diff --git a/content/article/zellmann.md b/content/article/zellmann.md index 75d64a6..9d277ec 100644 --- a/content/article/zellmann.md +++ b/content/article/zellmann.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ abstract: First edition of a Christian epitaph in Greek of a woman, Timothea, br keywords: ["Christian Nubia", "epigraphy", "epitaph", "Greek", "Brooklyn Museum", "Henry J. Anderson", "Abraham", "Timothea"] --- -# Introduction: From Nubia to Brooklyn +# Introduction: From Nubia to Brooklyn [^1] Among the hundreds of artifacts collected by Dr. Henry J. Anderson (1799--1875) on his travels in the eastern Mediterranean in 1847 is a @@ -31,12 +31,27 @@ Expedition, the occasion for his eastern travels.[^3] Along with nearly unwrapping was the occasion for lectures delivered by Anderson at the New-York Historical Society in December 1864 (fig. 1), reported in major newspapers at the time---,[^4] the stone was donated by Anderson's sons -E. Ellery and Edward H. Anderson to the Society in 1877.[^5] There the +E. Ellery and Edward H. Anderson to the Society in 1877.[^5] + +![New-York Historical Society Lecture on Egypt, 1864: Concluding Lecture by Prof. Henry J. Anderson. Poster. New-York Historical Society Pictorial Archives, RG-5, Series IV, 2NW, Range 12A, Bay B, Drawer 10, F:1. Photography ©New-York Historical Society (http://nyhistory.org).](../static/images/zellmann/Fig1.jpg "New-York Historical Society Lecture on Egypt, 1864: Concluding Lecture by Prof. Henry J. Anderson. Poster. New-York Historical Society Pictorial Archives, RG-5, Series IV, 2NW, Range 12A, Bay B, Drawer 10, F:1. Photography ©New-York Historical Society (http://nyhistory.org).") + +**~~Figure 1. New-York Historical Society Lecture on Egypt, 1864: Concluding Lecture by Prof. Henry J. Anderson. Poster. New-York Historical Society Pictorial Archives, RG-5, Series IV, 2NW, Range 12A, Bay B, Drawer 10, F:1. Photography ©New-York Historical Society (http://nyhistory.org).~~** + +There the stele (fig. 2) received the inventory number O.127An, reflected in a label still attached to its back (fig. 3). It may be among the "Four Stones with Greek inscriptions" mentioned in an unnumbered inventory of the Anderson gift printed in 1915.[^6] +![Epitaph of Timothea. Brooklyn Museum accession 37.1827E; ex-New-York Historical Society O.127An. Photography: the author.](../static/images/zellmann/Fig2.jpg "Epitaph of Timothea. Brooklyn Museum accession 37.1827E; ex-New-York Historical Society O.127An. Photography: the author.") + +**~~Figure 2. Epitaph of Timothea. Brooklyn Museum accession 37.1827E; ex-New-York Historical Society O.127An. Photography: the author.~~** + + +![Epitaph of Timothea, back side. Photography: the author.](../static/images/zellmann/Fig3.jpg "Epitaph of Timothea, back side. Photography: the author.") + +**~~Figure 3. Epitaph of Timothea, back side. Photography: the author.~~** + Anderson himself never published an account of how he came into possession of this stele or any other antiquities from Egypt or its vicinity. Other sources, however, firmly establish a visit in late 1847 @@ -94,9 +109,6 @@ euphemistic verb of death, the date, and a prayer for a divine grant of repose (with ἀναπαύω) in the "bosoms" (ἐν κόλποις and variants) of Abraham and, usually, his successor patriarchs Isaac and Jacob.[^12] -Table 1. Greek epitaphs from northern Nubia with the same formulary as -the Brooklyn Museum stele, by provenance. (Names are presented without -normalization.) ||| |:---|:---| @@ -104,6 +116,7 @@ normalization.) | **Talmis** | | ||| | *Epitaph of* | *References* | +||| | Abraam | *I.Chr. Egypte* 623 (*SB* V 8720; *I.Nubia Tibiletti Bruno* 54) (*DBMNT* 482) | | Akkendarpe | *I.Chr. Egypte* 622 (*SB* V 8736; *I.Nubia Tibiletti Bruno* 53) (*DBMNT* 481) | | Manna | *SEG* LII 1817 (*I.Chr. Egypte* 652; *SB* III 6089; V 8737; *I.Nubia Tibiletti Bruno* 47) (*DBMNT* 495) | @@ -114,6 +127,7 @@ normalization.) |**Talmis?**| | ||| | *Epitaph of* | *References* | +||| | Edra | *SEG* LXV 2010 (*DBMNT* 3075) | | Epephanios | *SEG* XLIX 2348 (LXIII 1712) (*DBMNT* 566) | | Georgios | *SEG* LXVII 1472 (*DBMNT* 4398) | @@ -186,6 +200,8 @@ normalization.) | \[\...\][^20] | Liddel, "Greek Inscriptions," pp. 97--8 no. B.2 | ||| +Table 1. Greek epitaphs from northern Nubia with the same formulary as the Brooklyn Museum stele, by provenance. (Names are presented without normalization.) + The theological implications of this plural expansion of the "bosom" (see further the commentary to line 8 of the edition below) remains to be explained. After the seminal passage of Luke 16, the deceased was @@ -193,6 +209,10 @@ imagined---to judge from the famous illuminated manuscript of Gregory of Nazianzus produced for the Byzantine emperor Basil I (fig. 4)---as sitting in Abraham's lap. +![Illuminated copy of Gregory of Nazianzus, scene of Dives and Lazarus. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, grec 510, fol. 149r. Source: gallica.bnf.fr.](../static/images/zellmann/Fig4.jpg "Illuminated copy of Gregory of Nazianzus, scene of Dives and Lazarus. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, grec 510, fol. 149r. Source: gallica.bnf.fr.") + +**~~Figure 4. Illuminated copy of Gregory of Nazianzus, scene of Dives and Lazarus. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, grec 510, fol. 149r. Source: gallica.bnf.fr.~~** + The publication of the Brooklyn Museum epitaph, besides encouraging the continued commemoration of Timothea---an activity that the inclusion of a month date in the text was meant to promote---,[^21] offers a small @@ -296,7 +316,7 @@ medioevale*, p. 41, lines 3--4: read Τικετη ἐτελεύτησεν in pla line 5 with the editor \[accepted also in *I.Ghazali* 210\]\]). Corruptions, in ancient or modern copying, could also be suspected in two cases from Taphis (Ginari): of επη (sic: ἐ⟨τελευτ⟩ή⟨σεν⟩?) in the -corresponding place in [Firth]{.smallcaps} 124, and of the confused +corresponding place in Firth 124, and of the confused sequence ΤΕ\[.\]ΝΑΝ\[.\]ΙΔΕΘ in *SEG* LIV 1774, which might conceal an error (probably of copying by the editor rather than execution by the ancient stonecutter) for ⟨ἐ⟩τε⟨λεύτησεν⟩. The spelling ἐτελευώθη in @@ -403,20 +423,6 @@ exclusive to Ginari, but it is now found in three epitaphs from Ghazali probably in northern Nubia, it appears alongside ἀμήν in the corresponding place. -Figure 1. New-York Historical Society Lecture on Egypt, 1864: Concluding -Lecture by Prof. Henry J. Anderson. Poster. New-York Historical Society -Pictorial Archives, RG-5, Series IV, 2NW, Range 12A, Bay B, Drawer 10, -F:1. Photography ©New-York Historical Society -(\). - -Figure 2. Epitaph of Timothea. Brooklyn Museum accession 37.1827E; -ex-New-York Historical Society O.127An. Photography: the author. - -Figure 3. Epitaph of Timothea, back side. Photography: the author. - -Figure 4. Illuminated copy of Gregory of Nazianzus, scene of Dives and -Lazarus. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, grec 510, fol. 149r. -Source: gallica.bnf.fr Bibliography @@ -427,7 +433,7 @@ grecques*. Publications de l'Université de Lille III. Villeneuve-d'Ascq: Université de Lille III, 1976. *DBMNT* = Grzegorz Ochała (ed.), *Database of Medieval Nubian Texts* -(Warsaw: University of Warsaw, 2011-- ) \. +(Warsaw: University of Warsaw, 2011-- ) http://www.dbmnt.uw.edu.pl. Firth = Cecil M. Firth, "Appendix II: Catalogue of the Greek Gravestones of the Christian Period from Ginari, Cemetery 55," in *The @@ -437,7 +443,7 @@ by grave number). *GrEpiAbbr.* = A. Chaniotis et al., "Liste des abréviations des éditions et ouvrages de référence pour l'épigraphie grecque alphabétique" -\. +https://www.aiegl.org/grepiabbr.html. *I.Chr. Egypte* = Gustave Lefebvre, *Recueil des inscriptions grecques-chrétiennes d'Égypte*. Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie @@ -476,7 +482,7 @@ Graeca. Paris: J.-P. Migne, 1857--1866. de Gothembourg*. Göteborgs Högskolas Årsskrift 35.1. Gothenburg: Elanders, 1929. -*P.Louvre* III = Andrea [Jördens]{.smallcaps} et al., *Griechische +*P.Louvre* III = Andrea Jördens et al., *Griechische Papyri aus der Sammlung des Louvre (P. Louvre III)*. Papyrologische Texte und Abhandlungen 47. Bonn 2022. @@ -487,12 +493,14 @@ Aegypten*. Various places and publishers, 1915-- . Graecum*. Leiden: Brill, 1923-- . *TM* = *Trismegistos: An Interdisciplinary Portal of the Ancient World* -\ +https://www.trismegistos.org *T.Mom.Louvre* = François Baratte and Bernard Boyaval, "Catalogue des étiquettes de momies du Musée du Louvre," *Cahiers de Recherches de l'Institut de Papyrologie et d'Égyptologie de Lille* 2--6 (1975--1981). +References + Brakmann, Heinzgerd, "Defunctus adhuc loquitur: Gottesdienst und Gebetsliteratur der untergegangenen Kirche in Nubien." *Archiv für Liturgiewissenschaft* 48 (2006): pp. 283--333. @@ -543,7 +551,7 @@ Lynch, William F. (ed.). *Official Report of the United States' Expedition to Explore the Dead Sea and the River Jordan*. Baltimore: John Murphy, 1852. -Mateos, J. "Prières syriennes d'absolution du VII^e^--XI^e^ siècles." +Mateos, J. "Prières syriennes d'absolution du VIIe--XIe siècles." *Orientalia Christiana Periodica* 35 (1968): pp. 252--80. Monneret de Villard, Ugo. *La Nubia medioevale*, vol. 1. Cairo: Institut @@ -622,7 +630,7 @@ Lazarus in Luke 16:19--31." *Novum Testamentum* 62 (2020): pp. 2--24. [^3]: He contributed a report, "Geological Reconnaisance of Part of the Holy Land," on explorations from Beirut south to the Dead Sea, - including its eastern shores (in [Lynch]{.smallcaps} \[ed.\], + including its eastern shores (in Lynch \[ed.\], *Official Report*, pp. 75--206); see also his obituary in the *New York Times*, 18 January 1876, p. 8. @@ -669,7 +677,7 @@ Lazarus in Luke 16:19--31." *Novum Testamentum* 62 (2020): pp. 2--24. from "the domain of local law or finance": van der Vliet, "Gleanings," pp. 176--8 \[*SEG* LII 1816\]. -[^16]: [Firth]{.smallcaps} read χρισαν̅τη; the overline in a Nubian +[^16]: Firth read χρισαν̅τη; the overline in a Nubian context would be expected to represent /i/, but a misreading (or misprinting) of χρισανθη (Chrisanthē; cf. Χρυσάνθη) is also possible. 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