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@ -680,7 +680,7 @@ A feature of East Sudanic, and indeed Nilo-Saharan more generally, is extensive
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**Table 33** shows the presence or absence of individual affixes in each branch, together with affix-stacking and gemination, as well as the table which supports this analysis.
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| Branch | -T | -K | -N | -V | -S | Affix stacking | Gemination | Reference |
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| Branch | -T | -K | -N | -V | -S | Affix-st. | Gem. | Ref. |
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| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
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| Nubian | + | – | + | – | – | + | – | Table 9, 10 |
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| Nara | + | + | – | + | + | – | + | Table 13 |
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@ -743,21 +743,21 @@ In conclusion, East Sudanic is characterized by a series of affixes, which have
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# Bibliography
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Alamin Mubarak, Suzan.  In *Insights into Nilo-Saharan Language, History and Culture: Proceedings of the 9th Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, Institute of African and Asian Studies, University of Khartoum, 16–19 February 2004,* edited by Al-Amin Abu-Manga, Leoma Gilley & Anne Storch. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe, 2006: pp. 9–24.
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Alamin Mubarak, Suzan.  In *Insights into Nilo-Saharan Language, History and Culture: Proceedings of the 9th Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, Institute of African and Asian Studies, University of Khartoum, 16–19 February 2004,* edited by Al-Amin Abu-Manga, Leoma Gilley & Anne Storch. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe, 2006: pp. 9–24.
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Aviles, Arthur J. ** MA Thesis, University of North Dakota at Grand Forks, 2008.
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Bell, Herman.  *Sudan Notes and Records* 7 (1975): pp. 1–36.
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Bender, Lionel M. *Comparative Omotic Lexicon.* Carbondale: SIU, 2003.
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Bender, M. Lionel. *Comparative Omotic Lexicon.* Carbondale: SIU, 2003.
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Bender, M. Lionel. “Genetic Subgrouping of East Sudanic.” *Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere* 45 (1996): pp. 139–150.
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Bender, M. Lionel  *Africa and Ubersee* 66, no. 2 (1983): pp. 259–297.
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Bender, M. Lionel.  *Africa and Ubersee* 66, no. 2 (1983): pp. 259–297.
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Bender, M. Lionel. “Roland Stevenson’s Nyimang and Dinik Lexicon.” *Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere* 63 (2000): pp. 103–120.
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Bender, M. Lionel.  In *"Mehr als nur Worte…": Afrikanistische Beiträge zum 65. Geburtstag von Franz Rottland,* edited by R. Voßen, A. Mietzner, and A. Meißner. Cologne: Rudiger Köppe, 2000: pp. 89–119.
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Bender, M. Lionel.  In *"Mehr als nur Worte…”: Afrikanistische Beiträge zum 65. Geburtstag von Franz Rottland,* edited by R. Voßen, A. Mietzner, and A. Meißner. Cologne: Rudiger Köppe, 2000: pp. 89–119.
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Bender, M. Lionel.  *Afrika und Übersee* 80 (1997): pp. 189–215.
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@ -357,9 +357,13 @@ In terms of its valency-increasing function, Midob *‑(i)r* is comparable to th
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As suggested by the voiced or voiceless velar stop, [g] or [k] and the close phonological similarity among the causative morphemes displayed in **Table 5**, all Nubian languages considered in this paper have retained a reflex of the causative extension *\*-(i)gir.* Presumably this extension originated from the lexical verb *kir* “make” which, due to grammaticalization, emerged as a valency-increasing auxiliary-like verb in a converb construction (attested in Nobiin), and finally as a causative derivational suffix on verbs. In the Kordofan Nubian languages and Midob *\*-(i)gir* is re-analyzed as a complex morpheme. In Dilling and Tagle it has split up into two extensions which are sensitive to a singular and a plural object, respectively.
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| PN | ON | No | Ma | An | Dil | Ta | Ka | Mi |
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| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
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| *\*‑(i)gir* | -ⲅ(ⲁ)ⲣ | *-kir, -in-kir* | *-igir, -gid-di* | *‑(i)gir, -(i)n-gir* | *-iir < -eg-ir* [oj.sg]({sc}), -*eer < -ig-er* [oj.pl]({sc}) | *-ɪg-ɪr* [oj.sg]({sc}), *-ɪg-ɛr* [oj.pl]({sc}) | *-ɛɛr < -ɛg-ɪr* | *-ée-k, -èe-k* |
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| PN | ON | No | Ma | An |
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| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
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| *\*‑(i)gir* | -ⲅ(ⲁ)ⲣ | *-kir, -in-kir* | *-igir, -gid-di* | *‑(i)gir, -(i)n-gir* |
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| Dil | Ta | Ka | Mi |
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| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
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| *-iir < -eg-ir* [oj.sg]({sc}), -*eer < -ig-er* [oj.pl]({sc}) | *-ɪg-ɪr* [oj.sg]({sc}), *-ɪg-ɛr* [oj.pl]({sc}) | *-ɛɛr < -ɛg-ɪr* | *-ée-k, -èe-k* |
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**~~Table 5. The causative extension *\*-(i)gir*~~**
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