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---
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title: "The use and experience of painting materials in ancient and modern
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Nubia"
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title: "The use and experience of painting materials in ancient and modern Nubia"
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authors: ["katefulcher.md"]
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abstract: Homes in Nubia are decorated by their inhabitants, using materials from
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the landscape around them. This has been the case for thousands of
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years. Taking the ancient town of Amara West (c. 1250 BC -- 800 BC) and
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the modern residents of its environs as a case study, the procurement
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and application of painting materials and its social implications are
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considered, using archaeological evidence and recently conducted
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interviews. The ancient evidence includes paint on walls, pigments,
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paint palettes, grindstones, and painted coffins, samples of which were
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scientifically analysed to determine the pigments and binders used.
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Twelve interviews were conducted via translator with modern residents
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living near to Amara West about their use of paint in their houses,
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including how they collected painting materials, when painting took
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place, and who was responsible. Several paints were re-created using
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tools and materials that were used by the ancient population in order to
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experience the process and consider it from a sensory perspective.
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Taking all of this evidence as inspiration, several fictional passages
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have been added to attempt to imagine ancient events relating to paint
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making and use.
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keywords:
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abstract: Homes in Nubia are decorated by their inhabitants, using materials from the landscape around them. This has been the case for thousands of years. Taking the ancient town of Amara West (c. 1250 BC--800 BC) and the modern residents of its environs as a case study, the procurementand application of painting materials and its social implications are considered, using archaeological evidence and recently conducted interviews. The ancient evidence includes paint on walls, pigments, paint palettes, grindstones, and painted coffins, samples of which were scientifically analysed to determine the pigments and binders used. Twelve interviews were conducted via translator with modern residents living near to Amara West about their use of paint in their houses, including how they collected painting materials, when painting took place, and who was responsible. Several paints were re-created using tools and materials that were used by the ancient population in order to experience the process and consider it from a sensory perspective. Taking all of this evidence as inspiration, several fictional passages have been added to attempt to imagine ancient events relating to paint making and use.
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keywords: ["Archaeology", "Sudan"]
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---
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1\. Introduction
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@ -57,9 +39,7 @@ Island. The inhabitants of these towns and villages use both modern
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paint, purchased at the market, and traditional pigments, gathered from
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the landscape, to decorate their houses.
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**~~Figure 1. Map of the Nile Valley showing locations of places mentioned
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in text.~~**
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@ -108,12 +88,9 @@ gum Arabic can be harvested, grow in the local area, and were also
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present in ancient times, as evidenced by plant remains from Amara
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West.[^14]
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**~~Figure 2. Fragment of painted wall plaster from house E13.7 at Amara
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West (F5049c).~~**
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**~~Figure 2. Fragment of painted wall plaster from house E13.7 at Amara West (F5049c).~~**
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3\. Ethnoarchaeology
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@ -212,15 +189,9 @@ piece of leather with the hair still attached to paint the *gir* onto
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the walls, or a sheep's tail. One family poured *gir* over the walls
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from a teapot.
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**~~Figure 3. House of one of the respondents. Interior (left) painted in
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red and yellow bombastic; exterior (right) mud plastered in a circular
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pattern and painted with yellow gir.~~**
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**~~Figure 3. House of one of the respondents. Interior (left) painted in red and yellow bombastic; exterior (right) mud plastered in a circular pattern and painted with yellow gir.~~**
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4\. Re-construction of ancient painting materials
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@ -271,7 +242,7 @@ have mainly used their hands, or small metal or stone tools. A piece of
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flat stone picked up in the desert would make an effective shovel and
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obviate the need to carry a tool from the town and back.
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**~~Figure 4. Sofiha can containing gir.~~**
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@ -314,12 +285,9 @@ removal of a tail, or acquiring a piece of skin with wool attached after
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an animal had been slaughtered. Soft tissue animal products would be
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very unlikely to survive in the archaeological record.
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**~~Figure 5. Ancient Egyptian paintbrush dating to the New Kingdom. The
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Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Gift of J. Pierpont Morgan, 1917.~~**
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**~~Figure 5. Ancient Egyptian paintbrush dating to the New Kingdom. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Gift of J. Pierpont Morgan, 1917.~~**
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To create paint, pigments were ground on a grinding stone similar in
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@ -342,15 +310,9 @@ curl around it, and how the weight feels when it is brought down. The
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arm muscle quickly begins to ache, and small injuries to the grinding
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hand would have been hard to avoid.
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**~~Figure6. Grinding red ochre on a small grindstone. Left - Piece of red
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ochre to be ground. Right -- after grinding, pigment has spilled onto
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the floor and there is no working space left on the grindstone.~~**
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**~~Figure6. Grinding red ochre on a small grindstone. Left - Piece of red ochre to be ground. Right -- after grinding, pigment has spilled onto the floor and there is no working space left on the grindstone.~~**
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Modern interviewees said that girls learnt to plaster and paint from
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@ -556,238 +518,233 @@ Archaeological Project, Leverhulme Trust, and British Academy.
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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|
||||
Stevens, and Michaela Binder, pp, 323--55. Leuven: Peeters, 2017.
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||||
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||||
A. Stevens, and M. Binder, pp. 287--306. Leuven: Peeters, 2017.
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Anna Stevens, and Michaela Binder, pp. 287--306. Leuven: Peeters, 2017.
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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**Images available here:**
|
||||
<https://1drv.ms/u/s!AnQUQ06LWl5ygpFpxGL_Y3uMI9k7fQ?e=BtO2CH>
|
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|
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[^1]: Spencer, "Building on New Ground: The Foundation of a Colonial
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Town at Amara West."
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[^2]: [Spencer]{.smallcaps}, *Amara West I: The Architectural Report.
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[^2]: Spencer, *Amara West I: The Architectural Report.
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EES Excavation Memoir 63*.
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[^3]: [Binder]{.smallcaps}, "The New Kingdom Tombs at Amara West:
|
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[^3]: Binder, "The New Kingdom Tombs at Amara West:
|
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Funerary Perspectives on Nubian -- Egyptian Interactions."
|
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[^4]: [Spataro]{.smallcaps}, [Millet]{.smallcaps}, and
|
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[Spencer]{.smallcaps}, "The New Kingdom Settlement of Amara West
|
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[^4]: Spataro, Millet, and Spencer, "The New Kingdom Settlement of Amara West
|
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(Nubia, Sudan): Mineralogical and Chemical Investigation of the
|
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Ceramics."
|
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[^5]: [Spencer]{.smallcaps}, "Nubian Architecture in an Egyptian Town?
|
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[^5]: Spencer, "Nubian Architecture in an Egyptian Town?
|
||||
Building E12.11 at Amara West."
|
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|
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[^6]: [Fulcher]{.smallcaps}, *Painting Amara West: The Technology and
|
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[^6]: Fulcher, *Painting Amara West: The Technology and
|
||||
Experience of Colour in New Kingdom Nubia. British Museum
|
||||
Publications on Egypt and Sudan 13*; [Fulcher]{.smallcaps} et al.,
|
||||
Publications on Egypt and Sudan 13*; Fulcher et al.,
|
||||
"Multi-Scale Characterization of Unusual Green and Blue Pigments
|
||||
from the Pharaonic Town of Amara West, Nubia";
|
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[Fulcher]{.smallcaps}, [Stacey]{.smallcaps}, and
|
||||
[Spencer]{.smallcaps}, "Bitumen from the Dead Sea in Early Iron Age
|
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Fulcher, Stacey, and
|
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Spencer, "Bitumen from the Dead Sea in Early Iron Age
|
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Nubia."
|
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|
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[^7]: [Fulcher]{.smallcaps} et al., "Multi-Scale Characterization of
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[^7]: Fulcher et al., "Multi-Scale Characterization of
|
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Unusual Green and Blue Pigments from the Pharaonic Town of Amara
|
||||
West, Nubia."
|
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|
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[^8]: [Fulcher]{.smallcaps}, *Painting Amara West: The Technology and
|
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[^8]: Fulcher, *Painting Amara West: The Technology and
|
||||
Experience of Colour in New Kingdom Nubia. British Museum
|
||||
Publications on Egypt and Sudan 13*, p. 43.
|
||||
|
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[^9]: [Fulcher]{.smallcaps}, [Stacey]{.smallcaps}, and
|
||||
[Spencer]{.smallcaps}, "Bitumen from the Dead Sea in Early Iron Age
|
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[^9]: Fulcher, Stacey, and
|
||||
Spencer, "Bitumen from the Dead Sea in Early Iron Age
|
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Nubia."
|
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|
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[^10]: [Fulcher]{.smallcaps} et al., "Multi-Scale Characterization of
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[^10]: Fulcher et al., "Multi-Scale Characterization of
|
||||
Unusual Green and Blue Pigments from the Pharaonic Town of Amara
|
||||
West, Nubia."
|
||||
|
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[^11]: [Fulcher]{.smallcaps} and [Budka]{.smallcaps}, "Pigments,
|
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[^11]: Fulcher and Budka, "Pigments,
|
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incense, and bitumen from Sai."
|
||||
|
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[^12]: [Siddell]{.smallcaps}, "Appendix 6: Analysis of Pigments from the
|
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[^12]: Siddell, "Appendix 6: Analysis of Pigments from the
|
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Gurob Ship-Cart Model**".**
|
||||
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[^13]: [Lacovara]{.smallcaps} and [Winkels]{.smallcaps}, "Malqata: The
|
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[^13]: Lacovara and Winkels, "Malqata: The
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painted palace".
|
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[^14]: [Cartwright]{.smallcaps} and [Ryan]{.smallcaps},
|
||||
[^14]: Cartwright and Ryan,
|
||||
"Archaeobotanical Research at Amara West in New Kingdom Nubia."
|
||||
|
||||
[^15]: [Budka]{.smallcaps}, "Life in the New Kingdom Town of Sai Island:
|
||||
[^15]: Budka, "Life in the New Kingdom Town of Sai Island:
|
||||
Some New Perspectives."
|
||||
|
||||
[^16]: [Dalton]{.smallcaps}, "Reconstructing Lived Experiences of
|
||||
[^16]: Dalton, "Reconstructing Lived Experiences of
|
||||
Domestic Space at Amara West: Some Preliminary Interpretations of
|
||||
Ancient Floor Deposits Using Ethnoarchaeological and
|
||||
Micromorphological Analyses"; [Wenzel]{.smallcaps}, *House
|
||||
Micromorphological Analyses"; Wenzel, *House
|
||||
Decoration in Nubia*.
|
||||
|
||||
[^17]: [Binder]{.smallcaps}, "The New Kingdom Tombs at Amara West:
|
||||
[^17]: Binder, "The New Kingdom Tombs at Amara West:
|
||||
Funerary Perspectives on Nubian -- Egyptian Interactions," p. 604.
|
||||
|
||||
[^18]: [Stevens]{.smallcaps} and [Garnett]{.smallcaps}, "Surveying the
|
||||
[^18]: Stevens and Garnett, "Surveying the
|
||||
Pharaonic Desert Hinterland of Amara West."
|
||||
|
||||
[^19]: Ibid.
|
||||
|
||||
[^20]: [Pagès]{.smallcaps}-[Camagna]{.smallcaps} and [Raue]{.smallcaps},
|
||||
[^20]: Pagès-Camagna and Raue,
|
||||
"Coloured Materials Used in Elephantine: Evolution and Continuity
|
||||
from the Old Kingdom to the Roman Period"; [Kemp]{.smallcaps} and
|
||||
[Stevens]{.smallcaps}, *Busy Lives at Amarna: Excavations in the
|
||||
from the Old Kingdom to the Roman Period"; Kemp and
|
||||
Stevens, *Busy Lives at Amarna: Excavations in the
|
||||
Main City (Grid 12 and the House of Ranefer, N49.18). Volume I.*.
|
||||
|
||||
[^21]: [Çamurcuoğlu]{.smallcaps}, *The Wall Paintings of Çatalhöyük
|
||||
[^21]: Çamurcuoğlu, *The Wall Paintings of Çatalhöyük
|
||||
(Turkey)*, pp. 240-246.
|
||||
|
||||
[^22]: [Leinaweaver]{.smallcaps}, "Raising the roof in the transnational
|
||||
[^22]: Leinaweaver, "Raising the roof in the transnational
|
||||
Andes: building houses, forging kinship."
|
||||
|
||||
[^23]: [Ingold]{.smallcaps}, "Taking taskscape to task" pp. 26;
|
||||
[Ingold]{.smallcaps}, \"The Temporality of the Landscape.\"
|
||||
[^23]: Ingold, "Taking taskscape to task" pp. 26;
|
||||
Ingold, \"The Temporality of the Landscape.\"
|
||||
|
||||
[^24]: [Joyce]{.smallcaps}, "Introducing the First Voice";
|
||||
[Majewski]{.smallcaps}, "We Are All Storytellers: Comments on
|
||||
[^24]: Joyce, "Introducing the First Voice";
|
||||
Majewski, "We Are All Storytellers: Comments on
|
||||
Storytelling, Science, and Historical Archaeology";
|
||||
[Pluciennik]{.smallcaps}, "Archaeological Narratives and Other Ways
|
||||
Pluciennik, "Archaeological Narratives and Other Ways
|
||||
of Telling."
|
||||
|
||||
[^25]: [Mickel]{.smallcaps}, "Archaeologists as Authors and the Stories
|
||||
of Sites"; [Tringham]{.smallcaps}, "Households with Faces: The
|
||||
[^25]: Mickel, "Archaeologists as Authors and the Stories
|
||||
of Sites"; Tringham, "Households with Faces: The
|
||||
Challenge of Gender in Prehistoric Architectural Remains."
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
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