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editors = ["tomislavmedak.md"]
title = "Ecological unequal exchange"
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> It may be helpful, at this point, to add a reflection on the classic concep­tualization of unequal exchange by Arghiri Emmanuel (1972). In a nutshell, he argued that, because of international differences in wages, poor nations are obliged to export greater volumes of embodied labor than they would do if wages were uniform. If we exclude Emmanuels deliberations on labor “value” (see below), this is a perfectly valid observation. International wage differ­ences generate asymmetric flows of embodied labor time, the appropriation of which contributes to underdevelopment in the periphery. But let us also consider this analysis from the converse perspective. If technological progress such as the Industrial Revolution is understood as a process of capital accu­mulation in the core, at the receiving end of a relation of unequal exchange, it is also a product of international differences in wages.
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> The density of distribution of technologies that are ultimately dependent on fossil fuels by and large coincides with that of purchasing power. These technologies are an index of capital accumulation, privileged resource con­ sumption, and the displacement of both work and environmental loads. After more than 200 years, we still tend to imagine technological progress as nothing but the magic wand of ingenuity that, with no necessary political or moral implications elsewhere, will solve our local problems of sustainability. Universities throughout the world reproduce this illusion by entrenching the academic division of labor between faculties o f engineering and faculties of economics. But globalized technological systems essentially represent an unequal exchange of embodied labor and land in the world-system. The worldview of modern economics, the emergence of which accompanied the Industrial Revolution in the hub of the British Empire, systematically obscures the asymmetric exchange of biophysical resources on which industrialization rests. This disjunction between exchange values and physics is as much a condition for modern technology as engineering. - ![](author:alfhornborg.md)
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