudan's Acute
[^22]: Wilde Botta, *The Revolution has Emerged: Sudan's Acute
Contradictions*.
[^23]: Human Rights Watch, *"They Were Shouting 'Kill Them'"*.
@ -1366,9 +1374,8 @@ https://roape.net/2019/09/05/the-revolution-has-emerged-sudans-acute-contradicti
[^37]: Hashim, *In Pictures: The Art Fuelling Sudan\'s Revolution*.
[^38]: For more information see: Reeves, Benjamin., *Online fake news and
hate speech are fuelling tribal 'genocide' in South Sudan*,
http://theworld.org
[^38]: For more information see: Reeves, "Online fake news and
hate speech are fuelling tribal 'genocide' in South Sudan."
[^39]: For more information see: Global Gender Gap Report.
@ -1397,7 +1404,7 @@ https://roape.net/2019/09/05/the-revolution-has-emerged-sudans-acute-contradicti
[^47]: Reilly, *The Iconic Photo of Her Helped Fuel Sudan\'s Revolution.
Now, She and Other Women Are Being Sidelined.*
[^48]: LICHTENSTEIN, *Read the Scent of Revolution: The Story Behind Sudan\'s Legendary Perfume Label Remi .* Exhibition Amado Alfadni work at the Sulger-Buel Gallery in London: https://thezay.org/amado-alfadni-kendakas-and-bint-al-sudan/
[^48]: LICHTENSTEIN, *Read the Scent of Revolution: The Story Behind Sudan\'s Legendary Perfume Label Remi .* The information about the Amado Alfadni project is available here: https://amadoalfadni.com/project/bint-el-sudan/
[^49]: Abdel Aziz, *The Third Sudanese Revolution Reinstates Women from
All Walks of Life onto the Map of Sudanese Public Life*.
@ -1487,9 +1494,8 @@ https://roape.net/2019/09/05/the-revolution-has-emerged-sudans-acute-contradicti
[^83]: Lamensch, *Sudan\'s Artists of the Revolution: An Interview with
Assil Diab*.
[^84]: For more information see: Eric Reeves, *On the Brutal Murder of
Ahmed al-Khair of Kashm al-Qirba, February 2, 2019.
<https://sudanreeves.org/2019/02/02/on-the-brutal-murder-of-ahmed-al-khair-of-khashm-al-qirba-february-2-2019/>.*
[^84]: For more information see: Reeves, "On the Brutal Murder of
Ahmed al-Khair of Kashm al-Qirba."
Authors note: Some readers may find the description of events
distressing.

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